The decimal notation is widely used. In computational mathematics, there were four operations in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and the four operations of integers and fractions in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were quite complete. Among them, the positive integer multiplication Song formula "Jiujiuge" appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, which can be called the crystallization of the combination of advanced decimal notation and concise Chinese, which can not be produced by any other notation and language.

Since then, Jiujiu Song has become one of the most basic foundations for the popularization and development of mathematics, and it has continued to this day. It only changed from "998 1" to "224" in the ancient Song Dynasty, but today's multiplication formula is from "one to one" to "998 1".