1, the basic unit of protein _ amino acid, its basic constituent elements are C, H, O and N.
2. The structural general formula of amino acid: R peptide bond: —NH—CO—
︳
NH2-C-COOH
︱
H
3. Number of peptide bonds = number of water molecules removed = _ number of amino acids-number of peptide chains
4. Polypeptide molecular weight = amino acid molecular weight x number of amino acids -x number of water molecules 18.
5. nucleic acid types DNA: and RNA；; Basic components: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus.
6. The basic unit of 6.DNA: deoxynucleotide; The basic unit of ribonucleic acid: ribonucleotide
7. The composition of nucleotides includes: 1 molecular phosphoric acid, 1 molecular pentasaccharide and 1 molecular nitrogenous bases.
8.DNA mainly exists in the nucleus and contains bases A, G, C and T;
RNA mainly exists in cytoplasm and contains bases a, g, c and u;
9. The main energy substance of cells is sugar, and the direct energy substance is ATP.
10, glucose, fructose and ribose are monosaccharides;
Sucrose, maltose and lactose are disaccharides;
Starch, cellulose and glycogen belong to polysaccharides.
1 1. Lipids include fats, phospholipids and sterols.
12, a large number of elements: c, h, o, n, p, s, k, Ca, Mg(9 kinds).
Trace elements: iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper and molybdenum (6 kinds)
Basic elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (4 kinds)
The most basic element: C( 1 species)
Main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur (6 kinds)
13. Forms of water in cells: free water and bound water.
14, cells contain the most compound: water.
15. The inorganic salt in hemoglobin is Fe2+ and the inorganic salt in chlorophyll is Mg2+.
16, the cell membrane model accepted by most scholars is called fluid mosaic model.
17. Composition of cell membrane: protein, lipid and a small amount of sugar. The basic skeleton of cell membrane is phospholipid bilayer.
18, the structural characteristics of cell membrane are: fluidity; Functional characteristics: selective permeation.
19, with double membrane organelles: mitochondria and chloroplasts;
Cell organelles without membrane structure: ribosome and centrosome;
The organelle called "power workshop" is mitochondria;
There are "nutrient manufacturing workshops" and "energy conversion stations" called chloroplasts;
There is a "machine that makes protein" called ribosome;
There is a "digestion workshop" called lysosome;
The organelles related to animal cell mitosis in animals and some lower plants are centrosomes.
The organelle related to the formation of plant cell wall and the secretion of protein by animal cells is Golgi apparatus.
20. The structure of the nucleus includes: nuclear membrane, chromatin and nucleoli.
The role of the nucleus: it is the place where genetic materials are stored and copied, and it is the control center of cell metabolism and heredity.
2 1, the most important difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells: whether there is a nucleus bounded by nuclear membrane.
22. The transmembrane transport modes of substances from high concentration to low concentration are: free diffusion and auxiliary diffusion; The modes of transportation that need carriers are: auxiliary diffusion and active transportation; The transportation mode that needs energy consumption is: active transportation.
23. Chemical essence of enzymes: most of them are protein, and a few are RNA.
24. The characteristics of this enzyme: high efficiency, specificity and mild action conditions.
25. The name of ATP is adenosine triphosphate, and the structural formula is: a-p ~ p ~ p, and ATP is the direct of all life activities.
Energy is called energy "currency".
26, ATP and ADP conversion reaction formula: ATPase ADP+Pi+ energy.
27, animal cells to synthesize ATP, the energy needed from the role of breathing;
Plant cells need energy to synthesize ATP from photosynthesis and respiration.
28. There are two kinds of pigments in leaves: chlorophyll and carotenoids. The former includes chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
The latter includes carotene and lutein. These four pigments are distributed on thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
29. Chlorophyll mainly absorbs blue-violet light and red light, while carotenoids mainly absorb blue-violet light. So the photosynthetic efficiency of blue-violet light and red light is higher.
30. Reaction formula of photosynthesis: See compulsory 1 P 103.
3 1, the oxygen released by photosynthesis, its oxygen atoms come from water.
32. In the experiment of extraction and separation of green leaf pigment, the function of anhydrous ethanol is to dissolve pigment, the function of silica is to make grinding sufficient, and the function of calcium carbonate is to prevent pigment from being destroyed.
33. The chromatographic liquid can't reach the thin thread of the filtrate, so as to prevent the pigment on the thin thread of the filtrate from dissolving into the chromatographic liquid, which leads to the failure of the experiment.
34. On the filter paper strip after pigment separation, the order of pigment bands from top to bottom is: carotene, lutein, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b..
35. Photosynthesis includes two stages: light reaction and dark reaction. The site of the former is thylakoid membrane, and the site of the latter is chloroplast matrix.
36. Photoreaction provides [H] and ATP for dark reaction.
37. Aerobic respiratory response formula: see compulsory P 93.
38. two reactions of anaerobic respiration: see compulsory P 95,
39. The main feature of mitosis is that chromosomes and spindles appear, and then chromosomes are evenly distributed to two daughter cells.
40. Causes of cell differentiation: selective expression of genes.
4 1. A Fehling reagent for detecting reducing sugar, which consists of 0. 1g/ml NaOH solution and 0.05g/ml CuSO4 solution, reacts with reducing sugar to generate brick-red precipitate. Pay attention to the use of current when using.
42. Sudan III dye solution and Sudan IV dye solution can be used to identify fat in biological tissues. The former dyes the fat orange and the latter red.
43, identification of protein in biological tissue can use biuret reagent. When in use, NaOH solution is added first, and then 2~3 drops of CuSO4 solution are added. React to form purple complex.
44. The common stain for chromosome staining is gentian violet or magenta acetic acid solution.
45. In "Observing the Distribution of DNA and RNA in Cells", DNA was dyed green and RNA was dyed red with methyl green and pyron red.
46. Protoplast includes cell membrane, vacuole membrane and cytoplasm between these two membranes.
47. Janus green dye solution is a kind of living cell dye, which is specially used to dye mitochondria, which can make mitochondria in living cells appear blue-green.
48. In the process of synthesis, processing, transportation and secretion of secreted proteins, related organelles include ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria.
49. Amino acids form peptide chains through dehydration and condensation.
50. When the concentration of external solution is greater than that of cell fluid, plant cells will be separated from each other. When the concentration of external solution is less than that of cell fluid, plant cells recover after plasma wall separation.
5 1, cell membrane and other biofilms are selectively permeable (functional) membranes.
52. The places where cells breathe aerobically include cytoplasm matrix and mitochondria.
53. In aerobic respiration, glucose participates in the reaction in the first stage, water in the second stage and oxygen in the third stage. The third stage releases the most energy.
54. The larger the cell volume, the smaller its relative surface area, and the lower the material transport efficiency of the cell. The relationship between cell surface area and volume limits the growth of cells.
55. The continuous division of cells, from the completion of one division to the completion of the next division, is called a cell cycle.
56. The main change during mitosis is the completion of DNA molecular replication and related synthesis.
56, the characteristics of each stage of mitosis:
The main characteristics of the early stage are: the appearance of chromosomes and spindles, the disappearance of nuclear membrane and nucleoli;
The main characteristics of metaphase are: the centromeres of chromosomes are arranged neatly on the equatorial plate;
The main feature of the later stage is that the centromeres of chromosomes are arranged neatly on the equatorial plate:;
The late stage is characterized by the disappearance of chromosomes and spindles, and the appearance of nuclear membranes and nucleoli.
57. The dissimilation type of yeast is facultative anaerobic.
58. CO2 production in yeast culture medium can be detected by clarifying limewater or bromothymol blue aqueous solution. Carbon dioxide can change the latter from blue to green and then to yellow.
59, detection of alcohol production available orange potassium dichromate solution. Under acidic conditions, the solution reacts with alcohol and turns gray-green.
60. The significance of cell mitosis is to copy the chromosome of the mother cell and distribute it accurately and evenly to the two daughter cells.
6 1, the structure of plant cells is different from that of animal cells, mainly because they have cell walls, chloroplasts and vacuoles.
62. In the process of individual development, the offspring produced by the proliferation of one or a kind of cells have stable differences in morphology, structure and physiological functions, which is called cell differentiation.
63. The principle of plant tissue culture and utilization is cell totipotency.
64. The process in which a cell automatically ends a life determined by a gene is called apoptosis.
65. Both human and animal cells have cancer-related genes on their chromosomes: tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes.