First of all, it is the upper class aristocratic society of Jurchen that accepts China culture the fastest and has the deepest degree of sinicization. Hao Jing said that the Jin Dynasty was "the classic of a generation with verve, the same as Tang and Han Bilong, and Yuan, Wei and Gao Qi were among the best". Zhao Yi is also known as "the cultural relic of Jin Dynasty, covering Liao and Yi Yuan". The culture and art of Jin Dynasty continued to develop after Liao and Northern Song Dynasties, surpassing Liao Dynasty, and then paralleled with Southern Song Dynasty, which constituted two branches of China's cultural development at that time. In the history of China's cultural and artistic development, it plays the role of "covering the upper part and covering the lower part". The Jin Dynasty took Confucianism as the basic idea of ruling the people, and the thoughts of Taoism, Buddhism and Legalism were also widely spread and applied. Jin Dynasty thinkers discussed and criticized Neo-Confucianism and Confucian Classics in the Song Dynasty, which revived Neo-Confucianism in the north and carried forward China Thought. In academic thought, Zhao Bingwen is known as the "Master of Confucianism". He criticized the hermeneutics since the Han Dynasty and fully affirmed the Neo-Confucianism of the Northern Song Dynasty founded by Zhou Lian and Cheng (Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi). And Buddhism, Taoism and Neo-Confucianism are integrated into one, and Wei Taoism is famous for its gold.
Wang Ruoxu's criticism of Zhu Shu is beyond words, and he affirmed Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty. However, he also criticized Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty, and made great comments and criticisms on the annotations of Neo-Confucianism in the two Song Dynasties, but he did not form his own views. Li Chunfu is the author of The Doctrine of the Mean and Ming Dow. His thought first turned from Confucianism to Taoism, and finally to Buddhism, "China's mind study, western culture education". He said: "You can't learn anything by studying Buddhism" and thought that Confucianism in Song Yichuan "stole my Buddhist book". In order to realize the unity of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, we boldly went to war with Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty.
Politically, Zhao Bingwen thinks that the relationship between the royal family and other countries, China and foreigners, and China and its surrounding areas is changeable. Those who think that there is public interest are called "Han", and that the country is more valuable than the people and the country is lighter than the people. They opposed the idea that "the disaster began after the princess, became an official and finally became a vassal" at the end of Tang Kaiyuan, and thought that the root of the disaster was "Ming Di". Wang Ruoxu believes that the reunification of China should be based on the principle of "merits and demerits". He believes that Ouyang Xiu does not talk about the unity of form and form, which is "flattering the dynasty and pretending to be the main que". He believes that the country's survival can take days, but it can't be guilty of cannibalism because of loyalty, and praises Sima Guang's criticism of the traditional concept of positive leap. "I follow Sima Gong's theory of positive leap."
The Jin Dynasty, like the Song Dynasty, respected Confucianism and Confucius. As early as 8 jin j marched into Qufu, 8 jin j tried to destroy the Confucius Temple, which was stopped by Wan Yan Han Zong. Since the reign of Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty, the Confucius Temple was established in Jin Shangjing, and the descendants of Confucius were named Duke of Feast. Although Di Chin Yan Hongliang despised Confucianism, when he went to Jin Shizong and Jin Zhangzong, he respected Confucius very much, taught Confucius temples and temple studies, and praised Shangshu and Mencius. The literature in the early Jin Dynasty was relatively simple, and most writers were Liao and Song people, such as Han Yun. It was not until Cai Gui appeared that it was called the true story of Jin Dynasty literature. Others include the Party, Zhao Wei, Wang Ji and Liu. Famous writers include Zhao Bingwen, Yang,, Yuan Haowen, of which,, is the most famous. When Di Chin Yan Hongliang invaded the Song Dynasty in the south, he wrote poems in Yangzhou. There is a saying: "Raise a million troops by the West Lake and immediately climb the first peak in Wu Shan." Wang Lizhi of Hailing destroyed the unification of Song Dynasty, wrote poems to express his feelings, and his brushwork was vigorous and magnificent. Jin Zhangzong loved poetry and wrote a lot of poems, but his artistic conception only stayed in the palace, which was similar to palace poems.
Under the advocacy of Jin Zhangzong, officials of the Jurchen nobles also learned to write Chinese poems. Yu Wang's poems, which were performed by Wan Yan, were compiled into A Collection of Good Past Events. From Meng 'an to Moke, I am also studying poetry hard. For example, Meng Huda and Mou Kewu Shuang all made friends with Han literati and deliberately studied poetry. Wang Ruoxu and Yuan Haowen were the famous literati in the Jin Dynasty. Wang Ruoxu was an authoritative critic in Jin Dynasty, who was good at textual research of poems and classics, and initially established the laws of literature and rhetoric. His historical theory attacked Song Qi, while his poetic theory respected the Soviet Union and suppressed Huang Tingjian. Later, Pan's Stone was influenced by him.
Yuan Haowen was a literary master in the Jin Dynasty, and he wrote The Collection of One Mountain. His Thirty Poems, which focuses on measuring writers, is an important school of poetry. Yuan Haowen's "Zhongzhou Collection" is based on poetry, and regards poets from all regions and ethnic groups as Zhongzhou figures, which is a concrete embodiment of the idea of unifying China, including all ethnic groups.
Dong Jieyuan of Jin Zhangzong's The West Chamber is an epoch-making masterpiece of China's classical drama. Adapted from Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying in the Tang Dynasty, it broke through the shackles of traditional thinking in thought and art, and was called "the originator of ancient and modern legends" and "the originator of northern music".
Jurchen language and Chinese are the official languages of Jin Dynasty, among which Jurchen language is based on the Khitan script reformed from Chinese characters. Jurchen originally used the Khitan script. With the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, Hong Yanyun, at the behest of Jin Taizu, created Jurchen script with reference to Chinese and Qidan scripts, which was promulgated in August119/. 1 165 years, the list was translated into books such as Zhenguan Dignitary and White Forest with reference to the Khitan script. In Jin Shizong, the court set up a translation office to translate China's classics into Jurchen characters, and then dug up many China books one after another. Jin Shizong said to the prime ministers, "The reason why I ordered the translation of the Five Classics is to let Jurchen know where the benevolence, righteousness and morality are." .
However, at that time, the translation of Jurchen characters and Chinese characters had to be translated into Khitan characters before translation. When he was in Jin Zhangzong, he set up the Hong Wen Institute to translate and write Confucian classics and asked scholars to explain them. 1 19 1 year, the Khitan script was abolished, and it was stipulated that the Jurchen script would be translated into Chinese characters in the future. However, with the popularization of Chinese, most Jurchen nobles can already read Chinese characters. Chinese character books are very popular among Jurchen people. The development of art in the Jin Dynasty also made great achievements in various aspects. Jin Zhangzong set up a painting and calligraphy institute to collect folk and famous paintings in the Southern Song Dynasty. Wang Tingjun and Zhang Rufang, the secretary, identified 550 volumes of paintings and calligraphy collected in the Jin Dynasty and decided to make the first volume. 1 127, when the Jin army attacked the capital of the northern song dynasty, it plundered the Tibetan paintings of the song dynasty and captured the painters to the north. The Jin court attached importance to the collection of famous painters and calligraphers, supplemented by folk collections on the basis of paintings collected by the Northern Song Dynasty and the Inner Government.
Under the influence of Han culture, painting in Jin Dynasty was more prosperous than that in Liao Dynasty, especially from Jin Shizong to Jin Zhangzong, painting activities became more and more active. Jin Zhangzong is good at poetry and calligraphy, and he also likes painting. He established a calligraphy and painting bureau under the supervision of the government secretary, appraised Tibetan paintings and helped Song Huizong to inscribe and seal his masterpieces.
The rulers also set up a painting department in Shaofu prison to be a goldsmith. At that time, there were some famous paintings, such as Flying King, Dead Wood, Turtle by Zhang Gui and Six Horses in Zhaoling, among which Zhang Jun's Moon is Returning to the Han Dynasty is the most famous. Liang can draw bamboo, Yun Guild draws deer, is good at landscape and ink bamboo, Wang Bangji is good at drawing figures, Xu Shan draws flowers and birds, and Du Kun draws pommel horses. The landscape bamboo and stone paintings by Wu, Shan Li, etc. seem to show the taste of "literati" more than the works of painters in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Calligraphers in the Jin Dynasty studied calligraphy in the Northern Song Dynasty, while Jin Zhangzong studied Song Huizong's thin gold style, which made great achievements. Jing Wong is good at Cao Li, especially Chinese characters, and both palace titles are competitive books. The party is good at seal cutting and is taught by scholars. Zhao Wei is good at calligraphy, calligraphy, cursive script, and Xiao Zhuan. His calligraphy style is beautiful and elegant, and his calligraphy and painting are outstanding, so he should be above the stone. Cursive writing is for families. At that time, people called the seal script of the Party together with "Party and Zhao". Wu Ji was inspired by his father-in-law, Mi Fei, and Wang Tingjun was the most successful person who studied rice at that time. His calligraphy is not as good as that of all the people in Yaozishan in the early Yuan Dynasty. Ren Xun was brilliant, and calligraphy was first at that time. "Zhongzhou Collection" called him: "Painting is higher than books, books are higher than poems, and poems are higher than prose." .
In the early years of the Jin Dynasty, there were only two kinds of instruments of the Jurchen nationality, namely drums and flutes, and only one song "Partridge" was sung, which was "just two sounds of partridge". After entering the Song Dynasty, Jin Jun plundered musicians, musical instruments and Le Shu from the teaching workshops in the Song Dynasty, and the music of the Han nationality was integrated into the music of the Jurchen nationality. Jin Shizong hosted a banquet for the envoys of the Southern Song Dynasty and Xixia, and studied the Song Dynasty with relish, but the costumes were different. Dance in Jin Dynasty originated from the music of ancestors. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was basically absorbed directly from the dance of the Northern Song Dynasty, and at the same time, it also carried forward the music and dance culture of the Jurchen nationality. As far as China traditional operas are concerned, Zhu Gong dialect, which was popular in the Northern Song Dynasty, became the main rap variety in the Jin Dynasty. At that time, only Dong Jieyuan's The Romance of the West Chamber and Liu Zhiyuan have been handed down to this day, and the appearance of The Romance of the West Chamber has the significance of the initial formation of the Yuan Dynasty. Most religions in the Jin Dynasty advocated obedience and patience, which was mainly related to the northern Han nationality and foreign rulers. Both Buddhism and Taoism in the Jin Dynasty advocated the unity of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, such as Wan Xiuhe, and they all had high attainments in the development of Buddhist theory. Wang Zhe, the founder of Quanzhen religion, must also be named after the three religions. Yan Yan's "Monument to the Ancestor of Quanzhen religion" says: "It shows that it is wonderful and peaceful, and it is not an independent religion." Starting from the idea of the integration of the three religions, Wang Zhe suggested that people recite the three classics of Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism, such as Tao Te Ching, Prajna Heart Sutra and Filial Piety Sutra.
Buddhism began to spread as early as the Jurchen period. After the Jin Dynasty destroyed Liao and the Northern Song Dynasty, influenced by Buddhism in the Central Plains, the belief in Buddhism further developed. Buddhism, such as Huayan Sect, Zen Buddhism, Classics, Tantric Sect, Discipline, etc., has made great progress. Among them, Zen is the most popular, which can be said to be completely influenced by Buddhism in the Northern Song Dynasty, and has had an important impact on the social economy, politics, culture and customs of the Jin Dynasty. . After the Nuzhen nationality occupied the Central Plains, the Taoist priest asked the dharma as pure as Lingyan Temple, and there were many books about showing the people, exploring secrets and chanting ancient times.
In the capital of Song Dynasty, Buddhism gained great popularity, and its disciples were in Dading. He was invited to preside over Zheshan Temple in Yanjingtan, vigorously revive Zen Buddhism and write three quotations for the world. Wan Xiu, especially the famous Zen master in Jin Dynasty. Inheriting Cao Dongqing's distant Zen, inheriting the Zen master Xueyan Man in Cizhou, daming temple. Although he teaches Zen, he has always taken Hua Yan as his career. He once commented and sang Tiantong's Ode to the Ancient Hundred Rules and wrote Calm Record, which is the representative work of Zen. He had the idea of integrating the three religions, and often advised Lu Ye Chu Cai, an important minister at that time, to govern the country with Confucianism and to govern the mind with Buddhism. He was highly praised by Chu Cai, saying that he "got Cao Dong's blood, was good at Yunmen and prepared for economic aid", which was a much-told story for a while.
Taoism, Taoism and the Jin Dynasty have three new schools of Taoism: Quanzhen, Daoism and Taiyi. The founder of Quanzhen Sect is Wang Zhe. He founded Quanzhen Sect in 1 167, and his seven disciples took turns to take over. Quanzhen religion not only inherited China's traditional Taoist thought, but also rearranged the contents outside Fulu and Yao Dan, which laid the foundation for today's Taoism. Liu Deren, the founder of Taoism, began to preach in 1 142. It advocates "saving your strength", advocating self-reliance, thinking less and wanting less, not talking about soaring refiners, living forever, and bringing Confucianism into its own system. In addition, Taoism has a monk system. Xiao Baozhen, the ancestor of Taiyi School, was founded in 1 138. Mainly based on Fuyong's Taoism, there are also methods of defending weakness and internal training. Worship Taiyi. Taiyi school imitates the esoteric principle of Taoism, and every generation of palm teachers must change their surnames to "Xiao". Its teaching aim is to "live in misery" and respect interpersonal relationships.
Jurchen believes in Shamanism, which is a primitive religion including nature worship, totem worship, animism, ancestor worship and witchcraft. Shaman is the intermediary between man and god. Wizards participate in major ceremonies, events and festivals, or they are emcees. Eliminating disasters and treating diseases, saving children for others and cursing others' disasters have almost become shaman's activities. The science and technology of the Jin Dynasty also made great progress. There are many medical schools, and different innovative theories and contention have great influence on medicine in Yuan Dynasty and later generations. Agricultural technology in the north has developed rapidly on the basis of backwardness; In mathematics, astronomical art developed in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Revise the astronomical calendar to make it accurate; In addition, there has been great development in architecture, such as Lugou Bridge, Jinzhong Ferry and Huayan Temple in Datong, Shanxi.
From the change of Jingkang to Mongolia, medicine was very active because of frequent wars, tyranny, natural disasters, poor people's lives and prevalent diseases, which was called the prosperity of new learning. During the Jin Dynasty, Liu's theory of fiery heat, his theory of attacking evil and his theory of spleen and stomach were developed. Because of their rich practice, many doctors have made in-depth research on ancient medical classics, and combined with their own clinical experience, they have formed their own theories to explain the theories of their predecessors, and gradually formed different schools. Liu founded Hejian School, Zhang founded Yishui School, and Zhang's disciples founded Spleen and Stomach Theory. These three schools, together with Zhu Zhenheng's theory of nourishing yin in Yuan Dynasty, were called the four great masters in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, which had an important influence on the development of TCM theory.
The Jin Dynasty absorbed the agricultural technology of the Northern Song Dynasty and promoted the agricultural output in the Jin-Shang-Jing area of Northeast China. Today, archaeologists are still excavating many iron farm tools used in the Jin Dynasty in Northeast China. At that time, the famous agricultural books in the Jin Dynasty and Xixia region were Wu Ben Xin Shu and One Scholar Must Use, but unfortunately they have been lost. At that time, sericulture and gardening techniques were also developed, such as using "cow dung to build a shed" to grow watermelons in the colder northeast.
At that time, the most important progress in mathematics was the development of astrophysics, which was a method of establishing higher-order equations in ancient China, in which "Tianyuan" was equivalent to an unknown number. 1248, Ye Li, a mathematician in the Jin Dynasty, systematically introduced the establishment of quadratic equations by celestial technique in her works "Measuring the Round Sea Mirror" and "An Ancient Fracture". Jin Ting learned from the Northern Song Dynasty, set up a celestial supervisor and observed astronomy. At that time, mathematics was also very developed, which made Jin literati keen on compiling almanac. 1 137, the Jin court promulgated Yang Ji's Daming Calendar (different from Zu Chongzhi's Daming Calendar). Later, in 1 180, Zhao Zhiwei compiled a more accurate Reconstruction of Daming Calendar, which was more accurate than the upper calendar of the Song Dynasty. At the same time, Yelulu also compiled Li Yiwei, but the accuracy is not as good as that of Rebuilding Li Daming.