China part

I. Shen Kuo

( 103 1— 1095)

Scientists and politicians in the Northern Song Dynasty. Between the lines, he was born in Qiantang, Hangzhou (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). In his later years, Ren Zongjia Jinshi Zongshen participated in Wang Anshi's political reform, lived in Runzhou, built Meng Xi Park (in the eastern suburb of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and wrote Meng Qian's Bi Tan according to his own life experience.

Second, Zhu

( 1 130— 1200)

Philosopher and educator in Southern Song Dynasty. Dark words, dark words. It's called Huian, also called Ziyang. He is a native of Wuyuan and Huizhou (now Jiangxi) and lives in Jianyang (now Fujian). The extensive annotation of ancient books has made different contributions to Confucian classics, history, literature, music and even natural science. Philosophically, Cheng Hao (Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi) developed the theory of the relationship between Qi and Qi and established a complete system of objective idealism. The world is called Zhu Cheng School. It is believed that reason and qi are inseparable. "There is no unreasonable gas in the world." Emphasizing the opposition between "justice" and "human desire" requires people to give up "selfish desire" and obey "justice". He has been engaged in education for more than 50 years and believes that "the way to learn is not before poverty; The key to poverty lies in reading; The method of reading is not more expensive than order and precision; And the essence of this lies in respect and ambition (Zhu Wen Official Documents, Volume 14, Jia Yin Palace will play Zagreb II). His Neo-Confucianism has always been a theoretical tool for the feudal landlord class to rule the people, and it was mentioned as the authentic position of Confucianism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. His style of study of exposition and accurate analysis had a great influence on later scholars. His works include Notes on Four Books and Sentences, Original Meaning of Zhouyi, Biography of Poems, Notes on Chu Ci, Collected Works of Mr. Hui 'an's Zhu Wen and Zhuzi School compiled by later generations, etc.

Third, Wang Shouren.

( 1472— 1528)

Philosopher and educator in Ming Dynasty. The word Boan was born in Yuyao (now Zhejiang). In Yangming Cave, the hometown of Weiloushi, the world is known as Mr. Yangming. In his early years, he was demoted to Longchang (xiuwen county) in Guizhou for opposing eunuch Liu Jin. Later, he suppressed the peasant uprising, put down the "Chen Hao's rebellion", and created Xinbo, the official to the Nanjing Ministry of War. The death of wencheng. He developed Lu Jiuyuan's theory against the Zhu Cheng School. Asserting that "the principle of everything is nothing more than my heart" and "knowing is the principle of heaven". He put forward the theory of "to conscience", and his theory appeared as an anti-tradition. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Yangming studies had a great influence and became very popular in Japan. His works were compiled into 38 volumes of Wang Wencheng Public Rights Book by his teacher, among which the most important philosophical works are biographies and university problems.

Fourth, Li Zhi.

( 1527— 1602)

Thinker and writer in Ming Dynasty. No. Zhuowu,No. Hongfu,No. Wenling Jushi was born in Jinjiang, Quanzhou (now Fujian). I was the magistrate of Yao 'an, Yunnan. The philosophical view has not got rid of the influence of Wang Shouren and Zen. However, he openly claimed to be a "heresy" and put forward the view that "dressing and eating is the physics of human relations" and advocated paying attention to utilitarianism. It is believed that "everything in the world is born two, but not one" (on husband and wife). Boldly exposed the dogma and hypocrisy of feudal tradition. He once commented on Water Margin, and wrote Li Burning Books, Continued Burning Books, Collection of Books, Li Wenling Collection, etc.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Huang Zongxi

( 16 10— 1695)

Thinkers and historians in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The word Taichong was named Nanlei, and scholars called him Mr. Li Zhou, a native of Yuyao, Zhejiang. He is extremely knowledgeable. He studies astronomy, arithmetic, music and rhythm, hundreds of classics and history, and books on Buddhism and Taoism. He has made great achievements in historiography, and the Confucianism case in Ming Dynasty opened the atmosphere of historical research in eastern Zhejiang. Philosophically, he opposed the Song Confucian theory that "reason comes before qi" and thought that "reason" was not an entity, but only the order and order in "qi". He made a bold judgment that "being a great harm to the world is a gentleman" and thought that "what the son of heaven did is not necessarily right, and what the son of heaven did is not necessarily wrong." Advocate the reform of land and tax system. Oppose the traditional view that agriculture is the foundation of industry and commerce, and emphasize that industry and commerce are the foundation. This view of political history was of progressive significance at that time. He is the author of A Case Study of Song and Yuan Dynasties, A Case Study of Confucianism in Ming Dynasty, Ming Yi to be Visited and Nanlei Copywriting.

The intransitive verb ancient Yanwu

( 16 13— 1682)

Thinkers and scholars in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The first name is Jiang, and the word is Ningren. He was from Kunshan, Jiangsu, Shan Jiang. Scholars call Mr. Lin Ting. When I was a teenager, I took part in the struggle against eunuchs and powerful people. Buju Huayin died in Quwo at the age of. He is knowledgeable, and has studied the national canon system, the anecdotes of counties and cities, the astronomical phenomena, the military and civilians in the river valley, and the hundred classics, historical books, phonology and exegesis. In his later years, he paid attention to textual research, which created the atmosphere of Pu Xue in the Qing Dynasty and had an impact on Wu Pai and Huizhou schools of textual research in later generations. He is the author of Records of the Day, Records of Diseases in the Country of the World, Zhao Yulu, Five Tones, School of Rhyme, Lin Ting's Poems, etc.

Seven, Wang Fuzhi

( 16 19— 1692)

Ming and Qing thinkers. The word Nong, nicknamed Zhai, was born in Hengyang (now Hunan). In his later years, he lived in Shichuanshan, Hengyang, and was called Mr. Chuanshan in academic circles. Wu Ming mobilized troops to revolt in Hengshan, preventing the Qing army from going south, and was imprisoned several times. Going to Guilin according to Qu Shi and turning Guilin back into a trap and martyrdom is a determination to hide. In Xiangxi, between Chen, Yong, Lian and Shao, he fled to Yaodong and fell into the mountains. However, after 40 years of hard study and writing, he was finally able to "get a haircut" (never shave his head). He has made great academic achievements, studying astronomy, calendar, mathematics and geography, especially Confucian classics, history and literature. The main contribution is to sum up and develop China's traditional materialism in philosophy. It is believed that "everything in heaven and earth is qi, that is, everything is reason". His works were compiled by later generations as Chuanshan's suicide note, among which the most important ones in philosophy are Zhouyi Zhuan, Shangshu Yi Yin, Reading Four Books, Zhang Zizheng Zhu Meng, Inside and Outside Si Wenlu, Yellow Book and Nightmare.

Eight, Lu Xun

( 188 1— 1936)

China is a great modern writer, thinker and revolutionary. Yucai was originally named Zhou Shuren and was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Young people are influenced by evolution. Before and after the May 4th Movement, he took part in the work of New Youth magazine, stood at the forefront of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal new culture movement, kept pace with the early capitalist Li Dazhao, resolutely opposed the tendency of bourgeois intellectuals to compromise and surrender, and became a great standard-bearer of the May 4th New Culture Movement. Lu Xun's life has made great contributions to China's cultural undertakings. He led and supported the progressive literary groups such as the "Unnamed Society" and "Chaohua Society". Editor-in-chief of literary periodicals such as National New Newspaper Supplement (B), Mangyuan, Running, Germination and Translation; Enthusiastic care and active cultivation of young authors; Vigorously translate foreign progressive literary works and introduce famous paintings and woodcuts at home and abroad; He collected, studied and sorted out a large number of classical documents, critically inherited the ancient cultural heritage of the motherland, compiled a brief history of Chinese novels, an outline of China's literary history, sorted out Ji, and compiled miscellaneous books in Huiji County, ancient novels, legends of Tang and Song Dynasties and notes on old novels. 193610 June19 died in Shanghai. Complete Works of Lu Xun (20 volumes) 1938 published. After the founding of New China, Lu Xun's works and translations have been compiled into Complete Works of Lu Xun (10), Translated Works of Lu Xun (10), Diary of Lu Xun (2 volumes) and Letters from Lu Xun, and various ancient books edited by Lu Xun have also been reprinted. 1956, the party and the people's government relocated Lu Xun's tomb in Shanghai. Mao Zedong wrote an inscription for Lu Xun's tomb. Luxun Museum and Memorial Hall have been established in Beijing, Shanghai and Shaoxing.

Nine, Mao Zedong (see "Top Ten Political Figures in the Millennium")

X. Deng Xiaoping (see "Top Ten Political Figures in the Millennium")

Exotic part

I Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas was a medieval theologian and scholastic philosopher. He was born in Italy and is a Catholic Dominican. His philosophy and theological system is called Thomas Doctrine, which was officially designated as the official philosophy of the Holy See by Pope Leo XIII at the end of19th century. His main works are Anti-pagan Congress and Encyclopedia of Theology.

Second, Descartes

( 1596— 1650)

French philosopher, physicist, mathematician and physiologist, the founder of analytic geometry. He emphasized that the purpose of science is to "benefit the people", opposed scholasticism, and advocated that all conventional views must be abandoned. He put forward the principle of "I think, therefore I am", emphasizing that the existence of an independent "spiritual entity" with "thinking" as its attribute is unquestionable. He is a typical dualist. He introduced the concept of moving point coordinates for the first time in the Appendix to Geometric Methodology, and founded plane analytic geometry. His major works include On Method, Metaphysical Meditation, Philosophical Principles and On the World. His book "Music Summary" had a great influence on Mora, a musician in the18th century.

Third, Newton

( 1642— 1727)

British physicist, who conducted in-depth research on the basis of Galileo and others' work and established Newton's law of motion as the basis of mechanics. It further developed the work of Kepler and others and discovered the law of universal gravitation. Because he established the basic system of classical mechanics, people often call classical mechanics "Newtonian mechanics". His book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy was published in 1687, including Theory of Motion of Objects and Theory of Gravitation. Newton's philosophy basically belongs to spontaneous materialism.

Fourth, Kant

( 1724— 1804)

Kant, a German philosopher, is the founder of German classical idealism. He was born in Konigsberg, East Prussia, and he has never left his hometown except Danzig. Since 1755, he has taught logic and philosophy, as well as mathematics, physics, physical geography, anthropology and pedagogy. Worked at the University of Konigsberg for 27 years. His major works include Critique of Pure Reason, Introduction to Future Metaphysics, Critique of Practical Reason, On Permanent Peace and Moral Metaphysics.

Verb (short for verb) Darwin

( 1809— 1882)

Charlie Darwin. British naturalist and founder of evolution. As a naturalist, he traveled around the world for five years (183 1- 1836) on the navy adventure ship Beagle, and made a lot of observations and collections in animals, plants and geology. After comprehensive discussion, he formed the concept of biological evolution. 1859, the book Origin of Species, which shocked the academic circles at that time, put forward the theory of evolution based on natural selection, explained that species are changeable, and gave a correct explanation of biological adaptability, thus destroying all kinds of idealistic creationism, teleology and species invariance, and dealt a heavy blow to religion.

Six, Karl Marx

( 18 18.5.5— 1883.3. 14)

Marx is the founder of Marxism and the great mentor and leader of the proletariat all over the world. Born in Trier, Rhein, Prussia, into a lawyer's family. He entered the law department of Bonn University and Berlin University successively, but mainly focused on the study of history and philosophy. 1843 10 moved to Paris, established contact with leaders of secret workers' groups in Germany and France, and often attended parties of workers and craftsmen in Germany and France. 1847 65438+February-1848 65438+1October, entrusted by the first congress of the League, together with Engels, drafted the League Program, which is a programmatic document of scientific capitalism, the Producer's Declaration. 1867, the first volume of the immortal work Das Kapital was published (the second and third volumes were edited and published after Engels died; The fourth volume, The Theory of Surplus Value, was published after Engels' death. 1March 88314th, Marx died of illness. When talking about Marx's great achievements, Engels pointed out: "Marx discovered the development law of human history" and Marx was a "master of science".

Seven, Maxwell.

( 183 1— 1879)

James clerk maxwell. British physicist and founder of classical electromagnetic theory. In the Theory of Electricity and Magnetism (published in 1873), on the basis of Faraday's work, he summarized electromagnetic phenomena's research achievements before the middle of19th century, and established the basic equations of electromagnetic field, namely Maxwell's equations. From this theory, it is concluded that the electromagnetic process propagates at a certain speed (equivalent to the speed of light) in space, thus completely denying the wrong concept of distance action; It is concluded that the essence of light is electromagnetic wave. He has made some achievements in thermodynamics, optics, molecular physics and the theory of liquid properties. Since 187 1, Cavendish Laboratory has been established under his leadership. He also led the determination of standard resistance, the ratio of electromagnetic units of electricity to electrostatic units, and so on.

Eight, Nietzsche

( 1844— 1900)

Nietzsche, German idealist philosopher and voluntarist. His thoughts reflect the demands and aspirations of the newly emerging monopoly bourgeoisie. It is believed that we must deny the decline of western civilization influenced by rationalism, Christianity and humanitarianism, "re-evaluate all values" and create new values. Advocate subjective fighting spirit and "positive" attitude towards life. Advocating the philosophy of "superman", he thinks that "superman" is the creator of history and has the right to enslave the masses, while ordinary people are just tools for "superman" to realize his will to power. He opposed democracy, socialism and the women's liberation movement. His major works include The Birth of Tragedy, Zarathustra, The Other Side of Good and Evil, and Moral Genealogy, all of which were inspired by composer Wagner in his early years.

Nine, Einstein

Albert Einstein (1879— 1955). A physicist. Born in Germany, persecuted by Nazi regime, he moved to the United States from 65438 to 0933. He has made great contributions to many departments of physics, the most important of which is the establishment of the special theory of relativity (1905) driven by some new discoveries in the early 20th century. On this basis, it is extended to general relativity (19 16). The quantum concept of light is also put forward, and the photoelectric effect, radiation process and specific heat of solid are explained by quantum theory. He has made achievements in expounding Brownian motion and developing quantum statistics. Later, he devoted himself to the establishment of the "unified field theory" of relativity, trying to unify the electromagnetic field and gravitational field, but in vain. Einstein's theory, especially the theory of relativity, reveals the dialectical relationship between space and time and deepens people's understanding of matter and motion, which is of great historical significance both in science and philosophy. The concept and method of relativity have had a far-reaching impact on the development of theoretical physics in the twentieth century. He won the 192 1 for his contribution to theoretical physics, especially the discovery of the law of photoelectric effect.

X. hawking

( 1942— )

Stephen Hawking, an Englishman, is generally regarded as the greatest theoretical physicist since Einstein. Hawking and his collaborators believe that the universe has no boundaries, which is the cornerstone of contemporary quantum cosmology. The singularity theorems of Hawking and Perkins show that the universe can only be described by quantum physics. The wave function of the universe can avoid the singularity of time and space. Hawking is the undisputed authority of contemporary cosmology.

Excerpted from the electronic magazine Longcheng Youth