Accept the cultural and scientific knowledge of ethnic minorities. He "visited the front grave, looked back at the past classics, paid attention to the five emperors and paid attention to the three kings." "Spring and Autumn Annals" is full of vigor and thin ambition "; Learn to "speak, move, survive, argue, and set one's mind. Wei's notes on the calendar and lives in Jin" (Biography of Zu Chongzhi in Southern Qi Dynasty). Time refers to the position of the sun, the moon and the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire and earth in the operation of celestial bodies; The intersection point is the division of the intersection point between the sun and the moon in celestial motion; Shuo qi is a solar term; Thin food, solar eclipse and lunar eclipse. When reading ancient and modern classics, Zu Chongzhi focused on astronomical calendar knowledge. He assiduously studied the works and theories of ancient scientists such as Liu Xin, Zhang Heng, Kan Ze, Liu Hui, Yu, Zhao Feiqian, and carefully understood them. After careful study and in-depth study, I have mastered the knowledge of astronomical calendar calculation for more than 2000 years. He said: "We should pay close attention to the ruler (the ruler for measuring the sun's shadow), observe the leakage of instruments (the armillary sphere for measuring the movement of celestial bodies and the engraving of calculating time), do our best to improve our minds (using ancient calculation tools to calculate expenses) and make detailed preparations for the exam (the operation for calculating astronomical phenomena)." (Biography of Zu Chongzhi in Southern Qi Dynasty) Zu Chongzhi personally observed astronomical phenomena and calculated data, becoming a knowledgeable scientist in astronomical calendar calculation.
Zu Chongzhi's knowledge and ability were appreciated by Liu Jun, Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty. Liu Jun invited him to participate in the scientific research work of the Royal Academic Institute. And "give clothes to Zhai Yu" as a reward for his talent. Liu Jun is a tyrant and suspicious by nature. Because of his cruelty and suspicion, the king and the town general rebelled one after another, which made the Liu and Song Dynasties in a state of mutual suspicion. It is really commendable that Liu Jun can reuse Zu Chongzhi. Zu Chongzhi came to South Xuzhou (now Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province) with Ziyuan Liu, the imperial secretariat, and worked in South Xuzhou. When Ziyuan Liu was appointed as Stuart, Zu Chongzhi joined the army again.
During the Yuanjia period in Song Wendi, He Chengtian's Yuanjia calendar was used. He Chengtian was a famous astronomer in Liu and Song Dynasties. When Zu Chongzhi was young, he studied under He Chengtian and learned many astronomical calendars. When Zu Chongzhi studied Yuan Jia Li, he found that this kind of calendar was not accurate enough, and thought that "the method of setting calendar is simple, but it is far away now". Because the precession is not used, the leap method still follows the tradition of 65438+7 leap in 2009, so the idea of further modification is produced. Someone knew his idea and dissuaded him from saying, "He Chengtian is your teacher. He didn't write Yuan Jiali until he was in his seventies. It's not easy. You are only in your thirties now. Do you want to climb on top of the teacher? " I don't think you should act rashly, so as not to make people laugh. "Hearing this, Zu Chongzhi said seriously," Teacher He Chengtian can study hard and dare to innovate. His calendar is more accurate than the ancient calendar, and his achievements are indelible. I have respected him since I was a child and I still respect him now. Today, however, after more accurate calculation, I found that his calendar was somewhat inappropriate. Why can't we innovate further? I don't want to climb on the teacher's head, but I can't cling to Yuan Jiali and stop moving forward. "Zu Chongzhi finally created his own new calendar, Daming Calendar, in the sixth year of Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty (462). So he went to the court to explain the process of making a new calendar and asked him to experiment. When the ministers of Emperor Xiaowu discussed whether it could be adopted, they were stopped by Dai Faxing, the powerful minister.
Dai Faxing was originally a confidant of Emperor Xiaowu when he was a vassal. According to "The Biography of Southern History Enxing Daifa", because he plotted to support Emperor Xiao Wu, his weight at that time was. When the emperor ordered the discussion of "Da Li Ming", officials from North Korea and China did not object. Because of Dai Faxing's opposition, the ministers "feared their rights" and "attached themselves to the commentators". Only the powerful nest of Sheren in the Han Dynasty, comparable to Dai Fa's prosperity, affirmed Zu Chongzhi's calendar and thought it could be applied. Emperor Xiao Wu also "loved and longed for the past, and wanted to use the method of rushing to the new, when he was eight years old." Therefore, the yuan will be changed next year, so the calendar will be changed, but it is not necessary, and the palace car will also be opened "("Song Lishu Xia Zhi "). When Emperor Xiaowu changes the year number, he is going to adopt a new calendar. Unfortunately, due to his death, Daming Calendar was shelved.
While creating a new calendar, Zu Chongzhi also made great achievements in mathematics. When he was working in South Xuzhou, he had made Pi accurate to seven decimal places. He also raised other problems in mathematical research: "When an old mistake is made, Zhang Heng will state it and will not change it;" Hu Ming and Liu Xin in the Han Dynasty counted wrong, which is also a defect in his drama. " ("Song Shu Fa Ji" "Li Yuan" is about seeking the size of a country. Zu Chongzhi has discovered the "drama defects" in the past and studied them again. After the death of Emperor Xiaowu of the Song Dynasty, Zu Chongzhi served as the county magistrate, the magistrate of Taiwan Province, and the servant shooting officer in Louxian County (now the northeast of Kunshan County, Jiangsu Province).
In the third year of Song and Ming Dynasties (479), Xiao Daocheng destroyed Song Jianqi and proclaimed himself Qi Gaodi. After Xiao Daocheng proclaimed himself emperor, in order to stabilize social order and consolidate his rule, he reformed the tyranny since the Song Dynasty, advocated frugality and reduced exploitation. The government is strict, there has been no war for more than ten years, and the society is more stable than before.
Zu Chongzhi was highly valued by Qi, and successfully completed the task of refitting the south guide car given to him by Qi. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Qi, Xiao Changmao, Prince of Wen Hui, read Zu Chongzhi's "Da Li Ming" in the East Palace. He was very grateful and suggested that his father adopt it. However, due to the death of Prince Wen Hui, things were put on hold again. Soon, Zu Chongzhi was promoted to captain Changshui, who still holds this position. Captain Changshui was one of the eight captains in charge of the capital during the reign of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, with a rank of 2,000 stone, which was used in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. During his tenure, Zu Chongzhi never indulged in his official career, but he still studied knowledge tirelessly and was very concerned about the national economy and people's livelihood. He once wrote "On Security", advocating "land reclamation and farming" in remote areas, developing agricultural production and solving the wage problem. During the Jianwu period of Emperor Qi Ming (494 ~ 497), the imperial court planned to send Zu Chongzhi to inspect all parts of the country, saying, "Those who have made outstanding contributions can benefit the people. There may even be military affairs, but things can't (The Biography of Nanqi Zu Chongzhi). The imperial court entrusted such an important task. Zu Chongzhi's plan to benefit the country and the people was not realized because of the tense situation between the north and the south and the constant wars.
Zu Chongzhi's main achievement is not only the astronomical calendar, but also his research on the cultural thought of the motherland. He has written some works on Zhouyi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety. He is also the author of 10 volume novel Stories of Different Stories. Unfortunately, these works have been lost. "Bose was unique at that time, and he couldn't be right." Zu Chongzhi is also proficient in melody. He once made a copper ruler that can check musical instruments. Bose is also called Wu Ge and Ba? Plug ",or"? Plug is an ancient board game. Liu Deyue is recorded in the note of Hanshu Wang Qiushou Biography: "Wu Ge is a chess player." 《? Sefa said: "? When Saibai takes five, he can't go to the five parties, so Yun Ge is five. " (Qing) Zhai Hao talked about the specific way of moving the grid five in popular compilation: each side holds five black and white pieces and moves in the middle of the line. Every step he takes, he jumps over the other side in order to reach the enemy's territory first. Zu Chongzhi was good at this chess game, and no one could beat him at that time. Zu Chongzhi is not only a well-read person, but also a colorful and interesting person.
Zu Chongzhi lived in turbulent times from time to time, but he persisted in academic research for decades and never stopped, and finally achieved brilliant results. His life is a hard life, and his life is a brilliant life. His outstanding achievements in astronomy, calendar, mathematics, machinery manufacturing and many other fields have finally crossed national boundaries and become a cultural and scientific wealth shared by people all over the world, thus winning the respect and praise of people all over the world and becoming an outstanding scientist of equal concern to people all over the world.
Zu Chongzhi lived in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, when the social economy was still developing rapidly. The advanced science and technology in ancient China, especially astronomy, calendar and other sciences, entered the period of development and prosperity in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties from the stage of germination and formation before Qin and Han Dynasties. It provides necessary material guarantee, necessary rich nutrition and valuable reference for scientific research in Zu Chongzhi. Zu Chongzhi's scientific career, however, does not interfere or stifle, but gives some support and affirmation, which is really commendable. His ancestors have been in charge of astronomical calendars for generations, which naturally provided a superior environment for Zu Chongzhi to learn the necessary basic knowledge and conduct scientific research since childhood, thus cultivating his love for science and engaging in astronomical calendar research all his life. Zu Chongzhi has a tenacious spirit of learning. He has a wide range of books, ranging from ancient tombs to the works of contemporary predecessors. He widely read literature, history and philosophy, with emphasis on astronomical calendar calculation. On the basis of comprehensively and accurately grasping the rich knowledge left by predecessors, he personally observed the astronomical phenomena with astronomical instruments, calculated various data, and mastered first-hand information and accurate data. He "devotes himself to thinking." Concentrate on your work, be diligent in thinking, and even achieve the goal of "doing your best and making plans with all your heart", "preparing details" for the topics you are engaged in and mastering all kinds of situations in detail. Find your own limitations and mistakes, and constantly develop and improve from practice.
Zu Chongzhi boldly innovated and, with a realistic attitude, dared to correct the shortcomings and mistakes of his predecessors in astronomical calendar calculation. This is his attitude towards the teacher He Chengtian. He not only respects his teacher, but also learns scientific knowledge from him. He is not limited to the teacher's mistakes and limitations in the calendar, nor does he point out the places to correct them. Finally, he created a new calendar to replace the teacher's old one.
Zu Chongzhi's "Da Li Ming" is his own creation, "based on the greatest care and accuracy", hoping to "make it permanent". In other words, the calculation is accurate enough to get the accuracy of the calendar, which can be used forever. So he asked the emperor to "award the propaganda department for a detailed study." Let the relevant departments make a detailed and thorough inspection of his new calendar, and never fail to understand or correct the mistakes found.
Zu Chongzhi dares to fight against powerful people and defend science. He dares to devote himself to science. Dai Faxing is the emperor's favorite, and his participation in state secrets can influence the life and death of officials. When he made unreasonable accusations against Zu Chongzhi's new calendar, Zu Chongzhi defied and refuted them one by one. Zu Chongzhi not only defeated Dai Faxing in the debate, but also "Da Li Ming" was finally applied and Zu Chongzhi won the final victory.
Zu Chongzhi's "On Border Protection" is obviously conceived for developing agricultural production and reducing farmers' burden. The emperor also sent him to "travel around the world, make contributions and benefit the people". Whether he is a feudal official or a scientist, he is very concerned about the sufferings of the people. Because the war didn't happen. The new calendar he created, as well as the manufacture of thousands of miles of ships, water mills and other machinery are directly related to the production and life of working people, which is convenient for working people and reduces their burden.
Zu Chongzhi was a great mathematician and astronomer in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. His scientific career was brilliant and he was always admired and praised as "the most holy". Left a valuable cultural wealth to future generations; Their contribution occupies an important position and great influence not only in China, but also in the history of world science and technology. (Zhai Ruqian)