Physics required course 1

1. British astronomer Halley correctly predicted the return of Halley's comet according to Newton's law of universal gravitation. pregnenolone

2. American meteorologist Lorenz found that small differences in initial conditions of complex systems may lead to huge deviations in results. pregnenolone

3. Copernicus put forward Heliocentrism. Newton and Leibniz invented calculus. Edison invented the phonograph and the electric light. Bell invented the telephone. Madame Curie

Radioactivity of radium, thorium and polonium was discovered. Einstein put forward special relativity and general relativity. Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning pointed out the weak interaction.

Low parity is not conserved.

4. Planck, German physicist, founder of quantum theory. P30

Aristotle, an ancient Greek scholar, believed that the speed at which an object falls is determined by its weight. P45 tax payment certificate

6. Galileo, an Italian physicist and astronomer, studied the motion of free fall through experiments, combined with experience and logical reasoning. P47,48 Modern

The founder of mechanics. P49

7. The British scientist Hooke discovered Hooke's law. P56

8. Aristotle believed that an object can only move if it is strongly acted upon. Without force, an object will stop in one place. P68

Galileo's inclined plane experiment shows that force is not the reason to maintain the motion of an object, but the reason to change the motion state of an object. P68 French scientist Descartes

Perfecting Galileo's point of view, pointing out that an object will remain at rest or in motion forever unless it is acted by a force. P69

9. British scientist Newton, the founder of dynamics, put forward Newton's laws of motion. P68

10. Wu Jianxiong, a Chinese-American physicist, proved through experiments that parity is not conserved, and electromagnetic interaction is closely related to weak interaction. P92

1 1. American J. Weber pioneered the method of using aluminum rods as "antennas" to receive gravitational waves radiated by celestial bodies. ，P92

12.j.h. Taylor et al. observed the high-speed rotation of binary stars around the concentric center of * *, and speculated that they lost energy when radiating gravitational waves. P92

Physics compulsory 2

1. German astronomer Kepler studied the star observation records of Danish astronomer Tycho. Kepler's law of planetary motion was published. P29 P32

Ptolemy, an ancient astronomer, perfected the theory that every planet moves in a circle and called it "current wheel", with the center of the current wheel surrounding it.

The earth moves along a great circle called an even wheel. ，P3 1

3. Copernicus (Poland) published the theory of celestial bodies, which indicates the end of geocentric cosmology. P3 1

Galileo invented the telescope, and observation proved that the earth is not the center of all celestial bodies. P32

5. tycho brahe's observation provided key support for Copernicus's theory. P32

6. Halley predicted the return of Halley's comet. P33

Hook and others believe that planets go around the sun because they are attracted by the sun. P33

8. Newton published the law of universal gravitation in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. P37

9. The British physicist cavendish got the value of the gravitational constant more accurately. P37

10. Adams, a student of Cambridge University, and Levi, a French astronomer, independently calculated Neptune's orbit. Caleb, Germany, defends Ye Yu in music.

Neptune was found near Yan's position. P39 1 1。 French scientist Laplace pointed out that for a spherical object with mass m, when its radius r is not more than 2GM/c2, it is a..

Black hole. P42 British scholar Mitchell also put forward a similar view. P43 12 ... German astronomer F.W. Bessel speculated that there was an invisible companion star orbiting Sirius according to Sirius's trajectory and his later views.

The measurement confirmed his conjecture that this is the earliest white dwarf, P47.

13. Galileo's inclined plane experiment shows the idea of energy and its conservation. P5 1

14. David discovered the chemical effect of current. Oster discovered the magnetic effect of current. Seebeck discovered the thermoelectric phenomenon. Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction.

Elephant. Joule discovered the thermal effect of current; The mechanical equivalent of heat was determined. Meyer expressed the law of conservation of energy and calculated the value of mechanical equivalent of heat.

Helmholtz theoretically summarized and generalized the law of conservation of energy. P75 P33, P4 1, P48. The rest have been completed.

Physics Elective Course 3- 1

1. Thales, a Greek, found that rubbed amber can attract light and small objects. P2

2. In the 1st century A.D., Wang Chong, a scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, wrote the word "Dunmou mustard" in Lun Heng, referring to using tortoise shells to attract light and small objects. P2

The "Sina" described in Lun Heng makes people recognize the earliest magnetic orientation tool P80.

American scientist Franklin named positive charge and negative charge. P2

The value of charge e was first measured by American physicist Millikan. P4

5. Coulomb, a French scholar, summed up Coulomb's law through experiments on the basis of predecessors' work. P6

6. Faraday, a British physicist and chemist, pointed out that there is an electric field around the charge, and other charges in the electric field are given by the electric field.

Join the Force. P 10 vividly describes the electric field and magnetic field with electric field lines (electric field lines) and magnetic field lines (magnetic lines). P 14 found electromagnetic induction.

Phenomenon. P 14

7. Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves and unified the phenomenon of light with electromagnetic phenomena. P 14

8. Van der Graff electrostatic accelerator. P38

9. Franklin found that the discharge of Leiden bottle can magnetize the sewing needle. P80

10. Danish physicist Oster discovered the magnetic effect of current. P8 1

1 1. Ampere found that magnets acted on electrified wires. P8 1

12. Tesla, an American electrical engineer, is the main promoter of alternating current entering the practical field. P84

13. French scholar Ampere put forward the famous molecular current hypothesis. P87

14. The Dutch physicist Lorenz, whose main contribution is his electronic theory. The famous Lorentz force formula is put forward. P95

15. American physicist e.h. hall observed the hall effect. P 103 title page, page 80. The rest has been completed.

Physics Elective Course 3-2

1. Oster discovered the magnetic effect of current. P2

Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. P3 invented the first generator in human history-disk generator by using the principle of electromagnetic induction.

P 14

3. Physicist Lengci summed up Lenz's law. P 1 1

4. Based on the work of Faraday, Newman and Weber, Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is summarized. P 15

Maxwell, a British physicist, believes that when the magnetic field changes, an electric field will be excited in space. P 19 has been completed.

Physics Elective Course 3-4

1. Foucault pendulum 185 1 year, Foucault demonstrated the effect of earth rotation from Foucault at the Pantheon in Paris with a 67m-long pendulum with a period exceeding 16s. P 14

2. mathematician huygens. The formula for calculating the period of a simple pendulum is determined. P 16 huygens, a Dutch physicist, put forward huygens principle. P33 first put forward the wave theory of light. P46

3. Doppler effect P42

4.65438+In the 1960s, Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves and thought that light was also Maxwell's electromagnetic waves. P46

German scientist Hertz Hertz proved the existence of electromagnetic waves through experiments. P46

Einstein put forward the photon theory at the beginning of the 20th century, thinking that light is a particle, thus explaining the photoelectric effect. P46

6. The Dutch mathematician Snell summed up the law of refraction of light. P47

7. 180 1 year, British physicist Thomas young successfully observed the phenomenon of light interference. P50

8. According to the wave theory of light, physicist Fresnel made a deep study on the diffraction of light, and put forward a mathematical method to solve the diffraction problem strictly.

Poisson is calculated according to Fresnel theory, and the existence of Poisson bright spot is calculated. P6 1~62

9. Physicist Prague and his son first studied the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. P63

10. British biologists Wilkins and Franklin studied the X-ray diffraction of DNA, and American biologists Watson and Crick based on it.

Data put forward a double helix structure model of DNA. P63

1 1. Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction. P77

12. Maxwell not only predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, but also revealed the essential unity of electric, magnetic and optical phenomena and established a complete electromagnetic mechanism.

Open. P78

13. Hertz confirmed Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light and captured electromagnetic waves for the first time in human history. P79

14. popov and Marconi independently invented the radio. P86

15. British inventor Baird invented the technology of long-distance transmission of moving images, which marked the birth of TV P87.

16. Physicists get the results through experiments and astronomical observations: No matter what the relative motion between the light source and the observer is, the speed of light relative to the observer is

The same. The Michelson-Murray experiment of 1997 is the most famous one. P99

19. Einstein: put forward special relativity P99 and general relativity P 109.

20. 194 1 year, American scientists Rosie and Hall counted muons in cosmic rays at different heights, and the results were completely consistent with the language of relativity.

. P 104

2 1. The Dutch physicist Lorenz tried to explain the experimental results by the "contraction" of the ether when the object passed through it, and obtained the corresponding formula. P 105

22. 1895, French mathematician and physicist poincare first put forward the idea of the principle of relativity. 1899, and further put forward, right?

For all observers, the speed of light is constant. It also proves that "the duration of two events is equal" and "two events happen in two places at the same time"

Meaningless. P 105 23。 1929, American astronomer Hubble found that most galaxies outside the Milky Way are leaving us, and the farther away they are, the faster they leave.

It's huge. P 1 1 124。 1964 ~ 1965, Bell Laboratories scientists penzias and Wilson detected the radiation of microwave background. P 1 1 1

Physics 3-5

1. The French scientist Descartes first proposed the conservation of momentum. The product of the size (mass) and velocity of an object is called momentum. P6

2. Huygens clearly pointed out the directionality and conservation of momentum. P6

Newton modified Descartes' definition and defined momentum by the product of mass and velocity. P6

Rutherford speculated that there might be another electrically neutral particle in the atom. German physicist Bert and his collaborator Becker bombarded A with alpha particles.

Series elements produce an unknown ray, which they think is gamma ray. French physicist Joliot-Curie and his wife repeated Porter and Becker.

Experiments still believe that the neutral "beryllium ray" is a kind of gamma ray. British physicist chadwick discovered neutrons. P 16、P 17

5. Soviet scientist tsiolkovsky put forward the concept of multistage rocket. P20

6. Descartes advocated measuring motion with mv, and Leibniz advocated measuring motion with mv2. French scientist da Rambo pointed out in his research

Fang actually described the conservation of motion from different angles. P24 7。 1896, German physicist Wayne and British physicist Rayleigh put forward the theoretical formula of radiation intensity distribution according to wavelength respectively.

. P28 8。 Planck introduced energy quantum into physics in 1900, which is called one of the cornerstones of new physics thought. With the help of the energy quantum hypothesis, Planck concluded that

The formula of blackbody radiation intensity distribution with wavelength is consistent with the actual test. P29 9。 1887, Hertz accidentally found that if the gap of the receiving circuit receives light, it is more likely to produce electric sparks, which is the most.

Early detection of photoelectric effect. P3 1

10. German physicist P. Leanard and British physicist J. J. Tang Musun conducted experimental studies successively, which confirmed the photoelectric effect. P3 1

1 1. Einstein put forward the photon theory and Einstein's photoelectric effect equation, and discovered the law of photoelectric effect. P33

12. American physicist Millikan checked the correctness of Einstein's equation through experiments. P33

13.1918-1922 Compton, an American physicist, discovered the Compton effect when studying the scattering of X-rays by graphite. His student clock.

Wu, a student from China, confirmed the universality of Compton effect. P35

14. 1924 de Broglie of the University of Paris, France, put forward the hypothesis that physical particles also fluctuate. P37

On 15. 19 12, German physicist Laue proposed to use the regularly arranged material particles in the crystal as a grating to test the fluctuation of Roentgen rays.

The experiment is successful, and it is confirmed that Roentgen ray is an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength of tens of nanometers. P38

On 16. 1927, David Sun and Tom Musun made electron beam diffraction experiments with crystals respectively, which confirmed the fluctuation of electrons. P38

17. 1926, German physicist Born pointed out: Although it is impossible to determine where a photon falls, it is due to the different light and shade on the screen.

It can be inferred that the probability of photons falling on a point is different, that is, the probability of photons falling on bright stripes is high, and the probability of photons falling on dark stripes is low. Explain that light is a kind of

A kind of probability wave. P 4118.n. Bohr established the previous quantum theory. P44 1925, Heisenberg and others developed matrix mechanics. P45 1926, Schrodinger according to Deb.

Luo Yi's wave-particle duality hypothesis established wave mechanics. P45 Schrodinger and others proved that matrix mechanics and wave mechanics are mathematically equivalent, so the two

With the further development of Dirac and others, quantum mechanics is called a brand-new theory with strict logic and complete methods.

P45 tax payment certificate

On 19. 1858, German physicist Pluckel observed cathode rays in the experiment. P47

20. In 1876, the German physicist Goldstein thought that the fluorescence on the tube wall was caused by the impact of some rays from the cathode, and

This kind of radiation is called cathode ray. P47

2 1. British physicist J. J. Tang Musun discovered electrons. P49

22. In the Hertz experiment, he didn't see the deflection of cathode ray because of the low vacuum degree in the tube, so he thought that cathode ray was uncharged. P49

23. Schuster measured the specific charge of cathode ray particles at 1890 and Kaufman measured it at 1897. P50

24. Atomic structure: 1898, Tang Musun put forward "watermelon model" (or "jujube cake model"). P5 1) 1903 Leonard discovered in the experiment.

Electrons with higher speed can easily penetrate atoms, indicating that protons are not solid spheres; Later, the scattering experiment of alpha particles completely denied Tang Musun's model.

Type. 25. 1909, the British physicist Rutherford learned that students Geiger and meston had carried out the scattering experiment of α particles and proposed a nuclear structure model. P52、

P53

26. 18 14 years, the german physicist fraunhofer discovered many dark lines in the solar spectrum, which are called fraunhofer lines today. P54

27. 1885, Balmer analyzed four spectral lines in the visible region known at that time, and the wavelengths of these spectral lines can be obtained by a formula table.

Show. P55 28。 19 13, Danish physicist N. Bohr put forward his own atomic structure hypothesis: the orbit of electrons is quantized; Frequency condition, also known as radiation.

Shooting conditions P57, P58

29. 194 1 year, Frank and Hertz bombarded the mercury atom with electrons, which proved the quantization phenomenon of atomic energy. P60

30. 1896, French physicist becquerel discovered that uranium and uranium-bearing materials can emit invisible rays, which can penetrate black paper for illumination.

Photosensitive phase plate. Marie Curie and pierre curie discovered two new elements, polonium and radium, which can emit stronger rays. P65

At 3 1. 19 19, Rutherford bombarded the nitrogen nucleus with α particles released by radium, knocking out a new particle-proton from the nucleus. P66

At the end of1895, the German physicist Roentgen discovered X-rays, that is, Roentgen rays. P68

33. 19 12 years, the British physicist Wilson invented Wilson Cloud Room. P74

34. 1928, German physicists Geiger and Miller developed Geiger-Miller counter, also known as G-M counter. P75

35. 1934, Mr. and Mrs. Joliot-Curie found that the aluminum plate bombarded by alpha particles contained radioactive phosphorus 30 P76.

36. At the end of1938, German physicist Hahn and his assistant Strassman discovered that there were atoms in the product during the experiment of bombarding uranium nucleus with neutrons.

Barium element with ordinal number 56. P83

37. Austrian physicists Maitenaz and Frish explained this, and Frish named this nuclear reaction fission. P83

38. 1942, Fermi presided over the establishment of the world's first device called "nuclear reactor", and realized nuclear energy for the first time through controlled chain reaction.

Release P85 P84 and P93