Ou Yangxun (Tang Dynasty)
Yan Zhenqing (Tang Dynasty)
Liu Gongquan (Tang Dynasty)
Zhao Mengfu (Yuan Dynasty)
In fact, there were many calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty.
Everyone has regular script: Ou Yangxun (European style), Yan Suiliang, Yan Zhenqing (Yan style) and Liu Gongquan (Liu style).
Everyone has cursive script: Sun, Zhang Xu, Huai Su, He.
Everyone has a running script: Yan Zhenqing.
All belong to the Tang Dynasty.
There were many in the Song Dynasty.
Song Sijia is one of the four great calligraphers: Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang, or Su Huang Camouflage for short.
Zhong You (15 1-230), whose real name was Yun Chang, was a member of the Changshe Society of Wei Yingchuan (now Henan Province) in the Three Kingdoms. Because of his rank, he was named "Zhong Taifu". Cai Yong, a calligrapher of Zhongyou, is good at all kinds of calligraphy, especially official script and regular script. He concentrated simple elements in regular script, and broke the routine in official script, making official script even and square. Thus, Zhong You became the ancestor of regular script. Soon, he and Wang Xizhi were called "Zhong Wang" together. His works handed down from generation to generation include bulletin board, festival table, birthday table, quarterly recommendation table and meta-adjustment table, among which the bulletin board is the most famous.
After Zhong, the most famous are Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi.
Wang Xizhi (AD 303-36 1) was born in Linyi, Eastern Jin Dynasty. From the official position to the general of the right army, he will examine the internal history, so he is called "internal history" and "internal history of the king" His calligraphy has reached the height of "the more expensive the better", and he is regarded as an unparalleled generation of "book saints" in ancient and modern Beijing. His regular script handed down from generation to generation is in small letters, and his representative works include Huang Tingjing (see Figure 2-25), Lun, Bei and Farzam Kama Labadi.
Wang Xianzhi, Amethyst, is the seventh son of Wang Xizhi. He studied with his father when he was a child and was rarely famous. People respectfully address him as "Xiao Wang". His regular script works have only been handed down in the thirteen lines of Luo Shen Fu. There are nine lines in Song Dynasty and four lines in Jia Sidao's calligraphy. Together, we carved 13 lines on the jade, so it is called thirteen lines on the jade plate.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were wars in the Northern Dynasty, but these northern minorities were influenced by the cultures of the Central Plains and the South and produced new cultures. In calligraphy, stone carvings prevailed in the Northern Dynasties. In the history of calligraphy, we call the stone carvings of the Northern Dynasties "Northern Monuments". It opened a new era in the history of regular script. Wei Bei is the most popular stele in the north, so we often call it the calligraphy style of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Because these stone carvings are mostly from the hands of lower-level calligraphers, they are rough and sparse, and often typos and other words abound. The names of the authors are too numerous to be verified. Stone carvings in the Northern Wei Dynasty mostly appeared in the form of tombstones, epitaphs and cliff statues. The more famous ones are Longmen 20 Pin, Song Gaoling Temple Monument, Zhang Xuan Epitaph, Zheng Wengong Monument, Zhang Menglong Monument and Cui Jing Epitaph. Among them, the "Longmen Twenty Products" is to pray for strangers or turn over the undead. Carved into a Buddha statue on the cliff of Longmen in Luoyang, Henan Province, with an inscription, it is called a statue. Later generations chose 20 kinds of the most exquisite calligraphers, collectively known as "Longmen Twenty Products". We illustrated the "stone statue".
Calligraphy in the Sui Dynasty was also based on stone carving. There are mainly Longzang Temple Monument-later generations praised it as "the first monument in Sui Dynasty", Su Xiaoci's epitaph, Dong's epitaph and so on.
The Tang Dynasty is a prosperous dynasty in the history of China, and literature and art are also the most glorious era of the Tang Dynasty, especially the golden age of calligraphy. A large number of calligraphers and excellent calligraphy works have emerged. Thanks to the advocacy of Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, calligraphy was incorporated into education, selection of scholars and official system. Regular script entered its heyday in the early years of the Tang Dynasty. There were many calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty, among them, Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang and Xue Ji made outstanding achievements, and four of them were collectively called "Four Early Tang Schools" by later generations.
An officer who keeps his word sees the prince, which is called "Ouyang leads the prince". His regular script is well written, with strict statutes and stable structure, which contains danger and strangeness. His regular script is regarded as the ultimate rule of regular script by later generations, which is called "European style" or "variable style" The representative works of regular script include Jiuchenggong Liquan Inscription, Huangfu Birthday Inscription, Huadu Temple Buddhist Pagoda Inscription (referred to as Huadu Temple Pagoda Inscription), Yugong Wenyanbo Inscription, etc. It is especially famous for the inscription on Liquan in Jiucheng Palace (see Figure 2-34). This monument, referred to as "Jiucheng Palace" for short, can best represent the European style, and critics often call it "the original script" and "the crown of true books". Its pen is steady and plain, with a long structure, delicate and dangerous. Therefore, the monument is very famous, widely copied and destroyed, washed and chiseled by later generations, and lost its original appearance.
Yu Shinan, whose real name is Bo Shi, is an official to secretary supervisor, whose name is Yongxing County, and the world is called "Yu Yongxing". He is a clever teacher and got a biography of Wang Xizhi. His regular script is inherited from the two kings, mentally defensive and gentle. Only the tablet of Confucius Temple (as shown in Figure 2-35) and the order of breaking evil in fine print have survived to this day. The Monument to the Confucius Temple is the work of Yu Shinan in the middle and old age, and it has won the standard of thirteen lines in the jade edition, which is beautiful, round and lifeless. Huang Tingjian, a calligrapher and writer in the Song Dynasty, once wrote a poem praising: "Yu Shuzhen watches seal cutting in the Confucius Temple, and two thousand gold can be bought." . This shows the preciousness of this monument.
Chu Suiliang, the word "good", is the official to advise the doctor, the official to the secretary, the official to the minister, and the duke of Henan, the world? Quot Chu Henan ". He reads better than Emperor Taizong. He got the essence of Sui stele, and joined Yu Shinan and Wang Xizhi, which broadened his body. His representative works include: Preface to Wild Goose Pagoda, Monument to Mr. Meng, Monument to Yique Buddhist Shrine, Ni Kuanzan, Yinfu Jing, Fangbei and so on. Among them, The Preamble to the Wild Goose Pagoda (see Figure 2-36) best represents its style. This monument is a masterpiece of his later years, which is famous for its thinness and hardness. As soon as this monument came out, Chu Shudun became a fashion.
Xue Ji, whose word is passed down, is called "Xue Shaobao" in the world. Xue Ji's regular script is close to Chu style, but more interesting. At that time, there was a saying that "buying Chu to learn from the scriptures without losing its festival". His works handed down from generation to generation are few, and he is even more famous for "Xin Xing Zen Master Monument".
Besides these four schools, Ouyang Tong, Zhao Mo, Feng Chengsu, Jing Ke and Zhong Shaojing are all famous calligraphers. But their influence seems to be not as good as that of the early Tang Dynasty. We say that although the four schools in the early Tang Dynasty had their own methods, they never broke away from the traditional elegance and elegance created by the two kings. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, an innovative calligrapher emerged in the calligraphy field. He started his own school and became an epoch-making figure in the history of calligraphy. He is the most important and outstanding calligrapher in the late Tang Dynasty-Yan Zhenqing.
Yan Zhenqing, whose word is clear, is the prefect of the Plain, the official minister, the prince and the founder of the county, and is known as "Yan Lugong". He was honest and honest, and was the leader in the Anshi Rebellion, fighting against the rebels. Tang Dezong and Li Xilie rebelled, while Yan Zhenqing killed for persuasion and died unyielding. Yan Zhenqing created a new style of calligraphy-Yan Ti, outside the two kings system, with his own character, knowledge and progress in calligraphy art.
Yan Zhenqing's regular script can be roughly divided into three stages of development. The Induction Monument of Dover Pagoda (see Figure 2-37) and Dong Fangshuo's Paintings are his early works. Its characteristics are: rigorous and distinct, Fiona Fang has both, a little proper limit, and the straightforwardness of the characters takes the opposite trend. The Story of the Sage and Fool Leaving the Pile and the Temple Monument of Guo Jingzhi of Taibao are representative works in the mid-term, which are characterized by taking more circles with pens, drawing thick and thick vertically, and holding back alternately. Yan Bei, Ma Gu Xian Tan Ji (see Figure 2-38), Yan Weizhen Jia Miao Bei and Li Bei are his later works, which are characterized by fine horizontal painting, heavy vertical painting, rich and broad words, calm and square. Yan Zhenqing has made great contributions to the history of calligraphy in China, and his regular script is an excellent model for future generations to learn.
After Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan made great achievements and had a far-reaching influence on later generations.
Liu Gongquan was a famous calligrapher in the late Tang Dynasty. He was good at regular script, calligraphy and cursive script, among which regular script was the most vigorous and called Liu. He learned from each other's strong points and created his own unique style "Liu Ti". After Yan Shu, it had a great influence on later generations and was called "Yan Gu". There is one thing that makes Liu Gongquan famous through the ages, and that is admonition. Mu Zong is a bad king, but he is also arty. One day, he asked Liu Gongquan for his brushwork. Liu replied: "Use a pen in your heart, your heart is regular, and the pen is right." This statement not only shows the internal relationship between ideological cultivation and calligraphy art, but also obviously contains irony and exhortation, so it is passed down as a "pen admonition" story by later generations. His representative works include: Shence Army Monument, Mysterious Tower Monument, Li Sheng Monument, etc. Especially the Shence Army Monument (see Figure 2-39). This tablet was written when he was sixty-five years old. Writing with a pen is very stable and strong. It has the reputation of "Yan Liu Jin Gu". The world commented that this monument was "the first miracle in his life because of its neat wind and gentle bearings."
After the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, during the three or four hundred years, calligraphy research flourished, but the inscriptions were sparse. Although many people are good at books, they are not as good as Tang people. The famous "Su Shi, Huang, Mi Fei and Cai" in Song Dynasty (referring to Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang) also opened up new artistic conception in running script, but regular script only inherited the previous generation, leaving nothing new.
Since 127 1, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, unified the whole country and established the Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, which lasted for more than 90 years, it can be said that it was a retro era of calligraphy. Those who have achieved the most should be the first to push Zhao.
Zhao Page, the word Ang, Taoist, Taoist in Crystal Palace, etc. He was an imperial clan in the Song Dynasty and was highly appreciated by Yuan Shizu. When he was in Renzong, he once paid official homage to Academician and Doctor Rong Lu, and after his death, he was named Wei Gong and Shi! Yes, I'm glad I fired Deng, right? Quot Seal, Brush, Fen, Li, Zhen, Xing and cursive script have existed in ancient and modern times, hence the name. "We often say' Yan, Liu, Ou, Zhao'. Among them, Yan, Liu and Ou came from the Tang Dynasty, and Zhao's Pei came from the Yuan Dynasty. He crossed the times and directly kept pace with the Tang Dynasty, which shows the position of Zhao Page in the history of calligraphy. His calligraphy enveloped the book world in the Yuan Dynasty and became popular in the book world. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, even calligraphers carved books with Zhao Ti, which shows that Zhao's calligraphy had a great influence on later generations.
He tried to chase after the two kings, with beautiful structure, round brushwork, gentle and elegant appearance and strong and beautiful heart. Another feature of Zhao Zi is its practicality. When studying Europe and Yan, we often have this experience: it is difficult to learn Europe, but it is difficult to learn Yan customs; Learning from Zhao Ti can often save you trouble. Zhao's pages have left us many precious legacies, and his works handed down from generation to generation are probably unparalleled in history. The representative works of regular script are: Miao Yan Temple, Shenyou Temple, Danba Monument, Sanmen Monument and Qiue Monument. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and established the Ming Dynasty, which lasted for 276 years. In the past 300 years, Zhao has hardly broken through the barriers in his works. Wen Zhiming, Zhu Yunming, Wang Chong and Dong Qichang, among them, Wen Zhiming is the best.
People in ancient times, whose name was Bi, were named Hengshan. Quot "Wenheng Mountain" was once the imperial edict of imperial academy, so it is also called "Wenheng Mountain". He was not clever when he was a child. He took a student exam when he was young. Because of poor handwriting, I ranked third, so I couldn't take a higher provincial exam, which was embarrassing at that time. It was a great blow to him, but it didn't discourage him. Instead, it made him study hard. He used other people's rest and games to practice calligraphy silently. He usually writes meticulously, and he rewrites it if he feels dissatisfied. This habit continued into old age. I'm afraid his great achievements are related to this habit. His calligraphy is famous for its neatness and standardization. Small print, in particular, is more important to the world, with profound skills, rigor, simplicity, stability and beauty. However, the lack of change in his calligraphy is his defect. His representative works in lower case are Qian, Lisao Jing, Yuefu and Fu Xue.
The seal script and official script in Qing dynasty surpassed the previous generation, which has been discussed before. As for regular script, it can be said that it is an era of inaction. If we say that regular script in Qing Dynasty has outstanding achievements, we should take Zhao in late Qing Dynasty as an example.
Zhao, whose real name is called Uncle, is called Sad Temple. He is a talented artist who is good at painting and seal cutting. His regular script is vigorous and steady; Under the influence of Bao calligraphy theory at that time, he specialized in the North Monument, and through his own efforts, he got rid of the overbearing spirit in the North Monument and created a fresh and unique calligraphy style. His works include The Last Words of Southern Tang Dynasty and Moliukeng (ten volumes of calligraphy and painting).
Dong Qichang (1555— 1636) was born in Shanghai County (now Shanghai), Nanzhi County, Ming Dynasty, with the name of Dong Jiahui. Born in the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing (1555) on January 19th.
At the age of seventeen, he took the Songjiang prefecture exam. At that time, he wrote a very proud eight-part essay, thinking that he would definitely win the championship, but when the list was announced, it was not as good as his nephew Dong. The reason is that the county magistrate thinks that the words on his test paper are poor, and although the article is good, it can only rank second. This incident greatly stimulated Dong Qichang, who made great efforts to learn calligraphy. At first, he took Yan Zhenqing's "Dota Post" as a model, and later changed it to Wei and Jin Dynasties, copying the posts of Zhong You and Wang Xizhi.
After more than ten years' efforts, Dong Qichang's calligraphy has made great progress, and landscape painting has gradually become an introduction. In the seventeenth year of Wanli (1589), Dong Qichang was finally admitted. Because of his excellent writing and calligraphy, he was elected as an ordinary native. He went to imperial academy for further study. This year, he was thirty-five years old.
In addition to studying classics and history, Dong Qichang also discussed painting and calligraphy skills with colleagues and friends, and commented on ancient and modern times. He learned from the paintings of Jin, Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, followed them with his heart and hands, sometimes forgot to eat or sleep, made great progress in his studies, and became famous in Beijing. Dong Qichang has built Laizhonglou, Baodingzhai, Xi Hong Hall, Painting Zen Room and Xiangguang Room in his hometown. , with toothpicks and yu fu, left picture and right history, put yourself in it to write a book and explore the art of ancient and modern calligraphy and painting. He spared no effort to collect calligraphy books of famous artists such as Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi, Xie An, Huan Wen, Zhao Gu and Mi Fei, and published Xihongtang Calligraphy Post in the 31st year of Wanli. During his sick leave in Songjiang, he was in his forties. He is well-informed, knowledgeable, lives in Linquan and is familiar with people's hearts. He created the Ancient Fengjing Map, the Crane Society Map (Figure 5), the Floating Orchid Warm Green Map, the Sacred Building Map, the Eight Scenes of the West Lake, and the Winding Flow Map.