1. What is history? The history of modern natural science is a science that studies the development process and laws of natural science. Based on historical facts, it analyzes the historical process of scientific development, summarizes the historical experience of scientific development and reveals its laws. In the long history of natural science development, there have been three serious crises and three major breakthroughs in modern times. So as to promote the further development of natural science. Modern natural science began with the revolution in astronomy. Astronomy is the oldest science. In the west, after the research of Pythagoras, Plato, hipparchus, Ptolemy and others, several different theoretical systems have been put forward, which has become the discipline with the most theoretical color and mode. At the same time, astronomy is closely related to people's production and life. People rely on the sky for agriculture, animal husbandry, navigation and observation time, which will inevitably promote the development of astronomy. However, astronomy was a very sensitive subject at that time. In the field of astronomy, the struggle between two world views and old and new ideas is fierce. Especially in the late Middle Ages, the Catholic Church put a mysterious veil on Ptolemy's geocentric theory with ulterior motives. Proves that the earth is the center of the universe. The earth is at the center of the universe. After this absurd statement was regarded as an authority, Ptolemy's theory became an unquestionable result, which seriously hindered the progress of astronomical science. However, after julian calendar, which was produced on the basis of geocentric theory, was designated as the Christian calendar in 325 years, its slight error has reached a point that cannot be ignored after a long period of accumulation. It is quite different from the observed data. The captain of a Portuguese prince once said, "Although we worship the famous Ptolemy very much, we find that everything is contrary to what he said." Ptolemaic system's mistakes are increasingly exposed, and people urgently need to establish a new theoretical system. At that time, the Renaissance flourished, which not only greatly liberated people's minds, but also promoted the emergence of modern natural science. Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, adapted to the requirements of the times. From 1506, he carefully observed the astronomical phenomena in the attic of a church in Furongbao for 30 years, thus creating a new astronomical theory-Heliocentrism. 1543, Copernicus published the theory of celestial bodies, which is the main symbol of the birth of modern natural science. Heliocentrism's proposal restored the true colors of ordinary planets on the earth and violently shocked the scientific and ideological circles. It shook the theoretical basis of feudal theology and was an important milestone in the history of astronomy. During this period, natural science developed brilliantly and achieved a series of great achievements. However, from a macro perspective, scientific development lags behind production technology. For example, clocks and watches have been widely used in practice, but people don't know what factors determine the cycle of clock movement. Numerous bullets and shells were fired in the war, but it is not clear how to calculate the trajectory and how to improve the hit rate. Microscopically, the development of classical mechanics is relatively perfect. In celestial mechanics, Kepler discovered three laws of planetary motion (ellipse law, area law and period law). 1632, Galileo discovered the law of free fall; 1687, Newton published the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, which systematically expounded the three laws of Newton's mechanics (inertia law, law of action and reaction, law of acceleration) and law of universal gravitation. These laws form a unified system, which summarizes the motion of objects in the sky and on the ground in one theory. This is the first theoretical generalization and synthesis of natural laws in the history of human cognition. However, other disciplines in this period are still very backward. Mainly manifested in the collection of materials, the accumulation of experience, and the preliminary classification. For example, in the18th century, the Swedish biologist Linnaeus devoted himself to the classification of plants. He wrote the book Natural System, which formed a complete system of chaotic knowledge about plants. In the field of chemistry, British scientist Boyle introduced rigorous experimental methods into chemistry. He is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry. German scientist Stalti put forward phlogiston theory to explain chemical reaction. As a theoretical achievement of chemistry, phlogiston theory has dominated the field of chemistry for nearly 100 years. The development of science is not carried out out out of thin air, but must be based on existing scientific achievements. The knowledge of astronomy and mathematics at that time created the premise for the development of mechanics. The relatively perfect development of mechanics has contributed to the formation of the concept of mechanical properties in the history of philosophy. Because, from the perspective of people's cognitive law, people's understanding of objective things is always from understanding simple things to deepening their understanding of complex things, and understanding mechanical movement is the primary task of scientific understanding. In the first stage of scientific understanding, it is understandable to study things as irrelevant and fixed things for the time being. Once scientists simply compare all advanced complex movements to mechanical movements and copy the external forces in mechanics, it becomes a mechanical external cause theory that denies the internal contradictions of things. They believe that nature is absolutely unchangeable, it just expands in space and shows its diversity, but it has not changed in time and has no history of development. The unchangeable planet must always revolve around the unchangeable sun, because it does not recognize the development of matter. Unable to answer where everything in nature came from, it can only be explained by God's creation, and natural science has returned to theology. 1755, the famous German philosopher Kant published An Introduction to the Development of the Universe, in which the famous nebula hypothesis was put forward. Kant's nebula hypothesis can better explain some phenomena in the solar system. He believes that the solar system and all the stars are gradually gathered by primitive nebulae under the action of gravity and repulsion. Everything in the universe has life and death, and development is endless. In an introduction written by Engels for Dialectics of Nature in 1875, he spoke highly of Kant's nebula hypothesis, saying that it "contains the starting point of all forward movements." Because since the earth was gradually formed and developed with the formation of the solar system, everything on the earth, such as mountains, rivers, animals and plants, naturally has its history of gradual formation and development. "If we continue to study firmly in this direction immediately, then natural science will make great progress now." Kant's nebula hypothesis strongly impacted the metaphysical view of mechanical nature, which was another time after Copernicus's astronomical revolution.

2. What is history? The pdf What's History * * is divided into four volumes, which reinterprets the history of China and the history of the world with the mouth of Yuan Tengfei, the "best history teacher in history", and makes those originally boring historical paragraphs interesting and wonderful.

brief Introduction of the content

Draw a lot of historical knowledge and information from the happiness like listening to cross talk, a book that makes people fully agree with the sentence "reading Shi Kehui", a most wonderful historical text that teaches people tirelessly and makes people bored.

Tengfei Yuan

After Dan and Wang Liqun, the authors of Ming Dynasty and Lecture Room, another master who tells history humorously will lead China to study, read and discuss history again. History books have all the advantages: clear organization, novel ideas, extensive reference, prominent focus and large amount of information. The style of writing is novel and special, the wording is sharp, the edge is sharp, and it is humorous, which has all the advantages that a history book does not have.

In addition to the text content, a large number of color pictures are inserted and printed in four colors, which is interesting, knowledgeable and readable.

3. Why is history important? Why is history so important?

Mo Yan replied: Because we live in history, history is very important, and the so-called reality will soon become history. Therefore, any realistic problem is actually a continuation of historical problems. No matter how distant a historical story is, it also contains modernity. So when I am writing a novel, I will forget whether I am writing history or reality. Later, I learned that there are both history and reality in my novels, which are the fusion of history and reality.

Sparse words:

History is a solidified reality, and reality is the history of the future. Reality is the window of history. Our thoughts shuttle back and forth between history and reality, understand the present through history and understand history through the present. As the French historian Braudel said, "The present and the past reflect each other with their own light."

4. What is history? Pdf corresponds to the concept of history: "history, the recorder also." From persistence. In, it is also:

History is an objective fact, and "analyzing the truth", in layman's terms, is even distorted and fabricated. Both of these words come from the Greek word Histria, which originally meant the definition of "questioning".

History: historical history

History in a broad sense: the process of material change can be divided into natural history and human social history.

History in a narrow sense, Engels)

The narrow sense of history and the knowledge of studying history often change and develop with people's subjective consciousness.

The word History is history in English. You can dress up as you like.

The origin of a word

In ancient China, the word "history" refers to historians. Seal script is written as ""(see photo). That's why.

The relationship between history and historiography. Therefore, fundamentally speaking, many previous historiography did not go beyond the scope of historical idealism. At that time, nonsense: "history is like a little girl, which should be the meaning of history in a narrow sense, and history also has broad and narrow meanings."

History in a broad sense: all the sciences in the world can be called history.

("We only know a unique science, and that is the history science." -Marx, fair and objective analysis and judgment, French for Histoire, Xu Shen said in "Shuo Wen Jie Zi": To study the development process of past movements in human society is to record it realistically.

Historical science:

Usually, we call Marxist historiography historical science, because it is conducted under the guidance of the scientific theory of historical materialism. "

The word "history" appeared in the late Qing Dynasty, and there is only one truth. However, record history. Strictly speaking, the word "history" here, excellent historians in ancient China paid special attention to "real virtue"-"good and evil must be written": the process of the development of human society.

History: the study of material changes, referred to as history.