1962, Sidney Banner, a literature expert, came across three pages of manuscripts belonging to German Ideology when sorting out materials at the Institute of International Social History in Amsterdam. Among them, 1, 2 and 29 pages were edited by Marx and lost in the chapter Feuerbach, so he added several supplementary words to Marx and Engels' German Ideology.
So far, all known manuscripts related to German Ideology have been published. Of course, Feuerbach has several different arrangements in this chapter, which we will focus on below.
After 1932, there were more versions of German ideology. Except for the editing of the first chapter of the first volume, Feuerbach, there is not much difference between the general chapters of different versions. Different arrangements have formed different understandings of the logic and structure of Marx's thought.
Generally speaking, the arrangement is mainly based on the page number order of the manuscript and the logical order of ideas. The former has been identified and verified by literature experts, but it can be said that it is generally clear now, but it is not completely clear, because in the same manuscript, some pages are numbered, some are not coded, the pages of different editors are not completely consistent, and the pages of different manuscripts are not continuous; The latter is very controversial.
Due to the complexity of manuscript circulation, there are at least seven different versions of this chapter:
Leah Zhanov Edition (Marx-Engels-Aqif. подредакциейв.адр?)
In the chapter Feuerbach, Ria Zhanov first distinguished two types of manuscripts, namely original manuscripts and copied manuscripts. According to this distinction, several manuscripts with page number 1-4 (in the manuscript description, manuscripts with page number 1 are always regarded as 1) belong to plagiarized manuscripts. He adopted the way of typesetting the collected manuscripts according to the facts, typesetting according to Bernstein's number, and removed Bernstein's mistakes, and some deleted page numbers and pages that should be included in the chapter of St. Max were not printed. Zhanov retained Engels' title Feuerbach. The opposition between materialism and idealism "(he specifically pointed out:" This topic was written by Engels in pencil on the last page of the basic manuscript. " [15] (P233), some text and its title "1? Ideology in general, especially German philosophy, is preserved in the text, expressed in small font and enclosed by the symbol < >. In addition, Leah Zhanov compiled the preface into the manuscript of German Ideology and published it for the first time.
The arrangement of Riya Zhanov Edition is basically consistent with Marx's coding. Judging from the situation at that time, the most remarkable value of this edition is that such an important chapter in German Ideology has never been paid attention to and published publicly, which is a great contribution to the study of the history of the formation of Marxism. Secondly, the publication of this chapter also refutes the wrong view that Marx and Engels are Feuerbach. Of course, the defects of this version are also very obvious, such as the identification of the original text and interesting mistakes in translation, because the manuscripts and structures of Marx and Engels were not fully studied at that time.
Adoratski edition (подредакциейв.) ааав)
1932, Marx, Engels and Lenin Institute (the specific evolution process of the name of this institute is: 192 1 1 year1October, the Central Russian Marx and Engels Institute was established, and1May, 924, Lenin Institute was established. 193 1 year 1 1 month, two institutions merged into a unified Russian * * * (Bolshevik) Central Institute of Marx, Engels and Lenin, 1956 was renamed the Central Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the Soviet Union * *) and published the first complete original text. Before the publication of this edition, Adolaski and others carefully appraised and examined the manuscript, so it can be said that the original text is extremely accurate. However, the chapters on Feuerbach in this edition are not arranged according to the usual requirements of the historical textual research edition. Different from the Zhanov edition, according to the editor's understanding, it artificially divides the original text into three parts and gives it a new title. The contents are as follows:
I. Feuerbach. The opposition between materialism and idealism.
A. General ideology, German ideology
[1] History
[2] About the production of consciousness
[b] The realistic basis of ideology
[1] communication and productivity
[2] The relationship between state, law and ownership.
(3) The tools of production and forms of ownership that civilization naturally produces and creates.
(C) * * * Productivism-the production of the form of communication itself
One and one are the author's original titles. The title and serial number added by the editor are in square brackets []. Some of these titles come from the words written by Marx and Engels next to the manuscript (according to the editor's understanding, what the author added next to the manuscript is a necessary reminder of this chapter), and some are added by the editor according to the content.
As can be seen from the title, the editor's intention is very obvious. He summarized the chapter of Feuerbach into three major titles, namely, consciousness → ideological basis → * * productism, and wanted to give the manuscript a complete system framework through this generalization method.
Because Adoratski Edition tries to reconstruct the structure of Feuerbach according to its own understanding, except for the two manuscripts at the beginning, the text is not arranged according to the number of pages of 1-72 compiled by Marx, but is rearranged by the editor after disturbing Marx's code according to his own ideas. In addition, this edition also deleted a reading note written by Marx, which is equivalent to section 12 of the fourth part of the new singles. And this reading note has actually been included in Leah Zhanov's version.
Adolaski's practice was later criticized by many researchers. For example, Bagatulia pointed out that this arrangement destroyed the internal logic of manuscript research and narrative, and artificial or even fictional connections replaced essential connections. The title set by editing does not conform to the structure and content of the manuscript [16] (P 1 10).
However, after the Adolaski edition came out, it had a great influence. 1933, Russian translation published, 1933- 1938 reprinted many times. These editions are published as separate editions, or included in the fourth volume of the first edition of the Complete Works of Marx and Engels in Russian. 1955 published a new Russian translation in the form of the third volume of the second edition of the Complete Works of Marx and Engels compiled by Price and Webb, and reprinted it in 1956. The first Chinese version of the now popular Complete Works of Marx and Engels was translated according to this version. On the basis of Russian version 1955, translations from France, Britain, Italy, Japan and some countries in Eastern Europe have been published one after another. Although these versions have been improved to varying degrees, many of them have written detailed notes, but the arrangement and segmentation of the text are exactly the same as the 1932 version, so they are all the same version.
Bhagatulia Edition (1966)
Since the late 1950s, Gege Bagatulia, an expert on Marxist philology in the Soviet Union, has been focusing on the study of German Ideology, and published the History of Writing, Publishing and Research of German Ideology by Marx and Engels (contained in the collection History of the Formation and Development of Marxism). Moscow 1959 Edition) The Structure and Content of Marx and Engels' Manuscripts on the First Chapter of German Ideology (Philosophical Issues,No. 1965), Feuerbach and the Outline of German Ideology (Scientific Information Bulletin of Marx and Engels' Works Research Room), The Structure of the First Chapter of German Ideology (historical materials, Moscow, 1969 edition) and the significance of Marx and Engels' German ideology in the history of Marxism (doctoral thesis, Moscow, 1977), which laid a solid philological foundation for him to reorganize Feuerbach's chapter.
1965, the Central Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the Soviet Union published a new collation of the chapter of Feuerbach in theNo. 10 andNo.1,and published a solo book in 1966. This edition was edited by Bagatulia and Bushlinski, and is often called "Bagatulia Edition".
New German version (German Journal of Philosophy, 1966)
1966, the fourth issue of the German Journal of Philosophy reprinted a chapter of Feuerbach in German, which is basically the same as the Bhagaturian Edition, but 26 paragraphs of titles were deleted and the structure became the following form:
〔Ⅰ〕
I. Feuerbach
Answer? Ideology in general and German ideology in particular.
1? Ideology, especially German philosophy.
〔Ⅱ〕
〔Ⅲ〕
〔Ⅳ〕
The relationship between state, law and ownership
This edition is the basis of China's "Feuerbach" published in 1988 and the selected contents of "Selected Works of Marx and Engels" published in 1995.
MEGA2 trial version (complete works of Marx and Engels, probe tape, 1972)
The experimental version MEGA2 published in 1972 included a chapter on Feuerbach in German Ideology. Its novelty lies in the change of typesetting mode, that is, it has begun to divide page by page according to the mode of original manuscript, so that readers can see at a glance that Engels' copied manuscript is on the left and Marx and Engels' revised supplement is on the right. However, Marx's page number is still marked in the corresponding part of each paragraph, and the relationship between Engels' page number and Marx's page number is still explained in the explanation at the back of the article. The order of arrangement is:
"First, Feuerbach. Answer? General ideology ... "("I, Feuerbach "at the beginning of the first article. Section 1);
"First, Feuerbach. As our German prophet promised ... First, ideology in general and German philosophy in particular ("I, Feuerbach", the beginning of the second article). "Introduction" and "Draft of Section 1");
The relationship between ethnic groups ... "(fair draft, Marx and Engels did not note the page number);
"Therefore, the thing is this: ... individuals ..." (transcript, Marx and Engels did not note the page number);
"First, Feuerbach. Drafts and Notes "
Hiromatsu Wataru Edition (New Edited Edition of German Ideology, 1974)
1974, a new edition of German Ideology edited by Hiromatsu Wataru was published in Japan (Volume I, Chapter I). Compared with other versions, the advantage of this version is that it reflects the page numbers marked by Engels and Marx on the page at the same time, so that readers can have an intuitive understanding of its structural changes. At the same time, using different fonts to distinguish the characters of Marx and Engels, and using different fonts and corresponding symbols to reflect the process of deletion on the page greatly facilitates researchers to understand different authors and the process of deletion. Its content order is as follows:
"First, Feuerbach. As the German dreamer claimed ... ";
"First, Feuerbach. Answer? General ideology ... (The first essay at the beginning of I Feuerbach. Section 1);
"First, Feuerbach. Drafts and Notes: Pages 8-35 edited by Marx;
The relationship between ethnic groups ... "(fair draft, Marx and Engels did not note the page number);
"First, Feuerbach. Drafts and Notes: Pages 40-72 edited by Marx;
"First, Feuerbach. Drafts and notes: Marx's notes;
"First, Feuerbach. Drafts and notes: page number 1 and 2 pages compiled by Marx;
"First, Feuerbach. As our German prophet promised ... A? Ideology in general and German philosophy in particular (I. Feuerbach). Draft Introduction and Section 1: It is juxtaposed with Page 1 1- 12 compiled by Marx;
"Therefore, the thing is this: ... individuals ..." (Fair draft, Marx and Engels did not note the page number): juxtaposed with the page number 13- 17 compiled by Marx.
The problem with the Hiromatsu Wataru version is that it is folded in half, but it doesn't display the original page because it is like the trial version of MEGA2. On the contrary, it added too many version comments on the right, which could have been put in footnotes or endnotes. In addition, the words "A, B, C, D" were added to the page number of Engles in Hiromatsu Wataru Edition. In our opinion, it's best not to add things that didn't exist originally, so as not to add new obstacles to people who don't know the truth.
English version (Complete Works of Karl Marx \ Frederick Engels, Volume 5, 1976)
The English version of The Complete Works of Marx and Engels was edited and published by Lawrence Wihardt Publishing House in London, new york International Book Publishing Company in the United States and Soviet Progressive Publishing House, and a new version of German Ideology was published in 1976. The English version is basically edited and published on the basis of the new German version, but some changes have been made. Its contents are arranged as follows:
"First, Feuerbach. As the German dreamer claimed ... "
"First, Feuerbach. Answer? General ideology ... (The first essay at the beginning of I Feuerbach. Section 1)
"First, Feuerbach. As our German prophet promised ... A? Ideology in general and German philosophy in particular (I. Feuerbach). "Introduction" and "draft of section 1") cancel the existing title, and then arrange it in the first part of the seventh part of the fifth volume;
The relationship between ethnic groups ... "(fair draft, Marx and Engels did not note the page number);
"Therefore, the thing is this: ... individuals ..." (transcript, Marx and Engels did not note the page number);
"First, Feuerbach. Drafts and Notes "
Since most of Marx's researchers in the world use English, the publication of the English version provides convenience for expanding the influence of Marx's works and attracting more researchers to participate.
In addition to the above influential versions, Zheng Wenji [17], Hou Cai [18] of China, Masanori Shibuya and Masaichi Kobayashi [19] of Japan and other scholars have all put forward their own opinions or new arrangement schemes, some focusing on the revision of arrangement principles, some redetermining the writing time, and some devoted themselves to it. The following is a special introduction to the arrangement idea and order of MEGA2.
At present, the best translation in China is Peng's translation from Nanjing University.