Xia Dynasty is the symbol of the formation of China country and the beginning of the emergence of China capital. The legendary summer capitals are Yangcheng (now southeast of Dengfeng, Henan Province), Pingyang (now southwest of Linfen, Shanxi Province), Anyi (now northeast of Xia County, Shanxi Province) and Handan. (now northwest of Dengfeng, Henan), Diqiu (now southwest of Puyang, Henan), Yuan (now northwest of Jiyuan, Henan), Laoqiu (now northeast of Kaifeng, Henan), Xihe (now northeast of Tangyin, Henan) and other places. It is distributed in the upper reaches of Heying River in western Henan, Luo Yi Basin, the lower reaches of Fenhe River in northern Henan and the southern Shaanxi and Sushui areas, with uncertain migration. Since 1959, archaeologists have discovered two palaces with heavy workload, as well as ordinary residential sites, workshop sites, caves and tombs in Erlitou, Yanshi County, Henan Province, which are equivalent to the Xia culture era and may be the earliest capital discovered so far. BC16th century, Shang Tang (that is, the Tang Dynasty) destroyed the summer and made its capital in Bo (now southeast of Cao County, Shandong Province). First, the merchants moved eight times, then six times, namely Tao (now northeast of Xingyang, Henan), Xiang (now southeast of Yellow River, Henan), Xing (now northeast of wen county, Henan), Pi (now Yuncheng, Shandong), Yan (now Qufu, Shandong) and Yin (now Anyang, Henan). After Pan Geng moved to Yin, the merchants did not move again for 273 years, until the 20th year of Shang Di Yi (1065), when he left the palace to worship the Song Dynasty (now Qixian County, Henan Province). Yin was the capital of the heyday of Shang Dynasty, which provided the earliest and relatively complete example for studying the slave society capital of China.
The capital of the Zhou Dynasty also experienced several migrations, from the Loess Plateau to the Weihe River Basin step by step, "building a prosperous city" (now southwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi). Zhou Wuwang succeeded to the throne, with a small place in Fengjing, and moved the capital to the east bank of Fengjing (now Doumen Town), but left the ancestral temple in Fengjing, which was called Fengjing. "The king of Zhou lived there and the princes lived there", so Fengjing was also called. The Western Zhou Dynasty took Haojing as the center, enfeoffed governors, issued decrees, and gathered craftsmen from all over the world to make them here. For 300 years, it was the largest political and cultural center and economic metropolis in the Zhou Dynasty. When King Wu was in business, he once "camped in Luoyi and then went". Guan, Cai and Wu Geng conspired, and the Duke of Zhou marched eastward. In order to strengthen the control of the eastern governors, Wu Wang built a new city on the north bank of Luoshui, which was called "Luoyi" (now Luoyang Wangcheng Park) as the capital of the East. He also built a military castle in the east of the city to monitor the "stubborn people", which was called "Chengzhou" in history (now Luoyang, the ancient city of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty). Luoyi became the Zhou Dynasty because it was in the middle of the world, with a balanced road, which was convenient for governors from all directions to pay tribute. King Cheng moved from Haojing to this city and Jiuding to show his state of being a country, making Luoyi gradually become the national economic and ceremonial sacrifice center and the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In 77 1 year BC, he was captured by Gou Rong. The following year, Pingtung moved to Luoyi, known as the "King City". From Zhou to Xia, the two cities alternate as capitals. The implementation of the capital system in the Zhou Dynasty was a pioneering work in the history of capital construction in China, which was followed by later generations.
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and other countries, the use of iron brought about the development of agriculture and handicraft production, the separation of commerce and the surge of population, thus promoting the rise of cities. With the decline of the royal family in the Zhou Dynasty, princes competed for hegemony, and many countries built fortifications and cities, forming the capitals of many countries where princes lived. The fate of the capital is closely related to the fate of the vassal States, which is what the so-called "city breaks the country and dies" means. There is also a process of site selection and relocation in capitals of various countries, which is a reflection of the ups and downs of vassal power, the struggle for which is more conducive to their own development, the desire to communicate with the outside world, and the uneasiness in corners (see attached table for capitals of various countries). In early China, most of the capitals chose plain hills or the contact zone between two landforms (mountains and plains), and they were connected by a river. Xia, Shang and Zhou moved the capital successively. Although it is difficult to locate accurately, it has not left the valley plain area of the Yellow River Basin, which is caused by the emphasis on fertile and fertile areas in the early capital location. In the late Shang Dynasty, the capital was in Yin for a long time, and within two weeks, Guanzhong and Luoyang Basin were the political centers respectively, which laid a pattern of moving eastward and westward with the Yellow River as the axis in the early history of capital construction in China feudal society.
From the Qin Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, the main capital was a unified autocratic and centralized country established by Qin Shihuang. During the more than 1,300 years when Zhao and Song regimes crossed south in the early12nd century, Chang 'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng or Yeh were all the capitals of the unified regime and the regime that ruled northern China. Jiankang only served as the capital of China's southern regime during the period of split and opposition between North and South. However, the capitals of the separatist regimes of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms did not exist for a long time. During this period, the capital migration mainly concentrated in Chang 'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng and Ye Jian in the Central Plains. The formation of this situation is the inevitable result of the development of natural environment and national conditions in the above areas. Before the 8th century, the Central Plains was the richest and most densely populated area in China, which could provide reliable economic support for the capital. If a regime can effectively control this area, it is enough to control the whole country.
Chang 'an has the longest capital and the greatest influence. Guanzhong basin, surrounded by mountains, besieged on all sides, besieged on all sides, the east is enough to control the inland, and there is a tendency to choke the waist; When Xiongnu, Turkic and Tubo from the northwest posed a great threat one after another, Guanzhong was chosen as the capital, which was also convenient to resist foreign invasion and expand territory to the northwest. Therefore, Chang 'an was the capital of the Western Han Dynasty and Sui and Tang Dynasties, and great achievements were made both inside and outside the system. The deficiency of Guanzhong lies in that it is separated from the densely populated and economically developed plain area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the land is limited, so it is difficult to meet the border defense expenses of the capital and northwest. However, transferring water to the canal requires a lot of labor. After the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, Heshuo United and refused to pay taxes, so he had to take the capital from the Jianghuai area thousands of miles away. In addition, Chang 'an has been repeatedly hit and ruined, and the status of the capital is difficult to maintain.
Luoyang was once the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties. Regarding the consolidation of rivers, Luo Yi River Basin has the conditions to build the capital by relying on risks. Although the land is not as vast as Guanzhong, it is close to the plain area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River with rich products and developed economy. It has the convenience of land and water transportation, and there is almost no need to worry about lack of food. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Luoyang was built as the eastern capital and lived in Luoyang. At that time, people dubbed it "the son of heaven chasing grain". It is precisely because of Luoyang's moderate geography that it is convenient to gather tributes. The advantage of Luo Yi Basin lies not only in its superior shape and center, but also in its promotion to the south. Anyone who looks at Jianghan from the south and wants to swallow the summer trend (such as Cao Shi and Tuoba Wei) must take Luoyang as the capital. Luoyang deviated from the northwest frontier defense, so it was difficult to take care of it that there was always a feeling of inability to cope with the northwest in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty.
Ye, located in the lower Yellow River plain east of Taihang Mountain, the most economically developed "Shandong" center in China before the 8th century A.D., was chosen as the capital. Although there was no danger to defend, it benefited from economic advantages and land and water transportation. After Cao Cao conquered Yuan Shao and pacified the north, he left Yanzhou and Xuchang, which had been in business for many years, and Yecheng was burned by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty in 580 AD. Yecheng has been the capital of the northern region for nearly a hundred years. If the Shang Dynasty is included, it has a history of 370 years. Ye is also a springboard for the northern nomadic regime to go south, which has a special relationship with Luodu. Relying on his power to help Luo push south, but doing it according to his power, it is difficult to do it with his power. There are many reflections in the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Kaifeng, as the capital, began in the Five Dynasties. Since the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the national economic center of gravity has gradually shifted from the lower reaches of the Yellow River to the south of the Yangtze River. The rise of the Khitan in the northeast made the main border troubles of the Central Plains regime no longer come from the northwest. Relying on the material support of Jiangnan, Guanzhong, which has poor water transportation, has been devastated by war and is declining day by day, and has lost the conditions for choosing the capital. As a result, Zhao Yan is the main city in the north, Jianghuai in Nantong, and Kaifeng, with a large population, has replaced Chang 'an and Luoyang and become the capital of Hou Liang, Houjin, Houhan, Houzhou and Northern Song Dynasties. It took 22 1 year to build Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin Dynasty, in order to avoid the pressure from Mongolia. The rise of Kaifeng is mainly due to the convenience of land and water transportation, and the rise and fall of the city is closely related to the blockage of the canal. Kaifeng Siye defends Wan Li without danger. In addition to strengthening the defensive construction of the city wall, we should also learn that all soldiers in the world should stay in Gideon. During the Northern Song Dynasty, redundant expenses increased, and the country was always in the trend of accumulating poverty and weakness, which was inseparable from Kaifeng, its capital, and had to rely on the policy of "strengthening the weak with the strong" and "insufficient at home". During this period, most of the local political power of the separatist party was ruled by States (counties). For example, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, when the Han Dynasty was founded, Chengdu was the capital. According to Liangzhou in Liang Qian, Guzang is the capital city. Generally, separatist regimes only set up the national capital, and there is no capital system.
In the12nd century, the main capital from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the Jin soldiers went south, Kaifeng fell, and the Zhao and Song regimes moved south in panic. After several twists and turns, he settled in Hangzhou and was promoted to Lin' an House. In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), Lin 'an Prefecture was officially the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, but it was named "Walking in" (see the Four Scenes of the Northern Song Dynasty, Walking in the Southern Song Dynasty). In the first year of Zhenyuan (1 153), King Jin Hailing moved from Huining House in Shangjing (now Baicheng Zi in Acheng, Heilongjiang) to Yanjing (now Beijing), the seat of Xijin House in Liaoning and Nanjing, and sealed Daxing House in Zhongdu. The confrontation between the North and the South in the Song and Jin Dynasties began a period in which the capital of China was located on the eastern coast and the north and the south followed each other.
Hangzhou has been the capital of two dynasties for more than 200 years from the establishment of Qian's capital to the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty. Its capital condition is not because of its middle position and no dangerous terrain to rely on, but because it is located in the national economic center of "Suzhou and Shanghai are ripe and the world is full" and has no worries about supply; The dredging of the Jiangnan Canal has made Jinjiang in Hangzhou a hub of southeast transportation, with a length of 20 miles and 430,000 square meters. In addition, a series of Fu Gang, such as Jiangtai, Fenghuang, Wu Shan and Wansongling, are condescending and provide an ideal address for building a palace. It was the strong economic strength that made the Southern Song Dynasty, which chose Hangzhou as its capital, last for more than 100 years.
The three unified dynasties of Yuan, Ming and Qing all took Beijing as their capital and lasted for 600 years. As for Nanjing, although it is close to the rich south of the Yangtze River, and there is the danger of great rivers as a barrier, it is enough to build the capital and protect the family. However, after all, the Yangtze River defense can only be "set in the sky, so it is divided into north and south", which is suitable for protecting half of the southeast. The Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties chose to build their capital and health, so they could prolong their life. If the north and the south are unified, it will be difficult to control. Beijing caresses the Central Plains in the south and meets Shuomo in the north. It is located at the gateway of transportation links between North China Plain, Northeast China and Mongolian grasslands, and is close to mountains and seas. When the northern nationalities establish a unified dynasty or the external threat mainly comes from the northeast, taking Beijing as the capital is of great significance to maintaining their ancestral home and national luck. Therefore, Beijing can become the longest-lasting Kyoto for China to unify a multi-ethnic country in the late feudal society. However, Beijing also has a negative side. It is far away from the rich Jiangnan Economic Zone, which makes the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties always make great efforts to solve the supply problem of the capital, and thus produces many political problems.
Mainly in Xianyang, Shaanxi
Hanshan' an
After Luoyang, it is Nanjing, Jiangsu.
Sui Henan Luoyang
Tang Shaanxi' an
In the Song Dynasty, Luoyang, Henan Province followed Hangzhou closely.
Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were both Beijing.