1, banded distribution (corresponding to bioclimatic zone)
South of Qinhuai, east of the eastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, from south to north.
Latosol → Latosol → Red soil → Yellow soil → Yellow brown soil.
Mid-subtropical zone: Xiang 'e Mountain, Central Guizhou Plateau → Yellow soil → Central Yunnan Plateau → Red soil.
Qin dynasty, north and east of Huaihe River: from south to north.
Brown soil → dark brown soil → calcareous soil
2. meridional distribution
Temperate zone: dark brown soil → black soil, albic soil → chernozem → brown calcium soil → grey desert soil → grey brown desert soil.
Warm temperate zone: brown soil → cinnamon soil → black loessial soil → calcareous soil → brown desert soil.
Horizontal distribution law of soil
Horizontal distribution of soil: it is mainly restricted by the similarity of latitude zonality and longitude zonality, and the large terrain (mountains and plateaus) also has great influence on the horizontal distribution of soil.
1, latitude zoning distribution law of soil
The zonality of soil latitude is due to the decrease of solar radiation from the equator to the polar regions, and the soil-forming factors such as climate and biology also change regularly along the latitude direction, and the corresponding zonal soil changes in a strip shape roughly parallel to the latitude.
The zonal distribution of soil belt in latitude does not strictly extend in the east-west direction. Due to the interference and influence of other differentiation factors, some soil zones are discontinuous, sharp and oblique.
Latitude zonality can be divided into two forms:
One is the global land belt that extends to all continents of the world. The soil zones in the world are obvious at both high and low latitudes, such as glacial swamp soil in cold zone, calcareous soil in cold temperate zone and tropical latosol, which not only intermittently span the whole continent, but also are generally parallel to latitude, and the boundary line of the soil zone basically coincides with the latitude climate zone.
The other is the regional soil belt, which does not extend to all continents, and is most obvious in the middle latitudes. Because of the difference between wet and dry, there are two types: coastal and inland:
The characteristics of coastal soil latitude zone are: the strike deviates from latitude, mostly distributed in the mid-latitude continental margin, and the soil zone spectrum is composed of forest soil series. For example, eastern China appears from north to south: calcareous soil (calcareous soil)-residual soil (dark brown soil-brown soil-yellow brown soil)-aluminum-rich soil (red soil, yellow soil-lateritic red soil).
The characteristic of inland soil latitude belt is that it is located in the mainland, and the soil belt spectrum is mainly composed of grassland soil series and desert soil series. For example, from north to south, the soils in Eurasia are: weak residual soil (gray forest soil)-wet soil (black soil)-calcareous soil (chernozem-chestnut soil-brown calcium soil-calcareous soil)-desert soil.
2. Vertical zoning distribution of soil.
Longitude zonality of soil distribution: refers to the law that zonal soil (subcategory) extends along the longitude (north-south) direction and changes from coastal to inland along the longitude (east-west) direction.
Due to the distribution of land and sea and the resulting atmospheric circulation, different geographical locations are affected by the ocean in different degrees, which makes the water conditions and biological factors change regularly from the coast to the inland, and the soil changes in a strip shape roughly parallel to the meridian.
Generally, the mid-latitude region is the most typical, and moist forest soil, semi-humid forest grassland soil, semi-arid grassland soil and arid desert soil appear in turn from coastal to inland.
For example, in the warm temperate zone from east to west (the temperate zone from northeast China to Ningxia), the soil zone from east to west is: residual soil (dark brown soil)-fluvo-aquic soil (black soil)-calcareous soil (chernozem, chestnut soil and brown calcium soil)-desert soil (grey desert soil and grey brown desert soil soil);
Seen from the width of horizontal soil zone, the latitude zone is about 4-8 latitude from north to south, and the longitude zone is about 6- 12 longitude from east to west.
The boundaries of soil horizontal zones are mostly consistent with geographical boundaries such as mountain watershed and river basin. Such geographical boundaries usually lead to the differentiation of climate, biology, human landscape and soil zone to the greatest extent. Take China as an example: The Great Wall is mostly built along the dangerous watershed from the seaside, which is of great significance to the differentiation of climate, agriculture and soil cover. Therefore, the Great Wall, as a boundary, needs to move 2-4 latitudes to the north except for the easternmost part, which is just the boundary between the middle temperate zone and the warm temperate zone. In coastal areas, it is the dividing line between dark brown soil and brown soil, and in inland areas, it is the dividing line between calcareous soil (chernozem, chestnut soil and brown calcium soil) and weak residual soil (cinnamon soil). Qinling-Huaihe River dividing line is the dividing line between warm temperate zone and north subtropical zone, and it is also the northern boundary of farming in drought and flood season in China. To the north of this line are brown soil and cinnamon soil. The south is yellow brown soil. Nanling is the dividing line between red soil and lateritic red soil. Tianshan Mountain is the dividing line between brown desert soil and Grey brown desert soil. Taihang Mountain makes the climate of the western Loess Plateau obviously dry, and black loessial soil and cinnamon soil appear. The Yanshan Mountains blocked the southeast monsoon, making the Inner Mongolia Plateau full of calcareous soil. The uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau affected the horizontal extension of subtropical and warm temperate soils to the west. In addition, Tibetan Nymphaea Tanggula.
It can be seen from the above that the horizontal distribution pattern of soil in a vast area is mainly controlled by latitude zonality, longitude zonality and large topography (mountains, plateaus and rivers).