Early education is the education of preschool children in modern China.
1 ancient "enlightenment period" and modern "sensitive period"?
Everyone must have heard of the "sensitive period" of modern enlightenment education, that is, children have a special feeling ability at every specific period of their growth, so that they can feel certain knowledge and skills very quickly and absorb them quickly. Teaching in sensitive period will get twice the result with half the effort.
Montessori's education law, founded by Italian preschool education expert Montessori, is based on the sensitive period of children to carry out enlightenment education, so that children can get the greatest growth at the most appropriate time.
In ancient times, enlightenment meant that children entered private schools and began to receive enlightenment education, mostly for literacy and reading. The age of enlightenment of ancient children is generally around 4 years old. According to ancient educators, 4 years old is the best age for children to learn Chinese characters, and the stage from 15 years old to entering university is called enlightenment stage, and children have the strongest memory.
Lu Shiyi in Qing Dynasty once said in "On Primary School": "Before the Tenth Five-Year Plan, material desires were not dyed and knowledge was underdeveloped. People remembered more and knew less ... Old friends made them familiar with everything they read. A little bigger, not only refused to read, but also could not read. "
It can be seen that the ancients believed that children were not infected with material desires and had no understanding of knowledge before the age of fifteen. At this time, they should learn more, remember more and read as much as possible. Otherwise, when they are old, they are not only unwilling to study, but also difficult to study.
No matter in ancient times thousands of years ago or in prosperous modern times, we have paid more attention to the concept and degree of enlightenment education. Although it has changed slightly, the ultimate goal is to "teach people and teach early".
2 ancient "poetry" and modern nursery rhymes
The Book of Songs is called the beginning of China's ancient poems and the earliest collection of poems. Collected poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (1 1 century to the 6th century), 31/first.
The book of songs explains the knowledge about plants, animals and life, as well as the 24 solar terms, astronomical songs and mathematical abacus formulas.
The content of The Book of Songs gives full play to the prosodic features of China's native Chinese characters, and the writing form is catchy, which is used as a carrier to make it easier for children or beginners to accept and realize the spread of knowledge.
Modern children's songs and nursery rhymes evolved from this, but the written expression is simplified, the meaning is intuitive and clear, and the content is more vivid and interesting.
Like a nursery rhyme that children are most familiar with: "Little mouse, go up to the lampstand and steal oil to eat, but you can't get down." Meow, meow, here comes the cat, jabbering down. "
The content of nursery rhymes has a strong sense of rhythm and rhythm, and each sentence has a corresponding rhyme. This phonetic mode brings language interest to children. At the same time, a children's song or nursery rhyme often tells a story, including the beginning, the middle and the end. This kind of story logic will pave the way for the development of children's understanding ability and writing ability in the future.
3 ancient "children's books" and modern picture books?
According to historical records, the earliest literacy textbook in ancient China was ZH Pian Yu of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which has been lost. It can be inferred from Li Si's Cang Xie Pian in Qin Dynasty that Shi Shuo Pian is probably arranged according to the relationship of meaning, with four words as sentences and two rhymes.
After Qin Dynasty, Cang Xie, Ji Li and Bo Xue all attached importance to literacy and writing, which was the development of teachers' theory.
After the Western Han Dynasty, there was a new development. Cang Xie Pian was a popular literacy textbook in the early Han Dynasty, and it was also the first widely used unified literacy textbook in the history of China.
Later, Qian Qian 300, which Meng Kai wanted to read, is the abbreviation of three-character classics, hundreds of surnames, thousands of words and hundreds of poems, corresponding to the famous "Four Books and Five Classics", commonly known as "Little Four Books of Enlightenment".
These four books were widely used in private schools in China after the Song Dynasty, and their popularity was very high. This kind of popular reading is carefully written, and some of them are written by famous writers.
"Huang Xuan of heaven and earth, everything in the universe. The sun and the moon are full, and Chen Su is on the list. Cold comes and summer goes, autumn harvest and winter storage. When I am a leap, I will be old, and I will adjust my yang. "
This is Qian Wen Zi, which was created in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, in which knowledge of nature and the brushwork are integrated.
The first four sentences explain the laws of the universe: the sky is blue and black, the earth is yellow, and the universe is formed in a state of chaos and ignorance. The sun rises and sets in the west, the moon is round and the stars are all over the boundless space.
The last three sentences clearly describe the changes of the four seasons: the cycle of cold and heat, harvesting crops in autumn and storing food in winter. Accumulate a few years of leap surplus into a month and put it in a leap year. Finally, the concept of "legalistic emotional yang" means that the ancients used six methods and six qi to regulate yin and yang.
The content of thousands of words is vivid and interesting, and it is about the knowledge of nature, such as the moon, the sun, the stars and the changes of the four seasons. Hundreds of surnames are also the four characters of rhyming sentences, which contains the inheritance of surname culture in China, the understanding of China characters and the understanding of social life.
In ancient times, literacy and writing were the main tasks. Although the language is as interesting and vivid as possible, all the words are still boring and unattractive to children.
Comparatively speaking, modern picture books are also based on different knowledge themes, but the forms of expression are mainly pictures, supplemented by words, with vivid colors, vivid characters and exaggerated and interesting actions, which are more aimed at children's characteristics and attract their attention.
In the past, the way of learning was generally taught by teachers, with a single form, and the acceptance of knowledge was easy to form a mindset. Modern picture books have added many content forms, such as parent-child game interaction, audio input, 3D stereo ... which can stimulate children's imagination and creativity.
4 ancient "habit dyeing" and modern learning atmosphere
Mencius' mother was called Meng Mu. Mencius lived near the cemetery when he was a child. Mencius learned some things like worship and played games to deal with funerals. His mother said, "This place is not suitable for children to live in." So he moved his family to the market, and Mencius learned some knowledge about business and slaughter.
The mother thought again, "This place is still not suitable for children to live in." His family moved to Gong Xue. Mencius learned the etiquette of bowing forward and backward in the imperial court. Meng Mu said, "This is where children live." Settle here. Mencius learned six arts when he grew up and gained the reputation of a great scholar. This gentleman thinks this is the result of Meng Mu's gradual enlightenment.
This is the story of the famous "Three Movements in Meng Mu" recorded in historical materials. Meng Mu took great pains to give children a really good educational environment. Meng Mu paid attention to the learning environment, cultivated Mencius, and finally made Mencius a great scholar.
In ancient times, the "gifted scholars and beautiful women" who studied piano, chess, calligraphy and painting often came from big families, and they were either rich or expensive. Such a family background environment will cultivate children's personal accomplishment from an early age, and people who interact with each other will also pay attention to "caring for each other."
On the contrary, poor families may not be able to afford teachers to teach, let alone climb high branches, and may be illiterate all their lives. In that era when education was not fully popularized, the environment had a decisive influence on education.
It can be seen that the ancients were not short-sighted than modern people. With the development of modern society and the popularization of education, going to school has become the only way for children to grow up. Parents pay more and more attention to enlightenment education, and it is not uncommon for them to enroll in various interest classes, spend money and entrust their relationships to aristocratic schools and international schools. Only high-quality education, outstanding personal ability and high-quality circle of friends are the decisive factors for their future success.
Since ancient times, the times have made heroes, and the importance of the environment to human development is self-evident.
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The most prominent thing in ancient enlightenment education is the education of "benevolence". Starting from running a school by oneself, moral education is the first emphasis in the initial stage of running a school (that is, the primary school stage), that is, moral education is given to aristocratic children and some moral codes of conduct are taught to them.
In the period of Confucius, moral education was placed in a prominent position. Confucius emphasized the three cultivation requirements of a gentleman. As the saying goes, "the benevolent is not worried, the wise is not confused, and the brave is not afraid." Morality, wisdom and courage are all necessary, but the most important thing is to cultivate a gentleman's morality.
Kong Rong asked pears to teach us humility; "Ceng Zi Avoid Seats" teaches us to respect the teacher and emphasize the road; "I once participated in killing pigs" taught us that parents and children should keep their word ... These are classic stories of character and morality, which have universal values that everyone unanimously respects and are still widely circulated today.
Modern education pays attention to "moral, intellectual, physical and beautiful work" and puts the virtue of being a man in the first place. Because "virtue" is social, other attributes can be attributed to self, but it must be promoted by virtue.
Although the murder case of Peking University and the poisoning case of Fudan University are all in famous universities, they have no moral bottom line at all, and even if they get higher grades, they can't be regarded as "adults". These excesses are the amplification of moral corruption.
Teachers have taught us since childhood: return things to their original owners, be helpful to others when they are in trouble, and be sincere and kind to others ... Although these things are small, they show human nature and principles, and only personal development based on these excellent qualities is meaningful.
Thousands of years have passed, and the education system, methods and contents are constantly changing. Only when the emphasis on education increases, can enlightenment education become an indispensable accumulation and springboard in education.
Teachers' Reflections on Tao Xingzhi's Educational Masterpieces 1
I remember when I was still in school, the teachers as