First, choose a garden
Jasmine is native to the subtropical zone and adapts to high temperature and fertile soil. The requirements for the ecological environment are: like light and fear of shade, like fat and fear of thinness, like acid and fear of alkali, like joy and fear of boredom. Therefore, when choosing a garden, we should be as close to its ecological environment as possible, and choose the land with sufficient sunlight, deep soil layer, rich soil, sufficient water, good drainage and irrigation and convenient transportation to plant jasmine. According to the jasmine picking season, flowers are picked every day and transported to processing plants for sale. The number of days of picking flowers is more than 200 days per year, so the place where jasmine is planted should be within 0/0 km from Jasmine Factory/KLOC, which is convenient for transportation and sales.
Second, variety selection
Jasmine belongs to Oleaceae, Jasmine is an evergreen climbing shrub. According to the investigation, there are about 60 species of jasmine in China at present, among which the main cultivated species are single-petalled jasmine, double-petalled jasmine and multi-petalled jasmine.
1. Single-petal Jasmine: The plant is short, 70-90 cm high, and the stems and branches are small and vine-like, so it is called liana Jasmine. The flower buds are slightly longer, smaller and lighter, and the yield is lower than that of double-petaled jasmine, but higher than that of multi-petaled jasmine. It is not cold-resistant, waterlogged-resistant and weak in insect resistance.
2. Jasmine Erjian is the main scented tea variety cultivated in China. Its plant height is 1- 1.5m, it is erect, with many branches, thick stems and branches, dark green leaves, thick and shiny leaves, larger flowers than single-petaled jasmine and multi-petaled jasmine, with white and oily buds and obvious wax. Strong fragrance, vigorous growth and strong adaptability, and the yield of flowers (more than 3 years) can reach more than 500 kilograms per mu.
3. Multi-petal jasmine: The branches are obviously raised, the leaves are dark green, the flowers are compact, round and small, and the top is slightly notched. Multi-petal jasmine flowers bloom for too long, with light fragrance and low yield, and are generally not used as scented tea flowers.
The jasmine variety cultivated in our county is a double-petal jasmine introduced from Hengxian County, Guangxi by Lin, the founder of Yuyuan Company. In 2000, the science and technology team of our county agricultural bureau conducted an observation experiment on the introduction of jasmine. The introduced varieties were double-petal jasmine and multi-petal jasmine, but single-petal jasmine was not introduced. The multi-petal jasmine blooms for a long time, and it is not fully open from 7 pm to the next day. The fragrance is light, the yield is low, and the scented tea is not ideal. Jasmine Erjian was identified as a cultivated variety in our county.
Three, jasmine seedling technology
Jasmine flowers generally do not bear fruit (rarely bear fruit) after flowering, and can only reproduce asexually in production. There are several methods, such as cutting, layering and dividing. Jasmine has strong regeneration ability, fast rooting and high cutting seedling rate. Compared with layered method and branching method, it has the advantages of simple operation and material saving, so it is widely used.
1. layering propagation, layering propagation is to use the branches sprouting from the lower part of jasmine plants or branches with a certain length to press the middle part into the soil to make them grow new roots and become independent new plants after cutting off the mother branches. The premise is that there must be a mother tree of jasmine, and each mother tree can press a small number of branches, which can not meet the large supply of seedlings. Generally, potted plants and ponds are used to replenish seedlings.
2. Plant propagation: Jasmine is a clustered shrub, and its roots can produce many adventitious roots. Plants over two years old often have several stems and branches, which can be used for plant reproduction. The premise of this method is that there must be a biennial jasmine mother tree. Moreover, the number of reproduction is lower than that of layering and cutting, which can not meet the needs of large-scale cultivation.
Cutting propagation seedbed seedlings occupy less land and have high land utilization rate, and about 654.38 million+seedlings can be propagated per mu. Centralized cutting in nursery is widely used in production because it is easy to manage, has enough space for selecting seedlings, has high quality and neat growth, and is suitable for mass production of seedlings.
1998-99, the seedlings for production in our county were mainly transported from Hengxian County, Guangxi by Yuyuan Company, and in-situ seedling raising experiments were conducted by Yuyuan Company and self-employed Li Hongzhou. 1In March, 1998, Yuyuan Company sent a branch from Hengxian County, Guangxi to raise seedlings, and cultivated 6.5438+0.3 million seedlings. 1999, Yuyuan Company cultivated 6.5438+0.9 million seedlings, and Li Hongzhou personally cultivated 330,000 seedlings. In 2000, the number of nursery households increased to 5, the nursery area increased to 100 mu, and the number of seedlings increased to 100 million. In 2002, 5 million seedlings were transplanted in the field in our county.
Operation method of cutting seedling:
(1) Select cutting. Cuttings used for propagation mainly come from branches cut during pruning every year. To choose mature branches without pests and diseases and with a certain thickness, the middle and lower parts of the same branch are the best.
(2) Selection of nursery: Sandy soil or sandy loam with loose and fertile soil, sufficient water, convenient irrigation and drainage and convenient transportation is required.
(3) Levelling of soil moisture: Before seedling raising in the nursery, thoroughly turn the seedlings white, rake them flat, and dig drainage ditches around them, with a width of 120cm, a width of 25cm and a depth of 20cm, so that the soil moisture is leveled and the soil particles are fine. After the seedbed is completely wet, use 150 ml of Dua mixture, a pre-bud herbicide. Cover the seedbed with plastic film when raising seedlings in winter.
(4) Cutting and drilling cuttings processing
Collect the branches cut during the annual overhaul in the shade, and organize manpower for cutting. The operation method is as follows: select 2-3 branches with a length of about 10 cm, cut off the leaves, cut off the upper end at about 1 cm from the axillary bud, and cut off the lower end at about 1 cm at an oblique angle of 45 degrees, and press 80-65438.
Before cutting, the chips should be treated with chemicals. First, the cuttings should be soaked in the solution containing Spock 1000 times for 3-5 minutes, and then taken out to dry. Then soak it in 50PPM rooting powder solution for 20-30 minutes, take it out and cut it on the seedbed according to the row spacing of 12 cm× 4 cm, and the top of the cutting is about 3 cm away from the soil surface during cutting. Each mu can be cutted with 6.5438+0.5 million plants.
(5) Management of cutting seedbed
The cutting seedbed should keep the soil moist, and pay attention to weeding frequently in sunny days to keep the seedlings free of weeds. Seedbeds have small seedlings and few roots. To water and fertilize, it is best to use manure water. Be diligent and apply fertilizer once a month. If pests and diseases are found in the seedbed, they should be prevented in time, and 1000 times of Junzhujing+1000 times of insecticidal Dan can be sprayed once a month. When the seedlings grow to 6-8 months, there are more than two branches and two layers of roots, and the height is more than 30 cm before they can leave the nursery.
Fourth, transplantation.
1. Transplant period
Where there are irrigation conditions in Yuanjiang County, it can be carried out all year round. However, spring and autumn are the best seasons. In Yuanjiang, jasmine is mainly planted in double-cropping rice fields and fruit cane fields, and the land is idle in spring and autumn. In addition, the temperature in Yuanjiang gradually rises in spring, which is suitable for the survival and growth of jasmine roots and can be harvested in the same year of planting. The temperature in autumn is also very suitable for the growth of jasmine roots. In summer, there is no Kugaji in the hot dam area of Yuanjiang, so the temperature is too high to adapt to the root growth of jasmine, and the leaves are easy to dry up when transplanted, which affects the survival. The winter temperature in Yuanjiang is also low and windy, so it is easy to dry the leaves, and the growth of jasmine is slow, which affects its survival. 1998 Our county introduced 5110 mu in February, and the freshness and low-temperature survival rate of seedlings only reached about 50%. However,1115 mu was introduced in spring and autumn of 1999, and the field investigation showed that the survival rate was over 90%.
2. Cultivation specifications
In order to facilitate the arrangement, the soil should be planted, and the soil width should be conducive to fertilization, soil cultivation and harvest. Generally, the soil width is 120 cm, the soil height is 20 cm, and the trench width is 25 cm. Dig a planting ditch with a width of 30cm and a depth of10cm on both sides of the soil surface, with a plant spacing of 25cm and a row spacing of 60cm, and plant 4,000 plants per mu.
In 2000, the science and technology team of Agriculture Bureau conducted the planting density test of jasmine in two rows, with 3,500 plants, 4,000 plants and 4,500 plants per mu. Transplanting began on March 1 1 in 2000, and flower picking began on June 25th, with June-10 as the flower picking period. After three months of coring, bud picking and topping, the number of branches increased from 3-4 to 32-42. The yields of the three treatments were 18.7 kg, 20.2 1 kg and 16.9 kg respectively, which were equivalent to 207 kg, 224 kg and 187 kg per mu. The preliminary test results show that 4000 plants per mu is the best.
3. Transplanting method
Select seedlings with plant height greater than 30cm, two branches and two layers of roots, normal leaf color, robust plants and no diseases and insect pests, cut off the branches and leaves over 25cm, cut off the excessively long roots, soak the roots in 0. 1% calcium superphosphate solution for 3-5min, and then plant them in the planting ditch according to the spacing of 25cm. The soil surface can be covered with bagasse, rice straw and sugarcane leaves.
5. Pruning and cutting of jasmine flowers
Jasmine grows rapidly. Buds can sprout and bloom in the same year of planting, and the yield is the highest in the third and fourth years. After 6-7 years, the plants began to decline and the yield gradually decreased. In order to ensure the high and stable yield of jasmine, pruning and cutting should be carried out every year, and the aging phenomenon should be updated.
1. Top cutting and short cutting
Young jasmine (6 months old) has small seedling frame and few branches, so it is necessary to cultivate high-yield trees as soon as possible. Therefore, topping should be used to destroy the growth of the top and promote it to branch more and form more buds. According to the investigation, topping germinates -7- 10 days earlier than no topping, and the number of new branches is 2-3 times that of no topping. Topping should also be carried out when there are buds, mainly newly planted young trees. Short cutting is to cut short the long branches of the apostles before the buds appear in early February every year, and keep 3-4 pairs of leaves, so as to weaken the advantages at the top of the long branches of the apostles and promote the early pregnancy buds. After entering the flower picking period, each bunch of flowers should be chopped once after picking, and the chopping should be carried out according to the growth position and density of branches. In principle, each cluster of jasmine can maximize the light surface, so that the main branches and branches are evenly distributed and well ventilated, and each branch accounts for about two-thirds of the total branches.
Winter pruning
In addition to topping and cutting, pruning is also the main technical measure for high yield and high quality cultivation of jasmine. Pruning shall be carried out after the middle of 65438+February every year or before the end of 65438+ 10 the following year. Prune first, that is, cut flat 20-25 cm from the ground to form a neat crown. When pruning every year, it will increase about 3 cm on the pruning surface of the previous year. Pruning will also cut off dead branches, weak branches, diseased branches and vertical branches. Pruning can reduce nutrient loss and make main branches and new buds grow sturdily. Pruned branches can be used for cutting seedling, and the unusable parts should be burned centrally, and combined with intertillage fertilization management after pruning.
summer pruning
Summer pruning of jasmine is to create a good environment for jasmine through agricultural technical measures, and according to the market situation of jasmine. Manually adjust the peak period of flower production, avoid the low tide period of flower price, and improve the benefit of flower planting.
Pruned branches of jasmine are jasmine trees planted for more than one year. In the first ten days of June every year, the jasmine flowers are cut horizontally from 50-60 cm above the ground with tools such as overhaul branch scissors and electric hedge scissors, and all the upper branches and leaves are cut off to form a neat crown of the jasmine tree, and the cut branches and leaves are cleaned up, and then all the diseased branches, dead branches, straight branches and weak branches at the lower part are removed. After pruning, intertillage and loosen the soil in time, and apply 40 kilograms of jasmine fertilizer and potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 15 kilograms per mu to prevent and control pests and diseases in time.
This year, the price of jasmine in our county has been fully liberalized into the market, which is in line with the national jasmine market. Through winter pruning, the highest flower price this year reached 27 yuan/Jin. After the flower price dropped to 3 yuan/Jin in April, the scientific and technological training was strengthened in time, and summer pruning training was conducted on May 17. However, due to falling prices, some flower farmers are depressed, relaxed and serious pests and diseases occur. The flower farmers in Lijiang Town 10 group have a high sense of science and technology and a strong sense of commodities. After the price of flowers fell, they still managed jasmine according to the guidance of scientific and technological personnel. In August, September and June, the price of flowers rose, 10. At the peak, they can receive 15 Jin per mu every day, and the income is more than 100 yuan. Because of its good flower management, light pests and diseases, large flower buds and strong fragrance, it has become a hot commodity for tea merchants, and the daily flower price is the highest in the market. The whole group has 270 mu of jasmine, and the income per mu is about 3500 yuan. 65438129 October, Xingya Camellia Tea held more than 30 banquets for the whole group of flower farmers, and rewarded them for their high-quality flowers.
update
After planting for 6-7 years, the growth and development ability of jasmine plants decreased, and some jasmine gardens or individual plants should be updated because of poor management and slow growth. The specific method is to cut off all the parts above 3-5 cm from the ground with overhaul pruning shears, or to level the ground with large flat pruning shears, and then fertilize and cultivate the soil to promote the overground parts to grow branches again.
Six, fertilizer and water management
Jasmine is a cash crop with the purpose of harvesting flower buds. The annual flower picking period in our county is 9 months (about 200 days), and the whole flower picking period needs enough fertilizer input.
1. Material management
According to the first phase of Guangxi Agricultural Science and Technology 1993 "High-yield Cultivation Techniques of Jasmine", the demand ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for jasmine is 2.4: 1:2.9. In the whole year, the fertilizer used per mu is equivalent to pure nitrogen 28.4 kg, phosphorus 1 1.6 kg and potassium 33.7 kg, and it takes root three times a year. Summer fertilizer accounts for 15-20% and autumn fertilizer accounts for 30-35%. At the same time, according to 1999, the soil test and analysis of Lijiang Town, the jasmine planting area in our county, the results show that the soil is shit soil, which is characterized by "a knife in dry time and a mess in wet time", and organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium are seriously lacking. Based on comprehensive consideration, the fertilization scheme of jasmine in our county was put forward. (1) Apply farmyard manure 1000 kg, urea 40 kg, calcium superphosphate 100 kg and potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 50 kg per mu throughout the year. (2) Jasmine fertilizer160kg, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 50kg. (3) Three kinds of rhizosphere fertilizers were applied to Jasmine throughout the year, namely winter fertilizer, summer fertilizer and autumn fertilizer, with winter fertilizer accounting for 50%, combined with winter pruning. Farm manure 1000 kg, urea 20 kg, calcium superphosphate 50 kg, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 25 kg or jasmine special fertilizer 80 kg, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 25 kg per mu. Summer fertilizer accounts for 25%, combined with summer pruning, urea 10 kg, calcium superphosphate 25 kg, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 15 kg, or jasmine special feed 40 kg, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 15 kg per mu. Autumn fertilizer accounts for 25% and is carried out at the beginning of August every year. Urea 10 kg, calcium superphosphate 25 kg, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 10 kg, or jasmine special fertilizer 40 kg, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 10 kg per mu. In 200 1 year, the county soil fertilizer station carried out the effect test of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer for jasmine in the village group of Xizhuang, Lijiang Town, and set up three treatments, with one-time application of 160 kg of organic-inorganic special fertilizer for jasmine as 1 treatment; Apply special organic and inorganic fertilizer for jasmine 1 60kg per mu, divided into three treatments (i.e. 50%, 30% and 20%), and apply 40kg urea, calcium superphosphate100kg, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer100kg per mu. Treatment 2 (applying organic and inorganic special fertilizer three times) has the best effect. At the same time, another farmer in the same group carried out a comparative test of 1 mu fertilizer in the same field, and the growth of treatment 2 (applying organic and inorganic special fertilizer for three times) was better than the conventional one, and the yield increased. It is suggested to popularize the three-time fertilization method of organic and inorganic special fertilizer. In 2002, more than 70% farmers adopted this fertilization method.
2. Water management
After the jasmine seedlings are planted, they should be watered with enough root water, and the soil water content should be kept between 60% and 70% according to the future water requirements of jasmine. Too much water will lead to serious death of rotten roots, yellow leaves and black roots. Drought makes leaves wither and flowers shrink. In rainy days, we should pay attention to drought-resistant irrigation and dig drainage ditches to prevent water accumulation. Once the leaves of the flower tree are slightly curled, they should be watered or watered in time.
3. Soil management
Intertillage weeding is to create a breathable, water-retaining, loose and weed-free environment for jasmine trees. Weeding in intertillage should be carried out for more than 6-7 times throughout the year, with appropriate deep ploughing at a certain distance from the seedling base and shallow ploughing nearby, generally about 7 cm into the soil. After intertillage in dry season, a layer of bagasse, sugarcane leaves, straw, etc. Scattered on the soil surface, it has the function of preventing grass and drought.
Seven, pest control
The main diseases of jasmine are bacterial blight and branch blight, and the main pests are jasmine bud borer, Bemisia tabaci, leaf roller moth, thrips, red spider and so on.
1. Bacterial wilt
Bacterial blight is a disease caused by fungal infection. The main manifestations are as follows: First, the basal branches and lower roots near the ground spread, forming a white filamentous membrane layer, and gradually forming white and yellow oilseed particles, that is, sclerotia, which is the main symptom of identifying white silk disease. After the onset of seedlings, the stem and root cortex of the disease area rotted, and the plant nutrition was blocked; The leaves died and fell off, and finally the whole plant died.
Prevention and control methods: strict quarantine, elimination of bacteria source, good garden drainage, spraying 1000 times spike in flowering period, digging and burning seriously ill plants, replanting the sterilized original soil with sclerotium net.
2. Branch blight
The incidence is the highest in spring and autumn, especially in autumn, which has a great influence on the yield after autumn. At first, the disease produced small brown stripes at the base of new branches in that year, and the upper branches kept growing normally at this time. With the expansion of the diseased spot, when the nutrient transport of one branch is endangered, the upper branches and leaves begin to wither and then become brown diseased branches. When the lesion spread to the whole cortex at the base of the branch, all the branches and leaves above the lesion site died.
Control methods: Prune dead branches in time to prevent transmission and infection, and spray chlorothalonil 1000 times after picking flowers.
3. The main pests of jasmine
Insects that harm jasmine mainly include jasmine bud borer (flower borer), Bemisia tabaci, leaf roller moth, thrips, red spider and so on.
Prevention and control methods: ① Pruning in winter, clearing the garden, eliminating overwintering sources, picking flowers and removing damaged buds and branches. (2) After each crop of flowers is harvested, the branches of pests and diseases are removed and burned by topping and cutting. (3) Use Tiantai, Efficient Hero, Yijinjing, propargite and other pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue for drug control.
Eight, the collection, storage and transportation of jasmine
The purpose of planting jasmine is to pick flowers with good quality and large quantity for scented tea processing. Therefore, in addition to strengthening management, the last key measure is to collect and store flowers in a timely and reasonable manner.
1. The standard of flower picking: the buds are mature, and they can bloom in the evening with fragrance (including the bags to be put). The specific requirements are: the flower buds are mature, full and plump, the color is white, the single stem is short, there are no pests and diseases, no flowers, no flowers, no stems and leaves and other sundries.
2. Picking method: hold the flower stalk with your thumb and fingertips, tilt your palm upward, and use your index finger to pick the bud.
3. Storage and transportation method: when picking flowers, use bamboo baskets or cloth bags to keep them away from direct sunlight. After collecting the collected flowers, transport them to the place of purchase in time with bamboo baskets or nylon net bags.