One, one, two, two, two, four, three, three, six, three, three, nine, four, four, eight, three, four, forty-six, five, five, five, ten, three, five, five, six, two, six, three, six.

Eight of the eighteen, 286, 3824, 4832, 5840, 6848, 7856, 8864, 1999, 298, 3927, 4936, 594 15, 6954, 796/.

Historical textual research

2010 65438+On February 3, 2000, Japan's "Nara Cultural Relics Research Institute" announced that a wooden slip with a multiplication formula of 99 was unearthed for the first time at the site of Hiratsugu Palace in Nara Prefecture (about the 8th century AD). The unearthed wooden slips are about 16 cm long and about10.5 cm wide, and it says "298, 199 is like nine".

"Ru" is a Chinese character used when the answer is single digits in China's ancient 99 multiplication. It is believed that the book Sun Zi Shu Jing, written in the Han Dynasty, also recorded "Nine as Nine". It is necessary for officials in ancient Japan to master the skills of reading, writing and multiplication. Wooden slips are likely to become historical materials for popularizing and using Chinese textbooks in Nara period.

Ancient multiplication table

Ancient Greece, ancient Egypt, ancient India, and ancient Rome did not have a carry system. In principle, they needed infinite multiplication tables, and it was impossible to have nine tables. For example, the Greek multiplication table must list 7x8, 70x8, 700x8 and 7000x8. In contrast, since the 99-99 table is based on the decimal system, 7x8=56, 70x8=560, 700x8=5600, 7000x8=56000, and only 7x8=56 is needed for one representation.

Ancient China

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, not only the decimal system was invented, but also the nine-nine watch was invented. Later, the East was introduced to Korea and Japan, and then spread to India and Persia in the west through the Silk Road, which became popular all over the world. Decimal system and nine tables are important contributions of ancient China to world culture. Multiplication in Greece and other countries is rarely used internationally.

In China, the earliest multiplication formula table is one of more than 30,000 Qin bamboo slips unearthed in Liye ancient city, western Hunan in 2002, which records the multiplication formula in detail. Different from the multiplication formula table, the formula table on Qin bamboo slips does not start from "one to one", but from "998 1" to "two and a half to one".

Ancient Egypt

There was no multiplication table in ancient Egypt, and archaeologists found that the ancient Egyptians used iterative addition to calculate the product. For example, to calculate 5x 13, first get 26 from 13+ 13, then add 26+26=52, and then add 13 to get 65.

Gumaya

The ancient Mayans used the decimal system, which is the closest to the decimal system commonly used in the modern world. A multiplication table of 19x 19 has 190, which is more than three times larger than the 45 items in the Jiujiu table, but much simpler than the Babylonian method. But archaeologists haven't found any Mayan multiplication tables yet.

Multiplication by multiplication table is not the inevitable result of carry system. Babylon had the carry system, but they didn't invent or use the multiplication table in the form of 99 tables, but invented the square table method to calculate the products. The Mayans' mathematics was the most advanced in ancient western civilization. They used the decimal system, but they didn't invent the multiplication table. It can be seen that there has been a lot of progress from the carry system to the multiplication table.