Upper bead, upper bead, lower bead and lower bead of abacus
It has a long history and has begun to take shape.
As the name implies, abacus is a manual tool to assist calculation. Generally speaking, the abacus is made of wooden frame, and the number of gears is odd, mainly from ninth to fifteenth gears. Each bead has a beam, which is divided into upper and lower beams. There are "upper beads" on the beam, * * * has two beads, one bead counts as five, and there are five beads under the beam, each of which counts as one.
Before the abacus appeared, people used knot counting. Zheng Xuan's Notes on Zhouyi in the Eastern Han Dynasty recorded: "The ancients had no words, so they kept a promise. If it is a big event, it is a big knot. If it is a small matter, it is a summary. " "Nine Family Changes" also said: "The ancients had no words, but they had vows, big ropes for big things, small ropes for small things, and a few knots. With the number of things, both sides have their own tests, which is enough to treat each other. "
? Above _ Calculation of Tsinghua in 305 BC
In Shang Dynasty, there were hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands, etc. in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and 13. During the Spring and Autumn Period, bamboo pieces were placed vertically and horizontally for simple counting and arithmetic. With digital summation, it creates a good atmosphere for abacus calculation.
The ancient algorithm 14 is contained in the numerology note written by Xu Yue, a mathematician in the Eastern Han Dynasty, in which 13 is abacus calculation, also known as "abacus calculation, controlling four seasons and three talents", which is the earliest record about abacus calculation. Zhen Luan, a mathematician in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, commented on this passage: the abacus is divided into three parts, two parts from top to bottom, and two parts from the middle. There are five beads in each position, and the upper bead is different from the lower four beads. There are five beads of different colors on the top and one on the bottom. "It shows that the abacus structure at that time was quite similar to that now. China's rich experience gave birth to the abacus.
? Above _ Notes on Mathematical Technology is a mathematical monograph compiled in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which contains fourteen algorithms.
Count-based is indispensable.
The function of abacus is counting and calculating. In ancient China, the decimal system was used for counting, and the counting rules of all decimal ones were determined. The number was determined by the bit value. The advantage of decimal system lies in its simple counting and wide application. In ancient Rome, there were only seven numbers. If the numbers were a little larger, it would be difficult to count them. Babylonia and Cuba adopt 20-bit system and 60-bit system respectively, so the counting operation is quite difficult. No wonder decimal system is regarded as "one of the most wonderful inventions" in mathematical manuscripts. Decimal system has been perfectly applied in abacus calculation, which can not only add and subtract any number, but also express the size of the number with bit value.
Because of this, the abacus was called a "treasure" in ancient times. Xie Chawei, a mathematician in Song Dynasty, wrote Xie Chawei's Calculations for Children, which is the earliest existing abacus book. The book mentioned: "In the abacus; Above, above the spine, on the left; Lower, lower spine, right; Ridge, the beam in the plate is separated by wood. " It shows that abacus is not only closer to the present in shape, but also shows that abacus has been quite popular in Song Dynasty.
? Above _ In Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, there is a fifteen-file fourteen abacus on the counter of a famous drugstore named "Zhao Taicheng's Home".
In Zhang Zeduan's genre painting The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival in the Northern Song Dynasty, there is a fifteen-file abacus on the counter of Zhao Taicheng's shop on the left side of the painting. In the seventeenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1384), the calendar was based on calculation, which ran through the whole Ming Dynasty and lasted for nearly 300 years.
What is the 25th root of 2 12? Even now, it is a difficult problem. Zhu Zaiyu, an expert in the application of ancient abacus, found the answer for the first time. In the 12th year of Wanli (A.D. 1584), Zhu Zaiyu, the royal family of Zhu Ming, calculated an accurate result with the double-row 8 1 file: 1.05438+0825. The abacus played an extremely important role, and Zhu Zaiyu's achievements were decades earlier than those of Europeans. Abacus goes deep into business, mathematics, education and other fields, showing extraordinary original wisdom.
? Above _ Huang Huali abacus in Ming Dynasty
Fast and convenient computing artifact
The characteristics of abacus calculation are closely related to the fast and accurate operation. 1946, the United States held a computing competition in Japan. On the one hand, he is a Japanese abacus expert, and on the other hand, he is an American accountant who is good at adding machines. The results of the competition show that abacus has the upper hand in all calculations except the maximum number multiplication. The advantages of abacus are accurate calculation, low misoperation rate, easy calculation and multi-thread calculation, which are incomparable to ordinary calculators.
In 1950s, China began to develop it. At that time, there were only two 104 computers in China, which took on a lot of heavy calculation work. A lot of data cannot be calculated in time, which delays the whole development process. Scientists use calculators, slide rules and hand-cranked calculators for manual calculations. When we can be together, it is appropriate to call the abacus a "supercomputer". The seemingly powerless abacus actually contains enormous energy.
? Above _ clear thirteenth gear, abacus on the 25th.
Cultural accumulation is common.
The application of abacus is not only that, but also appears frequently in literary works. In the Collected Works of Mr. Jing Xiu by Liu Yin, a poet at the end of the Song Dynasty, there is a poem entitled "Abacus", which says: "Abacus: a song that never dances in an urn and never stops singing cakes. How difficult is it to raise money? " There is also an abacus in the Yuan drama "Pang Misplaced Future Debts": "Our family has a vast field, and it is also an eclipse of three liters of millet. Bobo opened his eyes and went to the noodle restaurant to check my food and clothing, and went to the abacus to dial my age. "
In the novel, the hero Jiang Jing was nicknamed "God Operator", which Shi Naian described as a fifteen-file abacus. In the 22nd episode of A Dream of Red Mansions, Jia's family held a guessing game, in which Ying Chun took "God's will is endless, and it is hard to get good results without merit" as the riddle, and the answer was "abacus". The abacus in cultural works has the same initial intention and the same essence.
? Above _ Shi Yinben's abacus formula book.
Cross the ocean and enjoy a good reputation overseas.
In fact, abacus has long been famous all over the world. In the tenth century, the abacus spread to Japan. Different from the weighing system of 16 Liang in ancient China, the Japanese adopted the weighing system of 12 Liang. So the abacus was improved to the style of one bead and four beads below, and the beads changed from beads to diamonds. At present, beading is still in the ascendant in Japan. There are nearly 7,000 training institutions in China, and more than 500,000 people take the abacus technical level examination every year. /kloc-In the 5th century, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and other countries began to use abacus.
Research shows that practicing abacus is beneficial to improve the calculation ability and right brain potential. In the 1970s, the United States introduced the abacus curriculum in 150 primary school, established the "abacus research center" in California, and comprehensively implemented the abacus curriculum in primary schools centered on the west coast. There are similar courses in Britain, Finland and Hungary. There are 2 1 universities in Brazil that take abacus as a compulsory course. Zambia has also set off a wave of abacus learning. The global promotion of abacus means that the world fully recognizes China's wisdom.
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? Above _ old abacus
In the long process of practice, abacus is closely combined with life, forming a splendid abacus culture. On the gate of God in Hsinchu Town, there is a big abacus to remember people's merits and demerits. There is a couplet on each side of the abacus: "Don't worry too much; Self-exclusion. " This is a high generalization of the application of abacus, and it is also the embodiment of the cultural value of abacus. On 20 13 12, China's abacus calculation was listed in the representative list of intangible cultural heritage of mankind, which was well received and worthy of its name.
: Counting White and Correcting Black/Editor: Lilith
References:
1 Zhiwei Jiang's abacus culture in China folk customs
Zhao Ming abacus: the most widely used and influential calculation tool in China.
The text was created by the team of the History University Hall, and the pictures originated from the original ownership.
The above is related to the use of abacus, and it is about the sharing of abacus. I read the invention and function of abacus, hoping to help everyone!