Key knowledge points in senior two history 1
Lesson 6 Renaissance and Reformation
Basic explanation
First, the seeds of Italian capitalism
The background of the Renaissance:
(1) Towels appeared in famous industrial and commercial cities such as Florence and Venice. In the fierce competition, policies to encourage industrial and commercial development have been introduced one after another, which has promoted economic and social development, and the seeds of capitalism have emerged.
(2) The emerging bourgeoisie wants to create wealth, and they attach importance to creating wealth by improving production technology and management methods.
(3) The church strictly controls the development of cultural thoughts.
Second, the Renaissance.
1, nature: bourgeois ideological liberation movement. Propagandize new bourgeois ideas in the name of ancient culture.
2. Core: the meaning of human soil. It advocates taking people as the center rather than God as the center, thinks that people are the creators and masters of real life, and demands affirmation of human value and dignity.
3. Performance: First of all, in the field of literature and art. ..
4. On behalf of:
(1) Boccaccio, a famous writer in the Renaissance, is his masterpiece decameron.
. The author criticizes feudal morality and the abstinence thought of the church, advocates human equality and advocates the development of human personality.
(2) Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio were called "three outstanding literary figures" in the Renaissance. Dante took the lead in expressing his disgust at the ugly phenomenon of the church in his long poem Divine Comedy. Petrarch's masterpiece is songji. He first proposed to replace "God's knowledge" with "human knowledge" and was called "the father of humanism".
(3) reach？ Finch and other art masters have created many outstanding works, sweeping away the rigid and introverted religious atmosphere in the Middle Ages.
5, the expansion of the Renaissance:
/kloc-After the 6th century, it spread from Italy to other European countries, and more and more people were liberated from feudal ignorance and began to pay more attention to people and the world they lived in.
Third, the religious reform
1, reason:
(1) The Renaissance made the authority of the Catholic Church questioned, and the desire to reform the church became stronger and stronger.
(2) The Catholic Church is very strong in divided Germany. The church not only ruled Germany spiritually, but also plundered a lot of wealth from Germany.
Therefore, it is called "the Pope's Cattle".
(3) The Pope sold atonement vouchers in the name of subsidizing the renovation of churches, which intensified the contradiction.
2.martin? Luther reform:
(1) Martin? Luther's "Ninety-five Outline" listed all kinds of lies and fallacies in selling atonement vouchers, which opened the prelude to the religious reform.
(2) Martin Luther's thought holds that as long as there is sincere belief, the soul can be saved and there is no need to buy a redemption ticket.
(3) Influence: The Reformation rose in many parts of Europe, and these sects are collectively called Protestantism. Protestantism includes Calvinism and Anglican besides Lutheranism. Deny the authority of the Vatican and insist that the state power is higher than the church. People began to get rid of the superstition of the Roman church, emancipated their minds, and humanism was further spread and developed.
Key knowledge points of history in senior two II.
Lesson 7 Enlightenment
Basic explanation
First, the arrival of the rational era.
1, reason:
(1) The driving force of the Renaissance.
(2) Significant progress has been made in natural science.
(3) With the development of capitalism, the emerging bourgeoisie is increasingly eager to get rid of feudal autocratic rule and church oppression.
2. Representative figures: Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau and many other enlightenment thinkers.
3. Ideas:
(1) Enlightenment thinkers were not satisfied with respect for human nature, but demanded human liberation, which further developed humanism.
(2) They deny all external authority and think that the only criterion for judging right or wrong is the "rationality" of people themselves.
"Reason" is the core of the Enlightenment.
4. Influence: Enlightenment thinkers called for rational sunshine to dispel the darkness of reality and strive to build a beautiful era of democracy and science. With vivid words, they lashed out at the authority and superstition of the Catholic Church, opposed tyranny and ignorance, advocated science, freedom and peace, and promoted ideological emancipation.
Second, the French Enlightenment thinkers
1, French Enlightenment leader Voltaire.
2. Ideas:
(1) lashed out at the Catholic Church, calling the Pope a "biped" and calling on the people to crush the evil forces of the Church.
(2) Oppose absolute monarchy and advocate constitutional monarchy;
(3) He advocates "natural human rights" and believes that people are born equal and free.
(4) He believes that the law should be based on human nature, and everyone is equal before the law.
3. Montesquieu:
(1) opposes absolute monarchy and puts forward the theory of "separation of powers".
(2) Influence: Montesquieu denied the rationality of feudal autocracy and laid the theoretical foundation of bourgeois state and law. His masterpiece is On the Spirit of Law.
4. Rousseau:
(1) is the author of On Social Contract, which expounds the ideas of "natural human rights" and "people's sovereignty".
(2) He believes that the sovereignty of the country belongs to the people, and the power of the ruler comes from the contract he signed with the people. If he goes against public opinion, the people have the right to overthrow him.
(3) Rousseau also believes that the root of human inequality is private property ownership.
Third, the expansion of the Enlightenment.
1, Kant: a famous German philosopher, who wrote works such as Critique of Pure Reason and made a classic summary of the Enlightenment.
2. Evaluation: The Enlightenment is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement, which further emancipated people's minds, impacted the feudal autocratic system in Europe and spread the idea of freedom and equality. The influence of the Enlightenment went far beyond Europe and greatly inspired the struggle of colonial and semi-colonial people for national independence. Enlightenment has become a spiritual weapon for people to pursue liberation and played an important role in the development of human history.
Key knowledge points of high school history 3
Lesson 8 Inventions and Discoveries in Ancient China
Basic explanation
I. Four Great Inventions
Overview: Gunpowder, compass, papermaking and movable type printing are the most representative scientific and technological achievements in ancient China.
2. The emergence and spread of the four great inventions:
(1) papermaking. In the early Western Han Dynasty, China already had paper. Cai Lun, the eunuch of the Eastern Han Dynasty, improved papermaking and called it "Cai Hou Paper". The invention and improvement of papermaking is a great revolution in writing materials.
(2) printing. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, block printing appeared in China. Song dynasty is the golden age of block printing, and people have used color overprinting technology. Bi Sheng, a commoner in the Northern Song Dynasty, invented movable type printing with cement.
(3) gunpowder. At the end of the Tang dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military. The earliest gunpowder weapons were muskets, rockets and artillery. In order to resist the attacks of Liao, Xixia and Jin, gunpowder was widely used in Song Dynasty.
(4) compass. The earliest guiding instrument in the world was Sina invented by China during the Warring States Period. Later, people used the characteristics of magnetic conductivity to make a compass. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the compass was used for navigation.
(5) communication.
A papermaking technique was introduced into Europe by Arabs, which promoted the development of European culture.
The introduction of gunpowder into Europe promoted the development of gunpowder weapons in Europe and accelerated the decline of feudal system in Europe.
The use of C-compass promoted ocean navigation and ushered in the era of geographical discovery.
D Europeans also borrowed from China's printing technology and built their own movable type printing machines, which promoted the Renaissance and religious reform, and promoted ideological emancipation and social progress.
Second, "Nine Chapters Arithmetic" and abacus calculation
1, Nine Chapters Arithmetic was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which adopted the most advanced decimal notation in the world at that time and was the most advanced applied mathematics work in the world at that time. It marks the formation of a complete mathematical system centered on calculation in ancient China.
2. abacus
Pearl algorithm composes smoothly, with decimal notation, and the operation is flying. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the application of abacus was popularized and developed. By the Ming Dynasty, the bead algorithm had spread to Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia and even other parts of the world.
Three, stone catalog and armillary sphere
1, China is one of the earliest countries in the development of astronomy.
2. The astronomical observation records in ancient China are recognized as the oldest and most systematic in the world.
3. Compiled the earliest catalog in the world.
4. The stone catalog is the oldest existing catalog in the world, which holds the equatorial coordinate data of more than 100 stars, and has important reference value for astronomical research.
In order to better observe the astronomical phenomena, many advanced astronomical observation instruments were created in ancient China, such as armillary sphere and simple instruments.
Fourth, Chronological Calendar and Four Agricultural Books.
1, China Xia Dynasty had a calendar called "Xia Zhengxiao", which was improved to "Lunar Calendar" in Shang Dynasty.
2. In Yuan Dynasty, Guo Shoujing compiled Timekeeping Calendar, which was the best calendar in ancient China.
3. Four agricultural books.
(1) the imperial edict of Xi in the Western Han Dynasty;
(2) The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty;
(3) Wang Zhen's agricultural books in Yuan Dynasty;
(4) The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration by Xu Guangqi in Ming Dynasty;
(5) Features: It is one of the four outstanding agricultural books in ancient China.
The Book of Qi Yao Min is the earliest, the most complete and the most systematic ancient agricultural scientific work in China.
Five, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Compendium of Materia Medica
1. Huangdi Neijing compiled by the Western Han Dynasty is the foundation stone of Chinese medicine.
2. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing's monograph Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Creatively put forward the method of syndrome differentiation and treatment, which laid the theoretical foundation of clinical science of traditional Chinese medicine in later generations, and was praised as "eternal treasure book" by later doctors.
3. Li Shizhen's magnum opus Compendium of Materia Medica has made outstanding contributions to the development of traditional Chinese medicine. It is a systematic summary of traditional Chinese medicine before16th century. Known as the "Oriental Medical Grand Ceremony".
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