First, what is a sketch:

1, charcoal, pencil, pen, etc. Draw a monochrome picture of light and dark objects with lines, which is called sketch. Sketch is the basis of all painting and a necessary stage in the research process.

2. Sketch usually refers to methods that can leave traces on a plane, such as crayons, charcoal pens, pens, brushes, ink, paper, etc. Others include abrasion caused by wet clay, ink-stained cloth, metal, stone tools, containers or cloth covers.

3. Outlines and lines are the general names of sketches. Sketch has a sense of natural law, which the viewer can feel from the process of appreciation. Different strokes create different lines and cross relationships, including rhythm, active and passive surroundings, plane, volume, tone and texture.

4. Sketch is a kind of formal artistic creation, which uses monochrome lines to express things in the intuitive world, and can also express ideas, concepts, attitudes, feelings, fantasies, symbols and even abstract forms. It does not pay attention to the whole and color like painting, but to the structure and form.

In the book Dictionary of Western Fine Arts (published by Lion Book Company), there is only one explanation related to sketch. It is considered that the sketch of a work or a part of a work is the artist's research and discussion on key points such as light and shadow, composition and the scale of the whole picture. It is a preliminary composition of the whole painting or one of the paintings.

The sketch of a landscape painter is usually a small and quick record to show the lighting effect of the landscape and prepare for the idea of repainting in the future.

Second, the current situation of sketch:

Sketch is an independent art with independent status and value.

2. Sketch is the necessary foundation of other arts, especially watercolor, oil painting, printmaking and sculpture (relief), and it is also the necessary foundation of graphic design. Although sketch is considered as a two-dimensional art, it does not need color and three-dimensional space, but it also implies both.

3. Sketch is the final result of a painter's work, and it can also be used as a basis for copying or copying, but its nature is unique. Although all kinds of arts do not necessarily need to draw sketches first, sketches are the basis of all ornamental arts. When drawing, the outline is often drawn as a draft first, and then rendered in color. When a work of art is finished, sketches are often hidden or destroyed. So sketching is just a technical preparation.

By the end of 14, sketch is no longer just an accessory, but an independent art, and its scope of expression is very wide: it can express volume, space, depth, essence and action. After the Renaissance, sketch not only has a practical position, but also has become a kind of art that can represent human creativity.

Third, the techniques and types of sketch:

1, line and line technique, the element of sketch is line, but line does not exist in essence, it only represents the boundaries of objects, colors and planes, as an illusion of objects. Until modern times, lines were considered as spontaneous formal elements, independent of the depicted objects.

2. Sketch is to form the image of an object with lines and draw it on a plane, which arouses the association of the viewer through the form of lines. For example, the angle formed by the intersection of two straight lines can be considered as the boundary of a plane; In addition, adding a third line can create a three-dimensional effect on the screen. Curved lines can symbolize the vault, and intersecting lines can express the depth. People can get an understandable image from the change of lines. Therefore, through the means of lines, simple outlines can be developed into exquisite sketches.

3. In sketch, lines can be used to distinguish between solid and plane. As for color shading, it is to strengthen and clarify the relationship between the whole and the part. We can draw the boundary with the beginning, disappearance and interruption of lines to form a plane, or we can let the colors reach the boundary. The thickness of lines can show the changes of objects, and even light and shadow can be shown through the changes of strokes of lines.

4. The line technique of sketch also needs the assistance of plane technique. When charcoal chalk is used in plane technology, brush wiping can be used in contrast between light and shade. It is more important to use the brush painting method, because the brush can give full play to the width and strength of strokes, and can increase the sense of space and three-dimensional sense. Sketch can also use multi-color brush as the basic material to enhance the sketch effect and artistic quality.

Four, sketch tools:

1, there are many kinds of sketching tools, such as pencil, charcoal pen, iron pen, chalk, brush, pencil and pen; There are also paintings of diamonds and diamonds. Different tools are related to the nature and composition of sketch, and tools will also affect the painter's mood and skills.

2. The choice of tools depends on the artistic effect that the painter wants to achieve. Generally speaking, dry pen is suitable for making clear lines, and ink pen is suitable for expressing planes; Exquisite strokes can be brushed with a brush, and vast fields can be outlined with a pencil or chalk. Charcoal pen can be used for both.

3. From the size of the work, large-scale sketch works are suitable for drawing with charcoal pen, and the outline and carefulness can be carefully studied and analyzed for a long time. As for pencils, they are suitable for smaller sizes. There are few large pencils, while pen strokes are smaller, so they are often used more in illustrations.

Five, sketch theme:

1. Sketch was originally for painting, sculpture and other arts, but later it developed into an independent art because of its fluency, richness and beauty. Its subject matter can be taken from anything, usually portraits and landscapes, while western sketches are often people and still lives. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, sketches with the theme of daily life appeared again. Others include imagination and abstract sketch, artistic architecture sketch and so on.

2. As for the sketch of the 20th century, it seems to reflect uneasiness, turbulence and scientific progress. Some of them are characterized by thick lines. There are also some painters who try to integrate life into geometric figures (cubism).

3. There are various schools of X-ray technology in the 20th century, that is, seeing outside and inside at the same time. Expressionist painters pursue "expressing the feelings of a scene rather than describing the real face of things", while surrealist painters focus on expressing subconscious psychology.

4. In addition to the various sketches listed above, there are also practical and technical sketches. Practical sketch should clearly record an objective thing. Generally speaking, it does not emphasize aesthetics, but emphasizes technical design. Practical sketches include illustrations and explanations for scientific purposes. Many artists have drawn sketches of scientific explanations.

5. Sketch illustrations in literary works generally describe a paragraph, but they still enjoy a high artistic reputation because they show the painter's unique brushwork style. Related to this is the cartoon, an imaginary picture created for social criticism. From this, it developed into a cartoon, and then evolved into a modern cartoon.

Six, the evolution of sketch lines:

1, the liberation of lines: (Engel's innovation of painting lines) (1), in the shadow of classical laws, lines themselves are not only regarded as the measure of "perfect proportion", but their functions are suppressed. (2) The greatest contribution of anger is to break the limitation that lines are only limited to the description of objects and images, and expand them to the form of patterns. (3) In terms of angle, the proportion of human body does not depend on "nature" or experience. He used curves to explore the proportional position and posture of the human body on the screen. This kind of direct use of lines in the processing of pictures emphasizes the flatness of pictures, which makes the importance of things subordinate to the formal requirements. (4) Pay attention to structure and form, and change the original proportion of things to match the overall visual integrity, and at the same time intervene in pattern composition.

2. Emphasize the meaning of lines and the characteristics of expression.

3. The operation of lines becomes the expression of personal inner rhythm and emotion: (1), and the trace of a line moving in the picture is influenced by the spontaneous rhythm of the author. (2) Delacroix's intense projection of personal feelings on lines not only stripped the function of lines from the classical tradition, but also actively pushed sketches into painting, which enhanced the materiality of obvious strokes in painting and laid the foundation for the development of modern painting.

Seven, commonly used sketch language:

1, lightness: the brightness or darkness of hue.

2. Proportion: the relationship between one part and another part or the whole in quantity or size.

3. Composition: a configuration method of each part, which is arranged according to the designed format, consistent proportion or repeated system.

4. Contour: a discontinuous line or a continuous line that describes the shape change forward or backward.

5. Balance: In design or painting, all elements reach a state of balance.

6. Line shadow: Discontinuous lines that are parallel or close enough to form a surface.

7. Three-dimensional expression: control the gradual change of light and shade, create the illusion effect of three-dimensional form, and make the object have three-dimensional characteristics.

8. Perspective: At first, perspective was learned by looking at the scenery through a transparent plane. Draw the scene accurately on this plane, that is, into a perspective view of the scene. Later, according to certain principles, the science of expressing the spatial position, outline and projection of objects on a plane with lines is called perspective.

9. Three major surfaces: bright surface, gray surface and dark surface.

10, five tones: bright surface, medium color, intersection of light and shade, dark surface and reflection.

1 1, Tone: Tone refers to the black and white levels of different brightness of the picture, that is, the depth of the surface. We should be good at summarizing and summarizing the tone levels. Different sketch tones reflect different personalities, styles, hobbies and concepts.

Eight, know the light and shade in the sketch:

1, what is light and shade? (Let students associate freely and arouse old experience)

2. Reasons for light and shade: Only when there is a light source will light and shade be generated (whether it is a natural light source or an artificial light source); Without light, our eyes can see nothing.

3. The basic law of light and shade: (1), the direct light source (towards the light) is the bright part. (2) Where the light source can't shine (backlight) is the dark part. (3) The reflected light forms the middle gray part.

4. The method of expressing light and shade with pencil: (1). When a pencil draws vertically with its nib, the lines drawn are clear and firm; When the pencil is tilted to draw with a pointed abdomen, the strokes and lines are vague and weak. (2) Arrange the direction of brush strokes to avoid confusion.

5. Precautions for using eraser in pencil drawing: (1). When I was a beginner, I always felt dissatisfied with the brush. I immediately used an eraser, and then erased it when I made a mistake the second time. This is the worst habit. An easily injured drawing paper will leave a scar on the paper, and then it will become more and more uncertain when drawing, so try to avoid it. (2) When you make a mistake in the first stroke, you can try to draw the second stroke, so that there is a standard when drawing, which is easy to correct. After drawing all the shades, gently erase the unused pencil lines with an eraser, so that the whole picture will be much clearer and more lovely. (3) In fact, many useless line marks in the picture are generally covered by dark parts in the end, so it is easier to wipe off the exposed parts. At the same time, the unused line marks often become the foil of the main body invisibly, so if we don't erase them, it will be harmless to the picture, and sometimes we will get invisible effects, which we must pay attention to.

6, the performance of the subject and object: (1), the things in front and near, to be strong and clear; Everything behind and far away should be faint and vague. (2) The subject should be clear and obvious, and the subordinate objects should be aimed at setting off the subject.