The origin of the Eight Banners

The Eight Banners system is a social organization system of military and civilian integration in Qing Dynasty. It was built by Taizu Nurhachi on the basis of Jurchen Lu Niu system. In the twenty-ninth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (160 1), four flags were built: yellow flag, blue flag, white flag and red flag. In the forty-three years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), four flags were added, called yellow flag, blue flag, red flag and white flag. Three hundred people are designated as a Lu Niu, five Lu Niu as a Galla, and five Gallas as an isolated mountain (Gushan is the flag). Manchu people divide the flag according to the Eight Banners system, which is usually produced and recruited in wartime. When it was first built, it not only played an important role in the military, but also had administrative and production functions. After the reunification of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Taizong and Huang Taiji established the Eight Banners of the Han Army and the Eight Banners of Mongolia in order to strengthen the shackles of the banners, enhance the military function of the Eight Banners system, expand military strength, and win the hearts of the people. Each flag has military camp, pioneer camp, Xiao Qi camp, Jianrui camp and infantry battalion, and is in charge of guards, ladders and disposal. In addition, special camps such as Li Xiangying, Tiger Gun Camp and Firearms Camp have been established to practice wrestling, archery, tiger stabbing and gun inspection. Because the emperors in the early Qing Dynasty attached great importance to practical skills such as guns and martial arts, the Eight Banners Army made outstanding achievements in pacifying San Francisco, incorporating Taiwan Province Province, and resisting czar aggression. The Eight Banners are divided into management and garrison. Elite is the general name of the Eight Banners, which consists of Lang Wei and Bing Wei, guarding the royal family. Lang Wei must be born with yellow, yellow and white flags, such as the Wumen Gate of the Forbidden City, the East-West Huamen Gate and the Shenwumen guarded by the Three Flags. Garrison refers to the Eight Banners stationed all over the country. There are about100000 soldiers in Beijing battalion, and the total troops stationed in the battalion are also around100000.

Xianglan Banner Manchuria

In the east of Wulanchabu League in Inner Mongolia, it is one of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), so it was named after the red flag. The blue flag is the last five flags, which are divided by the king, Baylor and Beizi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 87 model full auxiliary collars, half auxiliary collars 1 one, 27,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children135,000. Mr. Hou, a famous performing artist, is a blue flag bearer.

Manchuria Zhenglan Banner

In today's south of Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia, the Lightning River runs through Hebei. One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (160 1), so it was named after its pure blue flag. Before Shunzhi, Zhenglan Banner was tied with Huang Zheng and Huangbian as the upper three flags. At the beginning of Shunzhi, it was reduced to the next five flags by Dourgen, and was no longer granted by the emperor, but was enfeoffed by the kings, Baylor and Beizi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the model reached 83 full ranks, 1 1 half rank, with 26,000 soldiers and the total population of men, women and children130,000.

Hongqi Manchuria

In the east of Wulanchabu League in Inner Mongolia, it is one of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. Built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), it was named after the red and white flag. The red flag is one of the later five flags, which was divided by Wang, Baylor and Beizi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the scale reached 86 full-rank leaders, 26,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children was about 1.3 million. The favorite concubine of Emperor Guangxu in Qing Dynasty was a man whose red flag could not fail.

Zhenghongqi Manchuria

In the east of Wulanchabu League in Inner Mongolia, it is one of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (160 1), so it was named after the flag color was red and pure red. The front red flag is the next five flags, which are divided by the king, Baylor and Beizi. By the end of Qing Dynasty, it was the flag with the least population among the Eight Banners, with 74 generals and 23,000 soldiers. The total population of men, women and children is about 1 1.5 million, and the famous writer Lao She was originally a red flag. The big corrupt officials and gentry during the reign of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty were also people who were honoring the red flag.

Manchuria Xianghuang Banner

In the southwest of Meng Le, Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia. One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), so it was named after the yellow edge of the flag. The yellow flag is one of the three flags, and there is no king in it. The soldiers are all the emperor's own soldiers, and the members of the Royal Guards are also selected from the upper three flags. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the scale reached 84 full auxiliary collars and 2 semi-auxiliary collars, with 26,000 soldiers and a total population of about 1.3 million. Many members of the Qing royal family were decorated with yellow flags, such as the little queen of Jiaqing Emperor, the imperial concubine of Qianlong, Cixi and Ci 'an (also known as the East Palace), and many senior officials of the imperial court were also from the Yellow Palace.

Zhenghuangqi Manchuria

Named after the pure yellow flag color. The yellow flag, yellow flag and white flag are listed as the upper three flags. The upper three flags have no king, and all belong to the emperor's personal soldiers. The members of the Royal Guards are also selected from the upper three flags. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was the most populous one in Baqi Prefecture, with 92 full-auxiliary leaders, 2 semi-auxiliary leaders and about 30,000 soldiers. The total population of men, women and children was about 6.5438+0.5 million. Nalan Xingde, the favorite minister of Kangxi and the first-class bodyguard of Ganqingmen, is a native of Zhenghuangqi.

Xiangbaiqi Manchuria

In the south of Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia, it is one of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), so it was named after the flag with a white face and a red background. The white flag is one of the next five flags, which is not unified by the emperor, but by the king, Baylor and Beizi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 84 full-time commanders and 26,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children was about 6.5438+0.3 million.

Zhengbaiqi Manchuria

Located in the south of Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia, it is one of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. In the 29th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (160 1), Nurhachi was first built and named after a pure white flag. Zhengbaiqi is one of the three banners in No.8 Middle School. Before Shunzhi, the first three flags did not have a blue flag and a white flag. At the beginning of Shunzhi, Dourgen incorporated the white flag into the first three flags and lowered the blue flag into the last five flags, which was later customized. Zhengbaiqi is one of the pro-unification factions of the emperor. There is no king in the flag, and the soldiers are the emperor's own soldiers, and the members of the royal family are selected from them. At the end of the Qing dynasty, there were 86 full-time commanders (100-300 basic household registration and military establishment), with about 26,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children was about 130. Wanrong, the Queen of Twisting Dynasty in the late Qing Dynasty, was a native of Zhengbaiqi.

Eight banners general officer

commander in chief

Supreme Commander of the Eight Banners of Manchuria, Mongolia and Han Army in Qing Dynasty. Before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the Manchu language called Gushan Erzhen, with 1 person; There are 1 person in the town of Merle (later changed to Merle Zhangjing). In the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (1660), from the Han Dynasty, Gushan was changed to be the commander-in-chief, and Maile Zhang Jing was the deputy commander-in-chief. Responsible for household registration, education, official succession, military training, etc. The capital Manchu-Mongolian-Han Eight Banners has 1 person. Starting from Yipin, * * * has 24 yamen in Beijing. The Eight Banners are stationed in various provinces, with over 2,000 soldiers under the command of generals. There are 13 generals' yamen in the whole country, all of which are of the same kind. The Manchu prince or cronies are ministers. The general or commander-in-chief is the highest officer of each defense. General and commander-in-chief are not set together. Where there is a general, there is a deputy commander. In some areas, the deputy commander-in-chief is the commander-in-chief of a local military flag.

Brigadier (Qing Dynasty)

In the Qing dynasty, there were three things in the post station set up by the Eight Banners. Under the deputy commander and above the assistant leader. Responsible for the military and political affairs of one of the military flags. In the northeast, the association has garrisons who live alone in a city, such as Hunchun, Samsung and Lalin in Jilin.

collar

Chinese Translation of Officials in Jalao Town of Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. Positive three products. The assistant collar is level 4. This is also the name of the organization. Each Beijing flag is divided into five team leaders. Each participating leader has several assistant leaders.

Cheng shouwei

In the Qing dynasty, the official name of the Eight Banners garrison general was Sanpin, who was responsible for the defense of important counties, the same as the deputy governor. There are 16 city guard yamen in the whole country. The troops led by the city guards are usually hundreds, ranging from a few hundred to dozens, and in some places there are even thousands.

Zuo Ling

That is, the cow's forehead is real, and the cow is in Beijing. In the early Manchu society, when sending troops or making mistakes, we acted according to the family village, and every 10 chose one person as the leader, which was called the true amount of cattle (the meaning of the arrow master). In the 29th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (160 1), Nurhachi designated 300 cows as 1. As a basic military establishment unit, Niu Shu is really 1, which has officially become its official name. The first term was eight years (1634), and it was renamed Niu Zhangjing. After entering the customs, Chinese changed its name to Zuo Ling, a fourth-grade student. Those who are stationed in the capital are placed under the collar; The garrison is placed under the collar. In wartime, the commander is usually an administrative official, responsible for his household registration, farmland residence, military status and litigation. Most of his duties are hereditary. It is also the name of social and military groups. Cow is the basic unit of the Eight Banners. In the early Manchu society, it had three functions: administration, production and military. After entering the customs, the military function was strengthened and the production function gradually disappeared. The number of able-bodied men under the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty was different in different periods. At Huang taiji, each assistant led about 200 able-bodied men; There are thirty or forty people in Tang dynasty; During the Jiaqing period, the rate was 150.

Lead the trend

Chinese translation of Manchu dictionary (meaning "urging people") in Qing Dynasty. Low rank. The Eight Banners of Manchuria, the Eight Banners of Mongolia and the Han Army were all set up under the leadership of various helpers. Presented by outstanding people in vest and leisure, each assistant receives 5 people, who are responsible for registering files, supporting and receiving wages. The leaders of Manchuria and Benzuo were literate, expanded their troops and picked up gifts.

Xiaoqi school

Names of junior officers of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. In the early Manchu society, it was called Daizi, and in Manchu, it was called "the thing of distribution", which meant to act on behalf of others. Located under the collar, it is six products.

waistcoat

That is, cavalry and cavalry Also known as Xiao Qi. When the Manchu standard-bearers matured, their way out was mainly Li Tao vest. Ben Zuo took over infantry, soldiers, artisans and idle Yu Ding as Li Tao, changed to vanguard and expanded the army. Qi Jing vest was transferred to Xiaoqi camp, and each assistant in Manchuria led 20 people, totally under the jurisdiction of the Eight Banners.

Eight Banners Military System

The Eight Banners Military System is the establishment of the Qing army. After the reunification of the Qing dynasty, in order to expand military strength and win the hearts of the people, the Eight Banners of the Han Army and the Eight Banners of the Mongolian Army were also drawn. Each flag has battalions of expansion, pioneer, Xiao Qi, Jianrui, firearms and infantry. The Eight Banners are divided into Beijing battalion and garrison battalion. Elite is the general name of the Eight Banners troops stationed in Manchuria, the capital of Qing Dynasty. It consists of Lang Wei and Wei Bing. The person who guards the royal family is called Lang Wei, and he must be the standard bearer of the yellow flag, the yellow flag and the white flag. Garrison refers to people stationed in different towns and provinces as the Eight Banners. Commander-in-Chief of the Eight Banners directly commands the Seventh Battalion, and the President or Commander-in-Chief refers to the selection of Pioneer Battalion, Expansion Battalion, Sharp Battalion, Firearms Battalion and Infantry Battalion. Under the five banners, there are about 100,000 troops stationed in Beijing and more than 107,000 troops stationed in various provinces.

Royal elite knight

A praetorian guard of the Qing Dynasty, the Arija Chaoha Camp, which was established during the reign of Emperor Taiji Tiancong, began. When Shunzhi was established, the system was detailed. The Manchu Eight Banners, the Mongolian Eight Banners and the Han Army all set up the Xiaoqi Battalion, which was under the direct command of the Eight Banners. There are ma3 jia3, leaders and craftsmen in Xiaoqi Battalion of Manchu, and its personnel are transferred from the assistants of the Eight Banners of Manchu.

Expand the barracks

One of the guards in Qing Dynasty. Bayara Camp, founded in the era of Huang Taiji, has three flags guarding the palace gate: Wumen, Dongxihuamen and Shenwumen, and five flags guarding the palace gate. During Yongzheng, it was changed to a military guard. From the Manchu and Mongolian Eight Banners, each flag is equipped with an expansion commander; In the third year of Yongzheng, the Eight Banners of Yuanmingyuan were built, the military camp was expanded, and it was stationed around the park to guard.

Qian Fengying

One of the guards in Qing Dynasty. Founded on the day when Huang Taiji was enlightened, Gebushen went to Harbin camp. Under the leadership of the Eight Banners of Manchuria and Mongolia, we selected skilled and strong troops such as expanding military vests and raising soldiers, and set up our own camps independently. There were many large-scale patrols in the Qing dynasty, and the vanguard battalion was responsible for the outpost guard during the emperor's patrol.

Jane Ruiying

One of the guards in Qing Dynasty. Also known as the ladder soldier. Established in the 14th year of Qianlong (1749). Stationed next to Shi Sheng Temple in Xiangshan, Beijing, learning the battle of tackling key problems. Battalion soldiers are selected from the able-bodied men of eight front armies, with 2000 soldiers, most of whom are full. Under the management of the president's minister, there are officials such as wingmen and senators.

Huoqiying

One of the Beijing Army in Qing Dynasty. In order to pacify the San Francisco War, Kangxi attached great importance to artillery technology. 169 1 year, he decided to practice guns in the whole battalion and take charge of the imperial guard. Battalion soldiers were drawn from the Manchu, Mongolian and Han Eight Banners, and were in charge of nearly 8,000 officers and men. Firearms Camp played an important role in pacifying San Francisco, recovering Taiwan Province Province and resisting Russian aggression.

Bu Junying

One of the guards in Qing Dynasty. Defending the capital, the Manchu, Mongolian and Han Eight Banners are stationed in the capital, and there are many people. In the thirteenth year of Kangxi, the number of custom soldiers was 2 1 158.

Shen jiying

One of the guards in Qing Dynasty, founded in the 11th year of Xianfeng (186 1). Its main task is to guard He Hai (Zhongnanhai, Beihai and Shichahai) in the Forbidden City and the emperors patrolling in Shanghai. Shenji camp consists of Manchu, Mongolian and Han Eight Banners, Eight Banners Pioneer, Expansion Army, Infantry and Jianrui.

Tiger gun camp

One of the guards in Qing Dynasty. Founded in the 23rd year of Kangxi, it is responsible for hunting in Shanghai, such as hunting in the royal paddock outside the Great Wall. One is called Mulan paddock (Mulan Manchu. Archers who are good at riding archers are all selected from the Eight Banners, forwards, army expansion and firearms, and the number of soldiers is about 600.

Sumo camp

One of the guards in Qing Dynasty. Founded in the reign of Kangxi, Yingbing was called "Young Hercules". Print k? They helped Emperor Kangxi eradicate the traitor Ao Bai and made great contributions.

Eight banners armor

Before Manchu entered the customs. Lives mainly on animal husbandry and hunting. Shooting horses and archery is almost a necessary skill for adult men. Nuerhachi, the emperor of Qing Dynasty, established the Eight Banners system in integration of defense and civilian technologies for the needs of military operations and hunting. Riding and shooting has become a compulsory course for every flag bearer. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, in order to promote martial arts and riding and shooting, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty established a large reading system. During the Shunzhi period, a big Bible reading ceremony was held every three years. At that time, the emperor was fully armed and personally reviewed the military equipment of the dynasty and the martial arts level of the soldiers. Participate in the widely read Eight Banners of Manchu, Mongolian and Han (* * * Twenty-four Banners) and perform military projects such as artillery, shotguns, riding and shooting, disposal and ladder in turn in front of the emperor. Emperor Qianlong's reading conference was held in Nanyuan, with tens of thousands of people.

The Qing emperor not only trained the Eight Banners by reading aloud, but also showed off his strength to the leaders of all ethnic groups by reading aloud.