1. The war between Elam and Sumerian in the two river basins.

Hu Zeping was originally located in the southwest corner of the Iranian plateau.

Elam people have been in contact with Sumerians in the two river basins since 3000 BC. Sumerian clay tablets recorded the battle between Elam and Ur in 2700 BC. In BC 1764, it was defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon (BC 1792- 1750). However, after the death of the latter, he rallied to compete with the emerging power Assyria.

In BC 1 158, under the leadership of King Shu Truck-Nahut, they defeated the Kasite people and plundered the city of Babylon. After many retaliatory attacks, Elam's army was finally defeated by the army of King Nebuchadnezzar I1124-1103bc, and its strength gradually declined.

From 800 BC to 600 BC, they have been competing with the Assyrian Empire. In 645 BC, King Subanj Parr of Assyria (669-627 BC? ) invaded Elam and plundered many cities, one of which was Shushan City in the Book of Esther (Susa, later 1: 2, now Shushan in Iran, located in the valley between the Heka River and the Karen River, 240 kilometers north of the Persian Gulf. )。 Elam was destroyed by Assyria in 639 BC.

2. To stop those who were created to stop civilization.

2. 1 race and language

Elam was the earliest resident here before the Medes and Persians moved to the Iranian plateau, and the early history of Persia was actually Elam's history.

The race and language of Elam people have not yet been determined, and it is generally believed that they are primitive Loristans (Loristans, a Lorai residential area in Zagros Mountain in western Iran, located in the upper reaches of Karh River in the Kar Black River).

Elam does not belong to Semitic or Indo-European languages, and its language may be similar to that of early Indian valley dwellers and later Dravidians.

2.2 Political system

Elam people, like residents all over West Asia, have experienced the development process from barbaric society to civilized society.

In the middle of 3000 BC (about 2700 BC), Israel's primitive commune system began to disintegrate, gradually transformed into a slave society and established its own country. There are many slave city-states in different areas of Stan Plain in Hu Ze, including Awan, Simashki, Anshan and Susa. These small city-states sometimes form alliances, sometimes resist the invasion from other city-states in the two river basins, and sometimes compete for water and slaves.

After the emergence of a city-state similar to slavery, it is difficult to draw a detailed picture of its political system due to the lack of information. However, according to the existing archaeological materials and the records of the documents in the two river basins, people can get a general understanding of the development of the slavery-like city-states in early Israel.

Israel's political system has many similarities with other countries such as Sumer and Akkad. Both the early city-states and Sumerian countries in Elam rose from the ruins of the clan system, and their leaders were called "kings" and "governors", but the "kings" and "governors" did not have absolute power. The real power was in the hands of aristocratic families, and the succession to the throne was brotherly. Sometimes, Elam's "king" is not just one person, but many people. For example, during the Elam Parti dynasty, the political system of three brothers was adopted. At that time, the "viceroy" was in power in the capital, Shushan; His younger brothers are called "Governor Elam and Simaji", who are in power in Simaji, while the son of "Grand Governor" is also in Shushan, but he can only be called "Governor of Shushan" and is also in charge of some specific affairs of the city-state. If the Governor dies, his brothers "Governor Elam and Governor Simashki" will succeed him.

At that time, Shushan was located in the plain, and Xima shiji was located in the mountain. Therefore, some people call the three-headed politics of stopping the country the federal politics of mountain plains, which is essentially the three-headed rule of aristocratic families. This form of rule not only maintained the political and economic exchanges between the stop-state cities, but also restricted the individual autocracy, which was in line with the fact that although the stop-state society was transitioning from the primitive commune system to slavery, it still retained a strong residual democratic system.

2.3 Marriage system

The marriage system in Yilan is unique. Between the royal families, brothers and sisters marry each other. When my brother died, he married his widow. In fact, it is still a marriage between brothers and sisters. This marriage system is a concrete reflection of the remnants of the clan system in slave society.

2.4 Land system

Elam's land system is similar to that of Sumerian city-states. Commune land began to be distributed to families, and the land of each family was distributed among brothers. At that time, land was allowed to be bought and sold on a small scale, but judging from the situation of the Paldi dynasty, the land allocated by the private sector only accounted for a small part compared with the land of the commune. However, with the acceleration of the civilized process to stop slavery, the number of public land is getting less and less, and private land has become the main form of land ownership system.

Although the development of slavery civilization in Elam has broken down in this area, it is finally connected with the history of Medes and Persians and spread its own culture to the whole Iranian plateau.