This theory is quite convincing in daily life. I go east and you go west, but the post office is still in place: the frame of reference remains the same. However, Leibniz, a German mathematician and philosopher who was contemporary with Newton, did not believe in the concept of absolute space, and thought that if many objects that made up the universe disappeared, space would no longer have any meaning. In fact, Leibniz's theory will be more valid if you take space as the observation object, because in space, all you can notice is the distance between you and the sun and the relative motion between many planets. Leibniz believes that the only reasonable explanation is that space is "relative": space is only the ever-changing distance between you and other objects, and the distance between other objects, not "absolute reality".
This is just the opposite of Newton's view. The influence of absolute space is easy to observe, and Newton also proved this through the rotating barrel experiment. This experiment sounds simple, but it has caused an endless debate about space, time, motion, acceleration and intensity.
In principle, Newton made people imagine a bucket of water hanging by a rope. Turn the bucket clockwise and the rope will start to tighten. What happens when you let go? The bucket will turn counterclockwise, first slowly and then quickly. At the same time, as Newton described, "the water surface will drop from the center and rise on the barrel wall, just like a funnel." At first, the bucket and water rotate at the same time. Finally, the bucket slows down and rotates in the opposite direction. The rotation speed of water also slows down, and the water level gradually returns to the level.
The centrifugal force learned by high school students is related to this experiment, but what makes water rise along the barrel wall? Newton thought that it was not water compared with a bucket.
Exercise, because when the water rotates the most, the water surface changes the most, which is synchronous with the bucket. Of course, the bucket and water rotate relative to the earth, but this is not the answer, because if the same experiment is carried out in space, the result is the same.
In Newton's view, the only explanation of bucket experiment is that water rotates relative to absolute space. This is also related to inertial force, which repels any change in the speed and direction of the object. When the bucket and water rotate, the bucket wall blocks the linear motion of the water and pushes it upward along the bucket wall.
Why does the object itself have inertial force? Austrian physicist Mach believes that any explanation of motion and inertia force, including the motion of water in a bucket, is related to other substances in the universe. In Mach's view, the earth itself is also an enlarged version of the bucket: since the formation of the solar system billions of years ago, the earth has started to rotate, and the equator has also "protruded" like the water in the rotating bucket.
If the earth stops spinning and the surrounding planets and stars revolve around it, will the equator still stand out?
Newton's answer was no: without rotation, there would be no protrusion. But Mach thinks the answer depends on where the inertial force of the object comes from. If the inertial force of an object is the result of some action produced by many substances in the universe, then the planet will still stand out because other planets and stars are still rotating around it. This is Mach's theory of relativity: not only is motion relative, but inertial force is also the relationship between objects and other objects in the universe. If Mach's view is correct, stars and galaxies, far or near, have shaped the shape of the earth and the funnel shape of water in Newton's bucket experiment in a sense. But Mach didn't explain how distant stars and galaxies worked. Even today, the answer is still very unclear.
Young Einstein may be Mach's most loyal reader. He tried to name this idea Mach principle and combine it with his theory of gravity-general relativity.
The great success of Einstein's theory is the final blow to Newton's absolute space. But there is no absolute space, we still have to consider how to explain Newton's barrel experiment. In his best-selling book The Structure of the Universe, physicist brian green pointed out that although Einstein's theory ruled out Newton's absolute space, it still showed that the four-dimensional space structure of space-time was absolute. People may disagree about the duration of the parade or the distance between parades, but there is no disagreement about the time-space distance between the starting point and the end point of the parade. This is hard to imagine, because we can't see four dimensions at the same time, but Einstein's theoretical formula can prove it.
However, this is not Green's final judgment on matter. Physicists believe that the Higgs field, which gives particles mass, fills the whole universe. Although Einstein's space-time can be used as a frame of reference for measuring acceleration, the Higgs field is better: it produces resistance to anything passing through it, which can explain why objects have inertia force from the beginning.
Another idea came from paul davis, a physicist at Arizona State University. He pointed out that "empty" space is actually a short boiling bubble formed by subatomic particles bouncing in or out, and thought that this kind of quantum "vacuum frolicking" could replace absolute space.
Now, physicists and philosophers are still puzzled by Newton's barrel experiments on space and motion, mass and inertia force. Something makes water rise along the barrel wall, but it remains to be seen whether it is the space-time structure, Higgs field or some kind of quantum bubble.
The universe originated in one dimension? Although the existing standard model of particle physics can explain most of the universe, the high-energy state after the big bang failed. This is a fatal problem. For example, the standard model can't explain why the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate and can't connect the physical laws of macro and micro objects. Most theoretical physicists believe that this defect means that high-energy states have produced new physical laws, which may include new particles and extra invisible dimensions.
Greg landsberg, a physicist at Brown University, and his colleagues proposed a simple method to make the standard model suitable for high-energy situations: making the dimensions of the universe disappear. If the hot newborn universe has only one dimension, it will gain more dimensions as it expands and cools, then some physical diseases will be magically cured.
Landsberg proposed that the reduced-dimensional universe should be imagined as a hand-woven tapestry. This tapestry depicts a scene of a three-dimensional world, and the perspective of people and scenery is the same as reality. But if you approach it, you will find that it is more and more like a two-dimensional cloth. Looking under a magnifying glass, it is actually a one-dimensional line combined in a complicated way.