Techniques and methods of raising cattle
China is rich in cattle breed resources, including local breeds represented by China's five major yellow cattle (Luxi cattle, Qinchuan cattle, Yanbian cattle, Nanyang cattle and Jinnan cattle) and imported excellent foreign breeds, including Simmental cattle, Limousin cattle, Piedmont cattle and Charolais cattle. Through systematic scientific breeding and careful feeding management, beef products meeting different needs were produced, among which
Select excellent beef cattle breeds with fast growth speed, large size, good meat quality and high feed reward. The crossbreeding test between foreign excellent breeds such as Simmental, Limousin, Charolais and Angus cattle and local cattle showed that the birth weight of hybrid cattle could reach 35 ~ 40kg, and the weight of 65,438+0-year-old cattle could reach 200~260 kg, which was about 30% and 40% higher than that of local cattle, respectively, and the income of each/kloc-0-year-old cow could be increased by 800 yuan ~ 60. With the popularization of hybrid improvement technology and the improvement of cattle raising technology, the benefits of adult hybrid cattle are more significant than those of local cattle. Therefore, in order to raise beef cattle well, it is necessary to select beef cattle breeds. The first choice for fattening cattle is crossbreeding improved cattle, such as two or more binary ternary crossbreeding beef cattle such as Xiza, Liza and Xiaza. In the north, the first choice for breeding cattle is the hybrid cattle improved by crossing Simmental cattle with local cattle. This kind of cattle has good development of rear drive, full milk and low dystocia rate, which is beneficial to breeding excellent crossbreeding and improved offspring of beef cattle.
Do a good job of estrus judgment and timely breeding. Generally, primiparous cows 1.5 ~ 2 years old, and buffaloes begin to breed in estrus at the age of 3. Postpartum estrus mating for 2 months can reach 1 fetus. Carefully observe the estrus performance of cows and find that estrus cows should be bred in time. The estrus cycle of dairy cows is 2 1 d, the duration of estrus is about 18 h, ranging from 6 to 36 h, and the suitable time for artificial breeding is 8 ~ 10 h after estrus climax. Estrus performance: the bull climbed over other cows, and the cow accepted the climb of the bull and other cows. Cows have three estrus periods:
(1) Early estrus: The cows in estrus climbed onto other cows, with an uneasy face and bleating, but unwilling to accept other cows' climbing. The vulva is slightly swollen, the mucous membrane is bloodshot and pink, and the vulva exudes transparent mucus, which is small and thin as water and weak in viscosity.
(2) Middle estrus: Cows quietly accept the climbing of other cows, and the hindquarters of cows in estrus can see the traces left by the climbing. The cow in the vulva oozes transparent liquid, which is increased in quantity and strong in viscosity. It can be drawn into a thick glass rod shape and is not easy to break. The vulva is hyperemia, obvious swelling, reduced wrinkles, mucosal flushing and frequent urination.
(3) Late estrus: At this time, cows no longer accept climbing from other cows, and the congestion and swelling of vulva begin to subside, with less mucus and poor viscosity.
Feeding management of pregnant cows
After pregnancy, dairy cows not only need nutrition for their own growth and development, but also meet the nutritional needs of fetal growth and development, and accumulate nutrition for postpartum lactation. In the first five months of pregnancy, due to the slow growth and development of the fetus, dairy cows have less nutritional needs, so they can mainly feed roughage with a small amount of concentrate, just like empty dairy cows. If there is enough grass to supply, don't feed concentrate. Dairy cows should strengthen nutrition in the middle and late pregnancy, especially in the last 2 ~ 3 months of pregnancy. They should match the diet according to feeding standard, mainly with green feed, and properly match concentrate to meet the nutritional needs of protein, minerals and vitamins. The quality of bean cakes is the best in protein. Cottonseed cake and rapeseed cake contain toxic components and should not be fed to pregnant cows. Minerals should meet the needs of calcium and phosphorus, and vitamin deficiency can also cause miscarriage, premature delivery and weak productivity of dairy cows, and calves are prone to illness after birth. A small amount of corn, wheat bran and other cereal feed can be added. At the same time, we should pay attention to prevent pregnant cows from being overweight, especially newborn cows, so as to avoid dystocia. Management of pregnant cows. Cows should strengthen brushing and exercise in management, especially primiparous cows, and also carry out breast massage to facilitate lactation of postpartum calves. Pregnant cows raised indoors exercise for about 2 hours every day. Pay attention to the protection of the fetus in the third trimester. Separate from other cows and raise them in groups to prevent cows from colliding with each other. Don't graze, whip or drive cows in rainy days, don't let cows eat tender leguminous grass, don't graze on dew and frost pastures, don't eat moldy feed, and don't drink dirty water and deiced water.
Calf feeding management
Colostrum should be fed early and full. Calves should be fed colostrum at 0.5 ~ 1 h after birth, and the amount should be sufficient, 2 kg, 3 ~ 4 times /d, 1 .5 ~ 2 kg/time, and the daily feeding amount accounts for 15% of body weight. Colostrum is the milk of cows within 5 days after delivery, which is rich in nutrition, maternal antibody immunoglobulin and lysozyme, and plays an important role in nutrition, digestion, meconium excretion and resistance enhancement of newborn calves. The antibody content in colostrum of cows is the highest within 1 h after delivery, and the ability of calf gastrointestinal tract to absorb antibodies is the strongest. After 24 h, they lose the ability to use antibodies, so we should pay attention to the quality of colostrum. In order to promote rumen development, calves should eat green and juicy feed and early concentrate. Otherwise, growth and development will be hindered. The lactation period is 6 to 7 months, that is, weaning at the age of 6 to 7 months. In order to promote rumen development and supplement nutrients, calves should eat green roughage and concentrate as early as possible, and ensure adequate drinking water with the increase of intake. The milk yield of local breeds of cattle in China is not high, and the milk yield of 1 hybrid calves born from pure crossbreeding of beef cattle is even less because of their larger weight and faster weight gain.
If the weaning time is delayed, not only can it not provide more milk for calves, but also cows enter the hay stage in the late lactation period in autumn, which not only affects the deposition of nutrients in cows and fetuses, but also affects the intake of roughage by calves. Therefore, in the current situation, weaning should be timely, and males and females should be grouped immediately after weaning. Spring calves are weaned in early winter, so natural grazing is difficult to meet the nutritional needs. In addition, grazing is forbidden in most areas, and it is best to keep it in captivity. This requires us to prepare enough wintering feed according to our own feeding quantity. Sufficient silage can be prepared when conditions permit, so that livestock can have good and high-quality forage to ensure safe winter. Therefore, we must ensure the quality and supply of roughage, such as silage, high-quality hay, beet residue and so on. And then add a small amount of concentrate.
Feeding technology of cattle
1. Keep the cowshed comfortable.
Temperature.
The ambient temperature in the cowshed has an important influence on beef cattle. The optimum temperature in the cowshed is generally 7 ~ 65438 05℃. When the temperature in the cowshed is lower than the optimum temperature, beef cattle will consume energy in the body to maintain their body temperature, which will lead to the emaciation of beef cattle and reduce the utilization rate of feed. So make sure the indoor temperature is appropriate. Before winter, we should do a good job in protecting the cowshed. First of all, check whether there is air leakage in the cowshed, and repair all the air leakage places except the ventilation holes to avoid the invasion of thieves. In order to ensure the temperature in the cowshed, the window at the windward mouth can be sealed with plastic film or glass can be installed. Increasing the feeding density properly or placing thick padding in the house can increase the temperature in the house by more than 5℃.
Humidity.
The humidity in the cowshed should not be too high in winter, and the most suitable relative humidity is 60%~70%, which can ensure the normal production and weight gain of beef cattle. If the humidity is too high, exceeding 70% of the optimum relative humidity, and the temperature in the shed is low in winter, it will lead to cold stress of beef cattle and reduce appetite and feed intake. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the proper humidity in the house, clean up cow dung and cow urine in time, prevent cows from lying on the cold feces and urine, and replace the bedding grass in the house in time.
Get some air.
The cowshed is tightly closed in winter. Due to the respiration and excretion of beef cattle, the humidity in the cowshed is too high, and the concentration of harmful gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide is too high, which will affect the growth and development of beef cattle. Therefore, it is necessary to ventilate the cowshed regularly to eliminate the harmful gases in the cowshed and ensure the fresh air in the cowshed. Ventilation fans can be installed in the shed for forced ventilation, or doors and windows can be opened for ventilation at noon when the temperature is high, but attention should be paid to avoid cold air blowing directly to the cattle and preventing thieves from invading.
Keep the house clean. It is necessary to clean up the feces in the house in time, clean the sanitation in the house, change the mat in time, clean up the leftovers after feeding the cows every day, and clean the trough in time. Disinfect the cowshed regularly. Generally, the floor and walls in the cowshed are sprayed with 1% sodium hydroxide solution, and the gate is disinfected with quicklime. When the ammonia smell is too strong, peracetic acid can be used.
2. Ensure the quality and nutrition of feed.
Before entering the winter, we should store enough forage for the winter. During the storage process, we should prevent rain and snow from getting wet and ensure that the forage is not moldy. If the feed is moldy and deteriorated, it must not be fed to beef cattle, because the moldy feed will be transformed into toxic substances, and beef cattle will be poisoned after eating, and even lead to death in serious cases. Corn whole plant is the best silage, which can ensure no loss of nutrients, keep it for a relatively long time and has good palatability. When the pH value of silage is generally around 5.0, if the acetic acid and lactic acid produced in the fermentation process are too high, the acidity will be too high, which will affect the palatability of the feed. Therefore, some urea can be properly added to neutralize the acidity of the feed and improve the protein content of the silage. The cold temperature in winter will make beef cattle dissipate heat faster and need more nutrition to maintain their body temperature, so it is necessary to reasonably match the nutritional level of diet to ensure that beef cattle can gain weight and gain weight normally.
3. Choose a suitable feeding method
When raising beef cattle, we should pay attention to the reasonable collocation of concentrated feed and roughage. Generally feed roughage first, then concentrate. When feeding, follow the principle of feeding less and feeding more. The best feeding time is1~1.5h. Don't let the cows eat too much, so that the cows can keep a strong appetite every time they are fed, so as to improve the feed utilization rate. It is forbidden to feed moldy or frozen feed. When feeding beef cattle, salt can be added to forage to increase the appetite and feed intake of beef cattle. Feeding frequency is three times a day, usually at 6: 00 am, noon 12 and 6: 00 pm, 1 time respectively. The metabolism of beef cattle is regulated by water, so it is necessary to provide enough drinking water while feeding enough forage. If drinking water is insufficient, it will not only affect the intake of beef cattle, but also affect the utilization and digestion of feed by beef cattle, making the skin of cattle dry, hairy and mentally ill. It is worth noting that we should pay attention to the temperature of drinking water in winter, and the temperature is preferably around 25℃, so as to ensure the cleanliness and hygiene of water. It is generally not suitable for cows to drink water on an empty stomach. Beef cattle should drink water 1h after eating to prevent overeating.
4. Scientific feeding management.
First of all, we should do a good job of autumn fertilizer before winter, so as to ensure the smooth winter of beef cattle, appropriate autumn temperature, good appetite of beef cattle, and high forage quality and nutritional value. Using this advantage, beef cattle can eat well, absorb enough nutrients and save some oil to resist the cold. When feeding beef cattle in winter, we should pay attention to regular and quantitative feeding to avoid irregular feeding, otherwise the digestive system of beef cattle will be disordered and some diseases will be caused by hunger or overeating. Although the temperature outside is cold in winter, it is necessary to ensure that beef cattle have sufficient light. You can choose to drive the cattle to the sports ground in sunny weather to receive natural light, improve the absorption and utilization of calcium by beef cattle, and also enhance the physique of beef cattle and the reproductive function of dairy cows. Do a good job in the daily management of cattle, brush them regularly, promote blood circulation and ensure their health. When exercising, avoid excessive exercise, and regularly sample and weigh the cows so as to be out of the barn in time.
Key points of cattle breeding
1. Dietary nutrition level design: When designing and formulating the summer diet formula for fattening cattle, do not pursue high weight gain speed (high risk). The daily gain of large pure yellow cattle is 750-850g, and that of small pure yellow cattle is 650-750g. Therefore, the nutritional level is 3-5 percentage points lower than other seasons.
2. The daily feed intake is 2-6 percentage points lower than that in other seasons, and silage is used more.
3. The appropriate water content of the diet is 50%: When designing the feed formula for fattening cattle, the water content of the diet should be adjusted to about 50% as far as possible (Zhuang Le Kang for fattening). Can improve the feed intake of fattening cattle).
4, feed less, feed frequently, feed fresh materials, and feed does not pile up.
5. Feed attractants, such as fried and ground soybean flour, per head per day100g.