1, Shuijing Notes
Notes on Water Classics is a masterpiece of ancient geography in China, with a total of 40 volumes. The author is Li Daoyuan in the late Northern Wei Dynasty.
The water mirror annotation is named after the water mirror annotation. The book Water Mirror is about 10,000 words, and the Notes on Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty says that it "draws water from the world, 137". Water Mirror Notes looks like water mirror notes, but in fact, it takes water mirror as the key link and records more than 1000 rivers and related historical sites, stories, myths and legends in detail. It is the most comprehensive and systematic comprehensive geographical work in ancient China.
The book also records a large number of stone tablet ink and fishing songs and folk songs, with gorgeous words and beautiful language, which has high literary value. Because most of the documents cited in the book have been lost, Zhu has preserved a lot of materials, which is of great reference value for studying the ancient history and geography of China.
2. Agricultural management encyclopedia
The Book of Agricultural Administration was written in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, which basically covered all aspects of agricultural production and people's life in China in the Ming Dynasty, and there was a basic idea running through it, that is, Xu Guangqi's thought of "agricultural administration" to govern the country and protect the people. Carrying out this idea is the characteristic that distinguishes Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration from other large agricultural books.
Because the working people in ancient China accumulated thousands of years of farming experience, they left a wealth of agricultural works. Most pre-Qin books have agricultural chapters. Other large-scale agricultural books, whether Qi Yao Min's Book by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty or Wang Zhen's agricultural books in the Yuan Dynasty, are purely technical agricultural books. Although they focus on the concept of agriculture, they focus on production technology and knowledge.
3. Chapter 9 Arithmetic
Nine Chapters of Arithmetic is the first mathematical monograph in ancient China, and it is the most important of the ten classic computational works formed around the first century. Its author can no longer be examined. It is generally believed that it has gradually become the final version after several generations of supplement and modification. Zhang Cang and Geng Shouchang in the Western Han Dynasty had been supplemented and sorted out, and they were generally finalized at that time.
The last book was in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty at the latest, and most of them were Notes to Nine Chapters written by Wei Yuan, Jing Yuan and Liu Hui in the Three Kingdoms Period (263).
The book is very rich in content and summarizes the mathematical achievements in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. At the same time, Nine Chapters Arithmetic has its unique achievements in mathematics. It not only mentioned the problem of score at the earliest, but also recorded the problem of surplus and deficiency at the earliest. Zhang Equation also expounded the negative number and its addition and subtraction algorithm for the first time in the history of world mathematics.
It is a comprehensive historical work and the most concise and effective applied mathematics in the world at that time. Its appearance marks the formation of a complete system of ancient mathematics in China.
4. Qi Yaomin's book
The Book of Qi Yao Min was written in the late Northern Wei Dynasty (533 -544 AD). It is a comprehensive agricultural work written by Jia Sixie, an outstanding agronomist from Northern Wei Dynasty to Southern Song Dynasty to Liang Dynasty. It is also one of the earliest monographs in the world agricultural history and the earliest complete agricultural book in China.
The book consists of 92 articles, with a volume of 10. It systematically summarizes the working people's experiences in agriculture and animal husbandry, grain processing and storage, utilization of wild plants and drought-resistant methods in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River before the 6th century, and introduces in detail the seasons, climate and the relationship between different soils and different crops. Known as "China Ancient Agricultural Encyclopedia".
5, "Meng Qian Bi Tan"
Meng Qian Bi Tan is a comprehensive note work written by Shen Kuo (1031-1095), a scientist and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty, which involves natural science, technology and social and historical phenomena in ancient China. This book is also very valuable in the world, and it was appraised as "a milestone in the history of science in China" by the British historian Joseph Needham.
According to the oldest extant Dade block print, Meng Qian Bi Tan is divided into 30 volumes, including 26 volumes of Bi Tan, 3 volumes of Bu Bi Tan and Continued Bi Tan 1 volume. There are 17 items and 609 articles in the book. The content involves astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and other disciplines, which is of great value.
The natural science part of the book summarizes the scientific achievements of China in ancient times, especially in the Northern Song Dynasty. In terms of social history, it exposed the decay of the ruling clique in the Northern Song Dynasty, and recorded in detail the military interests of the northwest and the north, the evolution of the etiquette system, and the drawbacks of the old tax system.
6. Travel Notes of Xu Xiake
Xu Xiake's Travel Notes is a prose travel note created by the geographer Xu Xiake in Ming Dynasty. On the basis of the original manuscript, Ren Shou School and Ji continued to write the manuscript, which was completed in the fifteenth year of Chongzhen (1642).
Xu Xiake's travel notes mainly recorded the author's travel observation from 16 13 to 1639, and recorded the phenomena of geography, hydrology, geology and plants in detail.
Xu Xiake's Travels is a pioneering work to systematically investigate the geomorphology and geology of China, and also depicts the scenic resources of great rivers and mountains in China. In addition, its beautiful words make it a literary masterpiece with important geographical and literary value.
7. Compendium of Materia Medica
Compendium of Materia Medica, 52 volumes. Li Shizhen (Dongbi) in Ming Dynasty was written in the 31st year of Jiajing (1552) to the 6th year of Wanli (1578), and it was revised three times. This book is written in the style of "following the outline", so it is named "Outline". Revise it based on Zheng Ben Cao. The preface (volume 1, 2) is equivalent to the general introduction, which describes the main references of materia medica and the theory of medicinal properties.
Volume 1 Materia Medica of Past Dynasties introduces 4 1 species of main materia medica before the Ming Dynasty. The second time, I collected the discourses about the yin-yang smell of drugs, five taboos, specimen yin-yang, ups and downs, reinforcing and reducing, quoting classics, and various drug taboos before the Ming Dynasty, most of which were in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties.
Volumes 3 ~ 4 are "Indicating Drugs for All Diseases", which follow the old example of "General Drugs for All Diseases" in "Materia Medica of Syndrome Types", and list the names and main functions of indications with evil as the key link, which is equivalent to a manual of clinical medication. Volumes 5-52 are all about the theory, including 1892 kinds of drugs, and the attached figure is 1 109 kinds. Its general example is "there is no difference between the three products, but one after another;" Things follow the class, eyes follow the outline. "
Among them, 16 series (water, fire, soil, stone, grass, valley, vegetable, fruit, wood, utensils, insects, scales, vectors, birds, animals and people) are scored as 60 categories. According to "from micro to giant" and "from humble to expensive", every department is convenient to search, which embodies the idea of biological evolution and development. There are 60 categories under the Ministry, and many creatures belonging to the same family are often arranged in each category.
Each drug is marked as the outline and listed as the purpose, that is, a drug has the following eight items (that is, "things"). Among them, "Shi Ming" lists aliases to illustrate the significance of naming; "Centralized solution" introduces the production, form and collection of drugs; "Distinguish doubts" (or "right and wrong"), collect the theories of various schools, and distinguish and correct drug doubts and mistakes.
"Xiuzhi" refers to the method of firing; "Smell", "indication" and "invention" explain the theory of medicinal properties, prompt the main points of medication, and give each author's personal views; "Attached prescription" refers to diseases and lists relevant prescriptions.
8. "Heavenly Creativeness"
"Heavenly Creations" was first published in 1637 (Ding Chou in the tenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty), with three volumes and eighteen articles. The book covers the production technologies of machinery, bricks, ceramics, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textiles, printing and dyeing, salt making, coal mining, oil extraction and other agricultural and handicraft industries.
Heavenly Creations is the first comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production in the world. It is a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China. Others call it an encyclopedic work. The writer is Song, a scientist in Ming Dynasty. Foreign scholars call it "China17th century craft encyclopedia".
In the book, the author emphasizes that human beings should live in harmony with nature and human resources should cooperate with natural forces. It is the most abundant historical data of science and technology in China. It focuses more on handicrafts and reflects the productive forces of capitalism in China in the late Ming Dynasty.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Tiangong Wu Kai
Baidu encyclopedia-compendium of materia medica
Baidu Encyclopedia-Travel Notes of Xu Xiake
Baidu encyclopedia-Meng Qian's pen talk
Baidu Encyclopedia-Qi Yao Min Shu
Baidu Encyclopedia-Nine Chapters Arithmetic
Baidu Encyclopedia-Agricultural Encyclopedia
Baidu Encyclopedia-Water Margin