The Yellow River, the fifth longest river in the world, is a 5464-kilometer-long river winding in the north of China. From the air, it looks like a huge word "Ji" and is also a unique totem of our nation.

Second, the characterization of the Yellow River

Not just a big river. Yellow River, Yellow Land, Emperor and Yellow Peel, all these yellow appearances sublimate this turbid stream flowing through the heart of China into a holy river. Han Shu Gou Ji regards the Yellow River as the head of thousands of waters: "China has the source of all rivers, not in the four capitals, but in the river."

Third, the theory of loess weathering.

In a long geological time, in the desert Gobi in the interior of Asia, the sand everywhere is decomposed and crushed in the harsh environment of rapid cooling and rapid heating until it forms powder. The northwest airflow prevailing in the inland has blown them to the east for many years, and the coarse sand has fallen on the Mongolian plateau, and the most delicate powder has fallen to today's six provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia and Henan. After millions of years of transportation and accumulation, a loess plateau has finally formed, starting from the Great Wall in the north, reaching Qinling Mountain in the south, Sun Moon Mountain in the west and Taihang Mountain in the east.

Fourth, the deep and vast loess layer.

This is an unparalleled loess, with an area of 4 1 1,000 square kilometers, and the thickness of loess coverage is generally above 1 1,000 meters. The loess in Longdong, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other places is as deep as 100 to 200 meters, and the thickness in Lanzhou is more than 300 meters.

The Garden of Eden five or six thousand years ago.

Botanists have found that although the rainfall in the Loess Plateau is not as abundant as that in the south, there is less nutrient leaching, which is very suitable for the growth of poplar, birch, oak, Chinese pine, spruce, jujube and Vitex negundo. At that time, lush vegetation gave birth to a warm and rainy Garden of Eden. Today, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and other provinces have large areas of virgin forests. Henan Province, located in the Central Plains, is referred to as "Yu" for short. It can be seen that in the era of word-making in Cangjie, it was still a place where elephants haunted.

Six, the foundation of historical prosperity

Geologists have found that loess has excellent understanding and is suitable for digging caves to live in; Agronomists have found that various minerals in loess are rich in nutrition and high in natural fertility. The ancestors gradually dug caves in this yellow land to live in and made a living by planting grain. More than 5,000 years ago, Emperor Yan and his tribe flourished, and the footprints of Chinese ancestors traveled all over the yellow land. In the days that followed, the first dynasty of China flourished here, the 800-year founding week started here, and the Qin Empire, which swept Liuhe and unified the whole country, flourished here.

Seven, the enlightenment of ancient civilization

Charred animal fossils and antler fossils were found in Houdu human activity site in Ruicheng, Shanxi, more than 6.5438+0.6 million years ago, and many carbon deposits were found in Lantian human site in Shanxi, 6.5438+0.6 million years ago.

Since then, Lantian people, Dali people, Dingcun people and Hetao people have all thrived in the embrace of the Yellow River. Until 6000 years ago, matriarchal clan culture represented by Banpo civilization appeared on the yellow land.

Our ancestors hunted and gathered in such a green field and spent the golden childhood of Chinese civilization.

VIII. Historical account of achievements in transforming nature

It is indeed the first place to bathe in the light of civilization, and it must be the first place to be touched by the fire of civilization. According to ancient legends, Shennong once taught people to grow crops. What is intriguing is that Shennong is Emperor Yan, that is, Vulcan, and what he teaches is actually burning forests for farming.

Mencius recorded the "merits" of the three emperors and five emperors burning the forest: "When Yao was in power ... vegetation was flourishing, animals were breeding, crops were not growing, animals were threatening ... Yao was the only one who was worried, and he handled it well. Use fire well. " When the mountain burned down, the animals all ran away. "

In the Book of Songs, we heard the ancestors chanting when they cut down trees: "Kan Kan cut sandalwood, the river is dry, the river is clear, and the blue waves are rippling." "Logging jingles and birds sing."

Nine, the loess plateau vegetation suffered heavy losses for the first time.

When the first emperor unified the six countries, a large number of people entered Guanzhong, and the reclamation area increased greatly. At the same time, large-scale construction, the construction of the palace mausoleum, wantonly cut down the Guanzhong mountain forest. In the thirty-third year of the First Emperor (2 14 BC), Meng Tian defeated the Xiongnu and gained a large area of land in Hetao. Later, he settled in other places to defend the border and immigrated to the Ordos Plateau many times, with hundreds of thousands of people each time. The originally endless grassland has become a farming area.

Ten, the loess plateau forest suffered heavy losses for the second time.

During the Western Han Dynasty, the population of China surged to 60 million. Developing northwest immigrants has become the main means to solve the pressure of population expansion. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty alone, more than 700,000 people moved to the northwest frontier fortress. The Western Han Dynasty drove the Huns to the distant Mobei, and turned large areas of forests and pastoral areas into agricultural areas. The irrigation project of diverting water from the Yellow River developed in Hetao during the Western Han Dynasty was at the cost of great damage to the forests of Helan Mountain in Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and northern Shaanxi.

References:

I wrote it myself.

Responder: god of war 2, Tenjin-1 20 10-3-8 18:52.

China, known as the Great River in ancient times, originated from Bayan Kara Mountain Range in Qinghai Province, China, and flowed through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces, and finally merged into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Dongying, Shandong Province. The main river is 5,464 kilometers long, second only to the Yangtze River, and is the second longest river in China. The Yellow River is also the fifth longest river in the world.

The Yellow River reaches Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a total length of 3,472 kilometers. The middle reaches are from Hekou Town to Taohuayu, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, with a river length of 1206 km. Below Taohuayu is the downstream, with a river length of 786 kilometers. There are many opinions on the division of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Resources Commission is adopted here. The Yellow River runs through China from east to west, with a length of 1.900 km from east to west and a width of1.654,38+0.000 km from north to south, with a total area of 752,443 square kilometers.

The annual average flow of the Yellow River 1774.5 m3/s, the annual average natural runoff of the whole river is 58 billion m3, the annual average runoff depth of the basin is 77 mm, the per capita water volume of the basin is 593 m3, and the per mu yield of cultivated land is 324 m3.

The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau, and tributaries bring a lot of sediment, making the Yellow River the largest river with sediment concentration in the world. The annual maximum sediment discharge is 3965438+ 1 100 million tons (1933), and the maximum sediment concentration is 920kg/m3( 1977). The average sediment discharge of Sanmenxia Station for many years is about 65.438+0.6 billion tons, and the average sediment concentration is 35 kg/m3.

The length is 5464 kilometers

The source is 4800 meters above sea level.

The average flow rate is 1774.5 m? /s

The drainage area is 752443 km?

From Qinghai province

Inject into Bohai sea

It flows through the whole country, People's Republic of China (PRC) and People's Republic of China (PRC).

The Yellow River is the mother river of the Chinese nation. As the birthplace of Chinese civilization, it maintains the blood of the descendants of the Yellow Emperor and is a symbol of the national spirit and feelings of the Chinese nation.

The Yellow River, like a lion with its back bowed and its head held high, crosses the mountains of Qinghai and Gansu provinces from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Hetao Plain across Ningxia and Inner Mongolia; Pentium in the ravine between Shanxi and Shaanxi; Break through the "Longmen", turn around at the foot of Huashan Mountain in Xiyue, cross the North China Plain, and head for the coast of Bohai Sea. It flows through 9 provinces and autonomous regions and gathers more than 40 main tributaries and 1000 streams and rivers, with a journey of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of more than 750,000 square kilometers, making it the second largest river in China. The average annual precipitation in the whole basin is about 400 mm, while the average annual runoff of the Yellow River is only 57.4 billion cubic meters, ranking eighth among Chinese rivers. There are more than 200 million mu of cultivated land in the basin, and the population is about 654.38+0 billion along the Yulu River downstream. The Yellow River is rich in water resources and underground mineral deposits in the basin. People of all ethnic groups have worked hard here for generations, creating splendid ancient culture and becoming the cradle of the Chinese nation.

There have been many stories about the source of the Yellow River in history. As early as the first half of the 7th century, it was suggested that Kariqu was the source of the Yellow River, but it was not recognized. Du Fu's poems in Yuan Dynasty in A.D. 1280 and Laxi in Qing Dynasty in A.D. 1704 arrived in Xinghai to find the source of the river. Therefore, the saying that Xinghai is Heyuan has been circulating for many years. After the founding of New China, the Yellow River Conservancy Commission organized an expedition to the source of the Yellow River in August 1952, with Yuegu Zonglie as the main source of the Yellow River. For more than 20 years, although mistakes have been made, many people have raised questions. Until the summer of 1978, the Heyuan investigation team was organized again and went into the Heyuan area for on-the-spot investigation. In the west of Heyuan area, there are three rivers flowing into Su Xinghai. They are Zhaqu River, Yuegu Zonglie River and Kariqu River. Zhaqu has the shortest flow and smaller water volume, which can only be regarded as a tributary of Yuegu Zongle Qu. Compared with Kariqu, Yuegu Zonglie Qu is nearly 30 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 700 square kilometers and more than twice as much water. Therefore, the basis for determining Kariqu as the positive source of the Yellow River is sufficient. Kariqu originated in Geziya Mountain at the northern foot of Bayan Kara at an altitude of 4,800 meters. The clear water overflowed from several springs at the foot of the mountain is the initial flow of the Yellow River, which "roars Wan Li and moves Longmen".

The cradle of the Chinese nation

"Yellow River, you are the cradle of the Chinese nation, and 5,000 years of ancient culture originated from you ..." This is the lyrics of the famous song Ode to the Yellow River. Whenever people sing this song, they will be immersed in infinite memories of the Yellow River.

As early as 800,000 years ago in the Paleolithic Age, the ancestors of the Chinese nation lived a life of hunting and gathering in the Yellow River Basin. More than 2,000 primitive village sites have been found in the Yellow River Basin, indicating that in the Neolithic Age, ancestors settled in this vast land and engaged in primitive agricultural production.

In the middle Neolithic period, the Huangdi tribe scattered on the loess plateau in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. At that time, Chiyou tribe and Yan Di tribe were the three major tribes in ancient China. They live a nomadic life of uncertain migration. Later, Emperor Yan and Huangdi joined forces to attack and kill Chiyou. Soon, Yan Di people and Huangdi people gradually merged and settled in Shaanxi, Gansu and Shanxi to jointly develop the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, which entered the slave society more than 3,500 years ago, are all descendants of the Chinese people. They call themselves "Hua" or "Xia". Chinese is the predecessor of the Han nationality, so the Han people regard the Yellow Emperor as their ancestors and call themselves descendants of the Yellow Emperor. At that time, China people lived in the Central Plains and were considered to be among the four directions, so they were also called "China". Later, Chinese culture spread all over the country, and the word "China" became the name of China.

In Shang Dynasty, Pan Geng moved its capital to Yin Ruins (now Anyang County, Henan Province), and its sphere of influence has reached the North China Plain between Taihang Mountain and Taishan Mountain, which is called Yin Empire. The culture of the Yin Dynasty was quite developed, and it was called the three ancient empires with Egypt and Babylon at that time, and it was the three major cultural centers of the ancient world. In Yin Ruins, exquisite Oracle Bone Inscriptions and exquisite bronze vessels are still preserved. However, outside the three ancient empires, most human beings still live a primitive life. It can be seen that our motherland is one of the ancient civilizations in the world, and the ancient culture originated from the embrace of the Yellow River.

From Yin Dynasty to Northern Song Dynasty, the Yellow River Basin has been the political, economic and cultural center of China for nearly 2,500 years. Xi 'an (known as Chang 'an in ancient times), from the Western Han Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, had 1 1 dynasties as its capital, which lasted for more than1/00 years. It not only made an important contribution to the economic and cultural development in ancient China, but also left an immortal chapter for international economic and cultural exchanges. Luoyang, which has been the capital of nine dynasties for nearly a thousand years, is called "the ancient capital of nine dynasties". Historians, scientists and writers gathered in Luoyang, leaving immortal works for China and the world cultural treasure house.

For thousands of years, the Yellow River valley was the center of feudal rule, and the struggle of the broad masses of working people against oppression was also continuous. Chen Sheng and Guangwu in the late Qin Dynasty, Red Eyebrows, Bronze Horses and Yellow Scarves in the Han Dynasty, Wagang Army in the late Sui Dynasty, Huang Chao and Wang Xianzhi in the Tang Dynasty and Li Zicheng and Zhang in the late Ming Dynasty all staged magnificent historical dramas in this land of the Yellow River Basin. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region was a reliable revolutionary base for the people of China until the great People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded.

In the long historical years, the Yellow River has nurtured the Chinese nation. Chinese sons and daughters have created splendid ancient culture. We are proud of the Yellow River and sing for it.

Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the word "river" was basically the proper name of the Yellow River, and the river was called "Sichuan" or "water" (but there were exceptions, such as the book of Mountains and Seas, which said: "Kunlun Mountain runs across Wan Li, with a height of 1,000 miles, reaching 50,000 miles in Shan Hao, surrounded by Qinghe, Baihe and Heihe." ) The word "Yellow River" can't be found in the pre-Qin literature, and the statement of the Yellow River can't be found in the full text of Historical Records written by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. According to the textual research of scholar Li Erong, the word Yellow River first appeared in the explanation of "Yuanshi County in Changshan County" in the Geography of Hanshu written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word "yellow" of the Yellow River is used to describe the turbidity of the river. It has long been recorded in ancient books: "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Eight Years" in the Warring States Period, the son of Zheng quoted Yizhou as saying: "Initiate the river to be clear, life is geometric!" ; "Erya Shi Shui" records that "the river flows out of Kunlun, the color is white, and the canal is 1701 rivers, and the color is yellow."

Xinghu Lake in the upper reaches of the Yellow River consists of a large number of Shui Bo and Haizi, such as Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake. Under the sunshine, countless lakes and swamps in Xinghu Lake are dazzling, just like proud peacocks, very beautiful and spectacular. Therefore, local Tibetan residents call this section of the Yellow River "rma chu", which means "Peacock River". Maqu County, Gansu Province is named after this reach.

Hydrological characteristics

source

The Yellow River originated in bayan har, Qinghai, but the real source is still controversial. Historically, people's understanding of the source of the Yellow River has a process.

"Shangshu Gong Yu" once recorded that "the stone is accumulated by drawing water from the river, but as for Longmen", and "the stone is accumulated" is located in Qingshan, Anima, near Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai Province, which is still far from the source of the Yellow River. It is recorded in Shan Hai Jing and Er Ya that the river flows from Kunlun. After Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty, it was said that the Yellow River originated in Khotan, flowed to Yanze in the east, then flowed underground, and flowed to the source of the river in the south (see Biography of Dawan in Historical Records). These statements are not accurate, but they continued until the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people gradually established a correct understanding of the source of the Yellow River. In the fifth year of Yang Di the Great (609), Tuguhun was destroyed and later moved to Heyuan County, which is now part of Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, indicating that people know that the Yellow River originated here. In the ninth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (635), in order to quell the Tuguhun rebellion, Li Jing, Hou, Li Daozong and other generals once led troops to the area around the Star Sea. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty contains them "visiting the stars, Suzhou, Dabahai, Jishishan and Heyuan." . Xinghai has been called the source of the Yellow River since the Tang and Song Dynasties.

In the Yuan Dynasty, people began to make field trips to the source of the Yellow River. In the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty (1280), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu sent Du Shi and others to explore the source of the Yellow River and made a detailed investigation of the area around Xingsuhai. 13 15, Pan Anxiao wrote a book "Heyuan Zhi" based on his investigation in Du Fu's poems, clearly pointing out that the Yellow River originated in the southwest of the Star Sea, where "there are more than 100 wells with water gushing from the ground".

In the 43rd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1704), Emperor Kangxi ordered Laxi and Lan Shu to explore the source of the Yellow River. When they arrived in Xinghai, they found that there were three rivers in the upper reaches of Xinghai, but they didn't catch up with the source. After Lacey and Lan Shu returned to Beijing, they drew a map of Heyuan, and Lan Shu also wrote a record of Heyuan. At the end of Kangxi, a nationwide topographic survey was organized. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (17 17), Lama Chu Er Qin Zangbo, Lamu Zhanba and the president of the hospital were sent to Heyuan area for investigation. This trip "crosses the source of the river and involves Wan Li". After returning to Beijing, the survey results are drawn into the imperial map. This mapping also explored and mapped the source of the river above Xinghai.

In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty (1782), Amitabha, the bodyguard of Mingmen in Qianlong, paid tribute to Heyuan. Amitabha arrived 300 miles west of Xinghai and made a field survey of three rivers in the upper reaches of Xinghai. It is determined that Allerstam Guole River (now Kaliqu) in the southwest of Xinghai is the upstream source of the Yellow River.

/kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, western explorers and geographers went deep into the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to carry out investigation activities. They also went to Heyuan to collect natural and cultural materials, such as Aka, Indian, Doutole and Oren, French, PuR Val, snook, kozlov, Faessler and Tepel.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he visited the source of the Yellow River many times. From 65438 to 0952, organized by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission and led by Xiang Lizhi and Dong Zaihua, the source of the Yellow River was explored for several months. Heyuan exploration team determined that Yuegu Zonglequ is the main source of the Yellow River, and Yahe Lada Heze Mountain is its source, with Ering Lake above and Zhaling Lake below. This result is not consistent with the previous investigation results, which has caused controversy in academic circles, but the statement that the Yellow River originated from Zonglie Canal in Yuegu is widely circulated. During the period of 1978, Qinghai Province invited relevant scientific research professionals from the central and local governments to make another field trip to the headwaters of the Yellow River and the two lakes of Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake, and confirmed that Kaliqu was the main source of the Yellow River, with Zhaling Lake above and Eling Lake below. From 198 1 to 1982, scholar Yang traveled all over the Yellow River on foot. He thinks that the farthest source of the Yellow River is the love song of Lalang, which started from bayan har Ridge, which is 30.5km longer than that of Bjorgu Zonglie Song and 1 1.9km longer than that of Kari Song. From 65438 to 0985, the Yellow River Conservancy Committee confirmed Maqu as the main source of the Yellow River according to historical traditions and opinions of various factions, and set up a sign of the source of the Yellow River in Maqu Fruit Tree in the southwest corner of the Yogu Zonglie Basin.

The three tributaries of Xinghai Shangyuan are Zhaqu, Yuegu Zonglie and Kariqu. Zhaqu, located in the northernmost part, originated in Cha Hasila Mountain. This river is 70 kilometers long and narrow, with few tributaries and limited water, and it is cut off for most of the year. Yoguliequ is located in the west of Xinghai, among the three upstream sources, and originated in the southwest corner of Yoguliezong Basin, with an altitude of 4,750 meters. The water volume is very small, and it is a stream with a width of 1.0- 1.5 meters and a depth of 0. 1-0.2 meters. Kaliqu, a tributary in the south, originated at the northern foot of Geziya Mountain, a branch of bayan har, with an altitude of 4,800 meters. Five springs gushed out of the valley and merged into a small river with a width of about 3 meters, a depth of 0.3-0.5 meters and a flow rate of about 3 meters per second. This river has water all the year round. Yueguzong Liequ and Kariqu merged at the source of the Yellow River to form the original river Maqu, which was then injected into Xinghai. According to the aerial survey of1:100000, the length of Kazqu is 25 kilometers longer than that of Beyogul Zongqu. Kariqu basin covers an area of 3 126 square kilometers, and Yuegu Zonglequ basin covers an area of 2,372 square kilometers. Near the intersection of Kariqu and Guzong Liequ, the measured flow of Kariqu is 6.3 m3/s, and that of Yogu Liequ is 2.5m3/s. Through the investigation of the source of 1978 Yellow River, it is determined that Kariqu is the main source of the Yellow River.

Flood season: The Yellow River has two flood seasons every year. The flood season is summer, and the incoming water is mainly upstream rainstorm, which may last for 3-4 months. The small flood season is from March to April in spring, and the incoming water is mainly the melting of ice and snow in the upper reaches, which lasts for a short time. Because peach blossoms are in full bloom every year, it is also called peach blossom flood season.

boundary