A map is a graph or image that selectively represents some phenomena of the earth (or other planets) on a plane or a sphere in a two-dimensional or multi-dimensional form and means according to certain laws. It has a strict mathematical foundation, symbol system and text annotation, and can scientifically reflect the distribution characteristics of natural and socio-economic phenomena and their relationships by using the principle of map synthesis.

At present, the definition of map is: a symbolic image model or a graphic mathematical model that reflects the objective reality with certain mathematical rules (that is, patterning), symbolization and abstraction.

Edit the brief history of this paragraph.

In prehistoric times, the ancients knew to use symbols to record or explain their living environment, route and so on. The earliest map that people can find now is the map of Babylon carved on pottery (as shown in figure 0 1-0 1). According to textual research, this is a map of Babylon and its surrounding environment more than 4500 years ago. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers originate in the northern mountainous areas and flow to the swamps in the south.

The ancient map that has survived to this day is the map of Nipur Town, which was drawn in 1500 BC. It was discovered in a clay tablet excavated by the University of Pennsylvania at Nipur Site (now Nifar, Iraq) at the end of 19 (as shown in Figure 0 1-02). The center of the map is the name of Nipur city marked in Sumerian, and the Euphrates River is in the southwest. The canal in the city divides Nipur into two parts, with walls on three sides, but the eastern part is unknown due to the defect of clay tablets. The city walls are painted with gates marked with names, and there are moats marked with names in the north and south of the city, with the Euphrates River as the barrier in the west. There are temples and parks in the city, but there are no signs of residential areas. The map scale is about1:1.2000.

There are also maps of gold mines drawn by ancient Egyptians on reeds from BC 1330 to BC 13 17.

? China's records and legends about maps can be traced back to 4000 years ago. Zuo Zhuan recorded the Jiuding map of Xia Dynasty. The Book of Changes, an ancient book, records the river map and Luo Shu map, indicating the origin of China's books. There are 17 records about maps in Zhou Li handed down from ancient times, which are similar to Zhou Guanzhong's maps. "Local official Situ Da Situ" "Building a state with a map, the number of people helps the king protect the state. With the map of the world, know the area of Kyushu, know the number of wide wheels, distinguish the name of its mountains and hills, and despise the number of its countries, so that its country can stand. " And the owner of the tree "local official Si Tuleideng Si Tuleideng Jr." and "where people sue officials, land is not as good as power, and land litigation is to correct it"; Situ Tuxun Local Officials and Mastering Maps to Inform Local Affairs Guan Chun Zongbo Zuren and Xia Guan Sima Sixian take the map of Kyushu to know the obstacles of its mountains and rivers and reach its way. Xia Guan Sima Zhi's Fang family ""holds the map of the world, holds the land of the world, distinguishes its status, the people are four barbarians and eight barbarians, seven Fu Jian eight raccoons, five Rong and six Di, and its wealth is important. "In June, 20438+0954, archaeologists from China excavated bronzes in the early Western Zhou Dynasty in Yandun Mountain, Dantu County, Jiangsu Province. The inscription 120 engraved at the bottom of the book tells two maps, namely, the map of cutting merchants with a king and the map of the East. This article records that Zhou Kangwang arrived at a suitable place according to these two maps, and held a ceremony of collecting land and sealing Hou. He said: "Only in April in Ding Wei, King Wu Wang went to the province and became a king to reduce the number of businessmen, so he saved the East or (the country). This map was made in BC 1027 or later. These records are enough to show that many kinds of maps, such as land map, military map and administrative map, appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty in China, and were applied in war, transportation, taxation, engineering and other aspects. Obviously, these maps have been separated from the original map stage and have an exact scientific concept. Unfortunately, these maps have not been seen in China so far, and they need underground archaeology.

Edit this paragraph type

(1) According to its regional scope, it is divided into: world map, hemisphere map, continental map, ocean map, sea map, national (regional) map, provincial map, city and county map, etc.

(2) According to its special topics, it is divided into: natural map, population map, economic map, political map, cultural map and historical map.

(3) According to its specific application, it can be divided into: reference map, teaching map, topographic map, aviation map, navigation map, coastal map, astronomical map, traffic map, tourist map, etc.

(4) According to its use form, it can be divided into: wall chart, desktop map, atlas (book) and so on.

(5) According to its manifestations, it can be divided into miniature map, digital map, electronic map and image map.

(6) According to its printing format, it is divided into: 16 format, 8 format, 4 format, folio, full sheet, two full sheets, three full sheets, four full sheets and nine full sheets.

(7) Classification by map: atlas, electronic map, three-dimensional map, satellite map, image map, etc.

According to the content of the map, the map can be divided into three types: ordinary map, topographic map and thematic map. Universal map is a map that represents the main natural and socio-economic phenomena on the ground with the same level of detail, and can comprehensively reflect the geographical characteristics of the mapping area. Including water system, topography, soil quality, vegetation, residential areas, transportation network, boundary line and main socio-economic factors. The difference between it and topographic map is that it has some flexibility in map projection, framing, scale and representation method, and its representation content is more general than topographic map of the same scale, and its geometric accuracy is lower than topographic map. The topographic map refers to several basic national scales (1) 1: 1, 000,1:25,000,1:50,000,/kloc-0. The geometric accuracy is high, which can meet the needs of various maps. It is the basic data for national construction and the original data for compiling other maps. Thematic maps are maps that emphasize the geographical distribution of one or more natural or socio-economic phenomena, or the characteristics of some aspects of these phenomena. Thematic maps have diverse themes and serve a wide range of people. They can be further divided into natural maps and socio-economic maps.

Edit the definitions of map terms in this paragraph.

Linear ruler

The ratio of the length of a line segment on the map to the horizontal length of the corresponding line segment at that point is called the scale of the map. Its manifestations include digital scale, text scale and graphic scale. Maps with scale greater than or equal to 1: 65438+ million, 1: 100000, 1: 50000, 1: 25000,1:/kloc-0. It can be called a large-scale map. The scale is less than 1:. Maps such as1:250,000 and1:500,000 can be called medium-scale maps. Maps with scale less than or equal to 1: 1 10,000, such as 1: 1 10,000,1:2.5 million.

arrow diagram

Raster map is a raster data model based on a set of rows and columns, which describes geographical elements with a set of grids, and the value of each grid represents a realistic geographical element.

Raster data is an image data format suitable for spatial analysis and storage, but it is not suitable for discontinuous data processing.

vectogram

Vector diagram is a data model or data structure based on rectangular coordinate system, which describes geographical elements with points, lines and polygons. Each geographical element is described by a series of ordered X and Y coordinates, which are combined with attributes.

Basic principles of geodesy and cartography

The earth is an ellipsoid with an extremely complex and irregular natural surface, and the map describes various cartographic phenomena on the plane. How to establish the corresponding relationship between the surface of the earth and the map plane? In order to solve this problem, people introduced the concept of geoid, which is surrounded by geoid. The geoid is the average water surface when the sea surface is at rest under the action of gravity, and it is assumed that this surface passes through continents and islands and expands continuously to form a closed surface orthogonal to the vertical line everywhere. Because of the uneven distribution of material density in the crust, the geoid fluctuates. Although this fluctuation is not big, it is much more regular than the natural surface of the earth. However, it cannot be expressed by simple mathematical formulas. In order to meet the needs of calculation and surveying results, people choose a kind of rotating ellipsoid which is similar to the earth and can be expressed by mathematical methods, called the earth ellipsoid for short. It is a regular surface and the basis of measurement and drawing. The determination of the coordinate system of the earth's natural surface points includes two aspects: one is the projection position of the ground points on the ellipsoid of the earth, and the geographical coordinate system is adopted; The second is the vertical distance from the ground point to the geoid, using height system.

What is geodetic coordinate system?

Geodetic coordinate system is a coordinate system based on reference ellipsoid in geodesy. The position of ground points is expressed by geodetic longitude, geodetic latitude and geodetic height. The establishment of geodetic coordinate system includes selecting ellipsoid, locating ellipsoid and determining initial geodetic data. An ellipsoid whose shape, size, position and direction have been determined is called a reference ellipsoid. Once the reference ellipsoid is determined, it indicates that the geodetic coordinate system has been established.

What is 54 Beijing coordinate system?

After the founding of New China, the Beijing coordinate system of 1954 has been adopted for a long time, which is related to the geodetic coordinate system of 1942 established by the Soviet Union with Pulkov Observatory as its origin, and the corresponding ellipsoid is Krasovsky ellipsoid. By the early 1980s, China had basically completed astronomical geodesy, and the calculation showed that the 54 coordinate system was generally lower than the geoid in China, with an average error of about 29 meters.

Mapinfo Map is the desktop GIS software of Mapinfo Map Company in the United States, and it is a desktop solution for data visualization and information mapping. Based on the concept of map and its application, it adopts office automation operation, integrates various database data, integrates computer drawing methods, and uses geographic database technology to increase the analysis function of geographic information system. Formed a popular small software system, which has great practical value and can be used by all walks of life. Mapinfo map means "mapping+information", that is, map object+attribute data.

1986, mapinfo map company was established and launched its first version-mapinfo map for DOS v1.0 and its development tool MapBasic, and then launched versions 2.0 and 3.0 of dos platform. At the end of 1995, mapinfo Map Professional Edition was released. Is a desktop geographic information system based on Windows 95 and Windows NT. At present, the latest version of this software is mapinfo Map Professional Edition 8.5 and its series of software.

80 Xi 'an coordinate system

1in April, 978, the national astronomical geodetic network adjustment conference was held in Xi' an to determine the repositioning. China established a new coordinate system. Therefore, the national geodetic coordinate system was established. The basic parameter of the earth ellipsoid in the national geodetic coordinate system is 1980, which was recommended by 1975 at the 6th Congress of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. The geodetic origin of the coordinate system is located in Yongle Town, Jingyang County, Shaanxi Province, about 60 kilometers north of xi 'an Anxi. Therefore, it is called Xi 'an coordinate system 1980, also referred to as Xi 'an geodetic origin. The datum is the average sea level of the Yellow Sea 1952- 1979 (i.e. national elevation datum 1985) determined by Qingdao Dagang tide gauge station.

What is the geocentric coordinate system?

The coordinate system with the center of mass of the earth as the coordinate origin is called geocentric coordinate system, which requires the center of ellipsoid to coincide with the center of the earth. When an artificial earth satellite orbits the earth, the orbital plane always passes through the center of mass of the earth, which is also the origin of the coordinate system for tracking and observing long-range weapons and various spacecraft. The reference coordinate system can no longer meet the requirements of accurate orbit calculation and tracking observation. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish an accurate geocentric coordinate system for satellite geodesy, global navigation and geodynamics research.

the WGS-84 coordinate system

WGS-84 coordinate system is the geocentric coordinate system adopted internationally. The origin of coordinates is the center of mass of the earth. The z axis of ITRS geocentric rectangular coordinate system points to the agreed pole (CTP) defined by the international time (BIH) 1984.0, the x axis points to the intersection of the agreed meridian plane and CTP equator in BIH 1984.0, and the y axis is perpendicular to the z axis and the x axis to form the right-hand coordinate system.

map projection

Map projection is to study the method and deformation of transforming the latitude and longitude network on the ellipsoid of the earth into a plane according to certain mathematical rules. The methods of map projection include geometric method and analytical method. Geometric method is an ancient method to transform a curved surface (ellipsoid of the earth) into a plane (map), with plane, cylindrical surface and conical surface as bearing surfaces. This intuitive perspective projection method has great limitations. Analytical method is to determine the functional relationship between geographical coordinates on the sphere and rectangular coordinates of corresponding points on the plane. The basic scale topographic map in China adopts 1: 1 10,000 topographic map, and the international one-millionth projection (also known as improved cone projection) has been adopted until the 1970s. Now we use equidistant tangent cone projection of the positive axis. Gauss-Kruger projection is used uniformly in topographic maps of scale 65,438+0: 500,000 and above in China. Gauss-Kruger projection is an equidistant elliptic cylinder projection with a horizontal axis. The principle is: suppose a hollow cylinder is horizontally sleeved on the ellipsoid of the earth, so that the axis of the elliptical cylinder passes through the center of the earth, and the elliptical cylinder is tangent to a meridian on the ellipsoid; Then the latitude and longitude net on the ellipsoid of the earth is kept at the same angle by analytical method and projected onto the elliptic cylinder; Finally, the elliptic cylinder is cut into a plane and the projection diagram is obtained. This kind of projection was first created by German scientist Gauss, and later supplemented by Kruger, called Gauss projection for short.

Maximum accuracy of the map

The shortest distance on the map that a person with normal vision can distinguish with naked eyes is 0. 1 mm, therefore, the field horizontal length on the map equivalent to 0. 1 mm is the most accurate limit that can be expressed on the map, which is called the maximum accuracy of scale.

The following table shows the maximum accuracy of the national basic scale topographic map: scale1:1:25001:5001:65438+1:25001:50065438.

Maximum accuracy (m)12.5510 25 50100

Digital map

Digital maps are stored on the hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM or magnetic tape of the computer, and the map contents are represented by numbers, which need to be displayed, read, retrieved and analyzed by special computer software.

Raster map (DRG)

Digital raster map (DRG) is a raster digital product of paper map. Each map is scanned, corrected, processed and compressed to form a raster file with the same content, accuracy and color as the map.

What is Digital Line Map (DLG)

Digital Line Map (DLG) is a digital map formed in vector data format. This kind of map can stack spatial information in layers, extract attribute data, and query vector objects according to attributes. It is easy to update and edit data, create thematic attributes and draw thematic maps.

Digital elevation model (DEM)

Digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital representation of regional ground elevation, a data set of plane coordinates (x, y) and elevation (z) of regular grid points established on the map projection plane, and a core data system on which GIS relies for analysis. The horizontal spacing of DEM can change with different landform types, and it can be divided into different grades of products according to different elevation accuracy. At present, the major developed countries in the world have established their own digital elevation model systems.

Digital orthophotomap (DOM)

Digital Orthophoto (DOM) is the image data generated by scanning digital aerial photos or remote sensing images (monochrome or color) with digital elevation model, correcting them pixel by pixel, then mosaic the images and cut the ribbon according to the scope of the map. Generally, it is a plan with a kilometer grid, outline decoration and labeling.

The importance of editing this map

There are always conflicts between neighboring countries, and the border dispute is one of them. In order to maintain long-term harmonious and equal relations between countries, the boundaries between countries must be strictly defined. The demarcation of national boundaries requires documents, which are an important annex to the signing of border treaties between countries-border maps. Based on the accurate large-scale map, the boundary map marks the precise latitude and longitude of the monuments along the boundary to "seconds" and connects them. Some have strict barriers, wide and high tubular barbed wire, and roads are built inside to patrol those who cross the border; Others are bounded by natural rivers or ridges. After signing the border treaty and having the border map as the territorial document, the territorial integrity and solemnity of the country will be guaranteed, and then we can act in accordance with international law. Personnel from both sides of the border country are not allowed to cross the border one step, and those who cross the border can be brought to justice. Both sides must pass through the designated passage and cannot cross the border at will.

There is a border map between countries. There are also boundary maps and cadastral maps of land under the jurisdiction of domestic administrative regions and different units and departments. In cities, in order to establish a "land file", every square meter of land use rights must specify the owner. In socialist countries, although land is owned by the state, users still have to pay land use fees for every square meter of land used. Therefore, the land management department should compile the land cadastral map and master the land users. In the case of land disputes, cadastral maps are used as evidence. This kind of cadastral map existed in ancient China, and it was called fish scale map at that time. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius served as a land manager. Today, the land management department has a great responsibility to strictly supervise the use and composition of every square meter of land in the country.

Edit this paragraph: How to divide and number the basic scale topographic map of China?

In order to facilitate the storage and use, China has stipulated the outline size of each basic scale topographic map, and each topographic map has been given a corresponding numbering mark, which is the framing and numbering of topographic maps. There are two methods of topographic map framing: one is rectangular framing, and the other is latitude and longitude framing, which is adopted in China.

199 1 years ago, China's basic scale topographic map framing and numbering system was based on 1: 1 10,000 topographic map, which was extended to1:500,000,1:250,000 and/kloc-0. On the basis of 1:65438+ million topographic map, two branches are expanded: the first one is1:50,000 and1:25,000 scales; The second branch is 1: 10000 scale. The topographic map of 1: 100000 is numbered by determinant, and the topographic maps of the other six scales are composed of the map number of 1: 100000 plus one or more natural ordinal numbers (characters or numbers).

1: 1 0,000,000 topographic map framing and numbering are internationally unified. The latitude difference from the equator to the poles is every 40 columns, and the northern and southern hemispheres are divided into 22 columns, which are represented by letters A, B, C, D … V in turn. Starting from longitude 180o, from west to east, every longitude difference 6o is a line, and the world is divided into 60 lines, which are represented by numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 in turn, and are represented by "line number-line number".

199 1 year, China formulated the national standard "mapping and numbering of national basic scale topographic maps". Since 199 1, newly surveyed and updated topographic maps have been mapped and numbered according to this standard.

Edit the origin of this map and the ancient map.

The map of Babylon made on clay tablets around 2500 BC is the oldest existing map.

China Yu Xia casts Jiuding map; Li Zhou has records such as "World Map", "Land Map" and "Gemstone Cassiterite Map". The topographic map, garrison map and city map drawn on silk in BC 168 are the earliest existing measured maps in China.

Ptolemy of Greece (AD 90- 168) was the first person to draw a map with ordinary conic projection.

Pei Xiu (AD 223-27 1) of China in the Western Jin Dynasty compiled the Map of Gong Yu Area and the Topographic Abbot Map. It also summarizes "six styles of cartography". The map of foreigners in the sea compiled by the Tang Dynasty (729-805 AD) shows ancient and modern place names in two colors, which has been circulating for 500 years. Shen Kuo (A.D. 103 1- 1095) in the Northern Song Dynasty compiled Two Inches of Hundred Li.

The rise and future development trend of editing this section of electronic map

Since the beginning of the new century, with the increasing popularity of the Internet, maps have moved from paper to the Internet, personal computers and even handheld devices. Nowadays, people can easily search for places of interest, driving routes and bus routes in electronic maps, which greatly facilitates map users. In addition to traditional geographic information services, major map and content providers have also developed many interesting applications based on electronic maps. Nowadays, electronic map has become a common tool for people.

It can be predicted that in the future, electronic maps will be integrated with more applications, and more 3D technologies and satellite technologies will be applied, making people's travel and daily life more convenient.

PS, explain in detail how to calculate the distance by scale: according to the scale on the map, the straight-line distance between any two places can be measured. The specific method is: first look at the proportional relationship and the distance (cm) between the two maps, and then calculate the actual distance according to the scale. For example, the scale is "one in six million", that is, the distance of 1 cm on the map represents the actual six million centimeters, that is, 60 kilometers.

Scale size: because the scale is a fraction, the larger the denominator, the smaller the scale. That is to say, the longer the actual distance represented by 1 cm on the map, the smaller the scale value. For example, the ratio of 1: 1000 is greater than that of 1: 10000.

A map with the same map sheet has a larger scale and a smaller scope, but the content is detailed; The smaller the scale, the smaller the scope and the shorter the content.

According to different content requirements, we can choose the corresponding scale. For example, when drawing a school plan or a community plan, you must choose a large scale, while when drawing a map of China or Asia, you must use a small scale.