This period is from the 8th century BC to the 5th century A.D./KLOC-0, which is the embryonic period of physics. Whether in the east or in the west, physics is still in the embryonic stage of pre-science, and strictly speaking, it can not be called "learning". On the one hand, physical knowledge is contained in philosophy, such as Greek natural philosophy; on the other hand, it is embodied in various technologies, such as ancient science and technology in China. Physics in this period has the following characteristics: the research methods are mainly superficial observation, intuitive speculation and formal logic deduction; On the knowledge level, it is basically a description of phenomena, a superficial summary of experience and speculation; The content mainly includes the exploration of the origin of matter, celestial movement, statics, optics and other related knowledge, among which statics is well developed; The development speed is relatively slow, and the social function is not obvious. For the west, physics in this period can be divided into two stages, namely, the ancient Greek-Roman stage and the medieval stage. [1] Ancient Greece-Rome stage (8th century BC to 5th century AD). There are mainly the atomism of ancient Greece, the mechanics of Archimedes (287-2 BC12) and the astronomy of Ptolemy (90- 168). [2] The Middle Ages (5th century to15th century). It mainly includes AL-Hazen's optics and impulse theory (about 965- 1038).

2. The period of modern physics

This period is from16th century to19th century, which is the birth, development and perfection of classical physics. Physics and philosophy separated, embarked on the road of independent development, and quickly formed a relatively complete and rigorous scientific system of classical physics. Physics in this period has the following characteristics: the research method is the combination of experiment and mathematics, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction; At the knowledge level, relatively systematic and rigorous scientific theories and experiments have been produced. Form a relatively complete and rigorous scientific system of classical physics in content; Its rapid development speed and obvious social function have promoted the rapid development of capitalist production and society. Physics in this period can be subdivided into three stages. [1] Initial stage (16th century to17th century). A "scientific revolution" broke out mainly in the fields of astronomy and mechanics, and Newtonian mechanics was born. [2] The gradual stage of digestion (18th century). Analytical mechanics has been established, and great progress has been made in optics, thermodynamics and electrostatics. [3] The heyday (19th century). Wave optics, thermodynamics, molecular motion theory and electromagnetism have been established one after another, perfecting the classical physics system.

3. The period of modern physics

This period is from the end of 19 to the present, which is the birth and revolutionary development period of modern physics. The research field of physics has been greatly expanded, the experimental means and equipment have been enhanced as never before, and the theoretical basis has made a qualitative leap. Physics in this period has the following characteristics: it relies more on large-scale experiments, highly abstract rational thinking and international cooperation and exchange in research methods; In the field of cognition, it has expanded to micro (10- 13) and cosmology (20 billion light years) and the new field of high-speed motion close to the speed of light, which has changed people's understanding of matter, motion, space-time and causality. It develops very fast, and its social function is remarkable, which promotes the rapid development of society. Physics in this period can be roughly divided into two stages. [1] Revolution and Foundation Stage (1895 to 1927). The establishment of relativity and quantum mechanics laid the foundation of modern physics. [2] The rapid development stage (1927) produced sub-disciplines such as quantum field theory, nuclear physics, particle physics, semiconductor physics, modern cosmology and modern physical technology. 1. The embryonic period of mathematics (before 600 BC); 2. The period of elementary mathematics (from 600 BC to1mid-7th century); 3. The period of variable mathematics (1mid-7th century to11920s); 4. Modern Mathematics Period (65438+11920s to World War II); 5. The period of modern mathematics (from the 1940s). Mathematics, which originated from the early production activities of human beings, is one of the six great arts in ancient China, and is also regarded as the starting point of philosophy by ancient Greek scholars. Mathematics in Greek, μ α θ η μ α ι κ (Mathematickó s), which means "the basis of learning", comes from μ? θξμα(máthema) ("science, knowledge and learning"). The evolution of mathematics can be regarded as the continuous development of abstraction and the extension of subject matter. The first abstract concept is probably number, and its cognition that two apples and two oranges have something in common is a great breakthrough in human thought. In addition to knowing how to calculate the number of actual substances, prehistoric humans also learned how to calculate the number of abstract substances, such as time-date, season and year. Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) will naturally occur. Ancient stone tablets also confirmed the knowledge of geometry at that time. In addition, writing or other systems that can record numbers are needed, such as Mu Fu or chips used by the Inca Empire to store data. There are many different counting systems in history. Since the historical era, the main principles in mathematics have been formed, which are used for tax and trade calculation, for understanding the relationship between numbers, for measuring land and predicting astronomical events. These needs can be simply summarized as the study of quantity, structure, space and time in mathematics. By16th century, elementary mathematics, such as arithmetic, elementary algebra and trigonometry, had been basically completed. The appearance of the concept of variables in the17th century made people begin to study the relationship between variables and the mutual transformation between graphs. In the process of studying classical mechanics, the method of calculus was invented. With the further development of natural science and technology, set theory and mathematical logic, which are produced for studying the basis of mathematics, have also begun to develop slowly. Mathematics has been continuously extended since ancient times, and has rich interaction with science, and both of them have benefited a lot. There are many discoveries in mathematics in history, and they are still being discovered today. According to Mikhail B. Sevryuk's record in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society of June 5438+ 10, 2006: "Since 1940 (the first year of mathematical review), the number of papers and books in the database of mathematical reviews has exceeded1900,000, with an annual increase of more than 750,000. Most of this learning sea is a new mathematical theorem and its proof. "