First of all, the questions raised
On my chicken shuttlecock, there is a disc with a round hole in the middle. According to my grandparents, copper coins with square holes or round holes were used in badminton in the past. In ancient times, there were many such copper coins! I can't help asking a big question mark in my mind: What currency was there in ancient times? By chance, I learned in a book that China's currency has a history of 4000-5000 years, and saw the shapes of some ancient coins: some are round outside and there is a square hole inside, commonly known as square hole round money; Or the outer ring is the inner ring, commonly known as round hole and round money. In the book, I also learned that a large number of gold ingots and coins were made in ancient times. In Chu State, each gold plate has 12, 14, 20 and 54 squares. When in use, cut into small pieces, each piece is 1.4- 1.5 cm square, 0-4-0.5 cm thick and weighs about 15. In the history of ancient currency, which currency lasted for a long time? That's a square hole round coin. Because the round banknotes with square holes can reduce the turnover loss and can be easily carried. Isn't this killing two birds with one stone? Not only these, but also the highest currency in the history of currency! For example, the currency in Qin and Han Dynasties was the most abundant in the world, the currency in Wang Mang Period was the most exquisite, the currency in the Western Jin and Northern Dynasties was the most literary, the currency in the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries was the worst, the currency in Yuan Dynasty was the least variety, and the currency in Qing Dynasty was relatively rare. Through the introduction of this book, I want to know more about ancient money!
Second, the research process and methods
1, determine the representative ancient coins in a period as the specific research object.
2. Collect information related to ancient coins by surfing the Internet, consulting books and reading newspapers and periodicals.
3. Collect the origin of some ancient currencies in various ways.
4. Sort out and summarize the information I collected.
The following is my research:
Currency name dynasty
Pre-Qin era
Qin and Han dynasties
Three Kingdoms
Wei, Jin, southern and northern dynasties
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Five Dynasties and Ten States
Song dynasty
Yuan dynasty (1206- 1368)
bright
clean
A round coin with a square hole.
√
√
√
√
Round hole currency
√
White deerskin coin
√
Taipingbaiqian
√
Female currency
√
Bao Tong
√
√
√
√
√
Iron and copper coins
√
√
√
√
√
White silver coin
√
√
Gold or silver ingots (used as money in ancient China)
√
√
√
Manchu destiny money
√
banknote
√
√
√
Third, research results.
From the above table, we know that among ancient coins, round hole coins, white deer skin coins, Taiping hundred coins and female coins were used at least once in each dynasty, while Bao Tong, iron coins and copper coins were used the most, and they were used in the five dynasties. Among the coins minted in the past dynasties, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty were the most, each casting four kinds; Pre-Qin, Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties are the least minted currencies, with only two kinds. It seems that the closer the dynasty is to the present, the more developed the technology, which is similar to our current currency. For example, the Song Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty all had our popular paper money styles.
In the above table, some currencies were actually independently produced by the current dynasty. For example, the white deerskin coins belong to Qin and Han Dynasties, the round hole coins belong to the pre-Qin Dynasty, the Taiping Hundred Money belongs to the Three Kingdoms, and the female money belongs to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Among them, the value of white deerskin coins is 400 thousand, just to issue light money to pass on the economic crisis at that time; Taiping Hundred Money is equal to 100, which was forged by a secretariat in the hope of early reunification and peace. Women's Money In Liang Wudi, two kinds of five baht for people without wheels are called "women's money". Many countries in the table use different full names of "Bao Tong", such as Kaiyuan Bao Tong, Dali Bao Tong, Jianzhong Bao Tong and Xian Tong Xuanbao in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Kaiping Bao Tong, Tiancheng Bao Tong, Hanyuan Bao Tong, Zhu Yuanzhang Bao Tong and Daqi Tongbao in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Dachao Tongbao in the Song Dynasty, Dayi Tongbao, Tianyou Tongbao and Dazhong in the Ming Dynasty. Why did the Ming Dynasty cast so many Bao Tong? Because in the Ming Dynasty, in order to avoid the word "Yuan" of Zhu Yuanzhang, Yuanbao was abolished and replaced by Bao Tong.
It seems that the knowledge of ancient money is so rich that you can learn more about it in the future!
Research on Chinese dialects
First of all, the questions raised
When we go to other provinces and cities for vacation or play, have you noticed that the language used by the local people is different from the place where we live? Some places are only slightly different, while others are quite different. This is because the languages handed down from different places are different, which is the so-called "dialect".
Through various channels, I learned something about dialects. Dialect is a variant of language, which can be divided into two categories: regional dialect and social dialect. Among them, regional dialect is a language variety caused by regional differences, a branch of national language in different regions, and a reflection of unbalanced language development in the region. Social dialect refers to the language variety formed by social members in the same area due to social differences in occupation, class, culture, education and age. There are three reasons for the differences in dialects: first, before the contact between northern Chinese and southern ancient Vietnamese, there were already regional dialects; Second, the time for Chinese to go south is different, and the Chinese themselves are different everywhere; Third, the dialects in the south are also developed in a unique environment, and there are differences in themselves.
So, what kinds of dialects are there in China? How is it distributed? What are their differences and characteristics in language, vocabulary and grammar? I want to study this.
Second, the research process and methods
1. Choose six representative dialects as the research object.
2, access to relevant information, visit the masses.
3. Organize and summarize the data, make tables and complete the research conclusion.
The following is my research:
name
Number of users (percentage)
trait
Distribution area
Northern dialect
Accounting for 73% of the total population.
There are fewer tones and more homophones.
North China, Northeast China, Northwest China and Southwest China
Wu dialect
Accounting for 8.4% of the total population.
Less nasal sounds, similar to Gan dialect.
Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui
Hakka dialect
4% of the total population
Similar to mandarin
Guangdong, Jiangxi and Taiwan Province provinces
Fujian dialect
Accounting for 4.5% of the total population.
There are seven consonants and four tones.
Fujian Province
Cantonese
5% of the total population
The tone is complicated.
Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macau
Hunan dialect
5% of the total population
More tongue sounds
Hunan
Third, the research conclusion
Through the induction and summary of the online materials and the above research table, I can draw the following conclusions: the dialects of different branches of modern Chinese have great differences in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, and some are even completely different, such as Fujian dialect and northern dialect, Guangdong dialect and northern dialect ... Almost five other local languages are different from their own northern dialects, but among the six most representative dialects, northern dialect. Wu dialect, commonly known as "soft language of Wu Nong" in Jiangnan water town, is often used as a metaphor for pleasant voice and language in daily life; Hakka dialect is a special language unique to Hakka and She nationality, so it has the smallest proportion and the least number of users among the six dialects. Min dialect is widely used in China's coastal areas, such as Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Guangxi, and even in many Southeast Asian countries such as the Philippines and New Zealand. Cantonese, represented by Cantonese, is mainly used among Chinese in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao, Guangxi and overseas. It has nine tones and is difficult to master. Hunan dialect is only used in China and Hunan, represented by Changsha dialect. No matter what dialect it is, it incorporates national characteristics and the wisdom of the ancients. Therefore, every dialect deserves respect.
Write according to it.