This translation standard was put forward by Lu Xun, a great literary master in China. We can't simply understand this translation standard as requiring "faithfulness" regardless of whether the translation is fluent or not. Lu Xun put forward translation criteria in response to the views of scholars such as Liang Shiqiu and Zhao that "it is better to misinterpret than to be fluent". Lu Xun has his own views on "not smooth", not to say that "Tianhe" should be translated into "milk road". Lu Xun believes that "all translation should take into account two aspects, one is to be easy to understand, and the other is to preserve the charm of the original". If you want to translate articles well, you should not only have a solid foreign language foundation, but also understand the customs and cultural history of countries that use foreign languages. Make literal translation and free translation complement each other, blend with each other, penetrate each other and complement each other. Lu Xun's translation criteria have left a deep impression on people in China's translation history, but they have little influence. The problem is that Lu Xun failed to convincingly explain the relationship between faithfulness and expressiveness.
What is the standard of translation —— Translation of the calendar of Sunshine of the Sea
The Second Translation Criterion-"Similarity in Spirit" and "Similarity in Form"
"Similarity in spirit" and "Similarity in form" are translation criteria put forward by Fu Lei, a famous translator in China. In the preface of Gao Laotou's Retranslation Collection (195 1), he wrote: "As far as the effect is concerned, translation should be picturesque, and what is sought is not similarity but similarity." As far as literary translation is concerned, Fu Lei's translation criteria of "similarity in spirit" and "similarity in form" have a great influence in China, which is of great guiding significance to China's translation theory construction and practice. On the basis of Lu Xun, Mao Dun and Lin Yutang, he developed the theory that the translation of artistic works must be vivid.
The third translation criterion-"transformation"
The translation standard of Hua Jing was put forward by Qian Zhongshu, a famous Chinese scholar. He believes that the ideal of literary translation can be said to be "culture"; That is, when a work is converted from one language to another, it can not only show stiff and far-fetched traces because of the differences in expression habits, but also fully show the charm of the original. The translation standard of Qian's "change" is similar to Fu Lei's "spirit likeness" and "likeness", and it is also aimed at literary translation. However, it is of little practical value for the translation of other styles (except advertising styles). For example, there is no problem of "transformation" in the translation of laws and regulations, because the language of laws and regulations is rigorous and standardized, and in the process of translation, you don't need to think in images, nor can you use your imagination to "create" at will.