1. The root of the British Opium War: In the first half of the 9th century, in order to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, the direct reason for smuggling opium to China was to reverse the trade deficit.
2. 1839, Lin Zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Daoguang Emperor to ban smoking. In June, the opium was destroyed in Humentan, which was a great victory of China people's struggle against smoking and showed the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero, and this activity became the fuse of the Opium War.
3. 1840- 1842, the first opium war broke out. After the Opium War, China gradually reduced from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of the modern history of China. From 65438 to 0842, the British invaders forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British treaty of nanking, which was the first unequal treaty in modern China. (P5)
The main effects of the Opium War: ① China gradually changed from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; ② It was a turning point in the history of China and the beginning of modern history of China.
4. 1856 10 to 1860 10 With the British and French allied forces as the principal criminals and the United States and Russia as accomplices, the British and French allied forces launched the Second Opium War, further opening up the China market. After occupying Beijing, they burned the Yuanmingyuan.
5. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties and occupied the territory of northeast and northwest China1500,000 square kilometers. (P9)
6.1851-1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. 185 1 year, Hong Xiuquan, the leader of the peasant revolution, launched an uprising in Tian Quan Village, Guiping, Guangxi, and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The rebels are called "Taiping Army". 1853, established a regime against the Qing dynasty.
7. As an imperial envoy, Zuo adopted the strategy of "going north first, then going south, and slowly advancing and fighting" to recover Xinjiang. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the basic historical facts of Zuo recovering Xinjiang are as follows: Zuo entered Xinjiang in 1876, and China recovered Yili in 18 1 year.
8. Sino-Japanese War (1894): The Yellow Sea War (Deng Shichang died heroically,)
After the defeat of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Li Hongzhang signed the Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki with Japanese Prime Minister Ito Bowen, which greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China. (P 17)
9. 1900 In June, Eight-Nation Alliance, composed of the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia and Austria, launched a war of aggression against China, which was the executioner of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion and committed heinous crimes against the people of China.
10. 190 1 September, the Qing government was forced to sign the "shame and ugliness treaty" with the eight countries, and the Qing government completely became a tool for imperialism to rule China. China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. (Page 22-23)
How did China gradually become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society?
A: At first, it was simplified as: Opium War-treaty of nanking was greatly deepened; The Sino-Japanese War-treaty of shimonoseki was completely reduced to: Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China-the treaty of mourning for ugliness. By waging war, the great powers forced the Qing government to sign unequal treaties, constantly expanding the privilege of aggression, making China a semi-colony, and the Qing government became their tool for ruling China.
Unit 2 The Difficult Start of Modernization
1 1. Main representative of Westernization School: Central Committee member: Yixin; Venue: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong. Goal: "Learn from foreigners" and put forward the slogans of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth". Nature: It is the self-help movement of the feudal ruling class. )
Military industry: ① 1865, Li Hongzhang established Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration in Shanghai; ② 1866, Zuo established Fuzhou Shipping Bureau in Fuzhou. Civil industry: ① 1872, Li Hongzhang set up China Shipping Merchants Bureau in Shanghai; (2) 1880, Li Hongzhang established the General Administration of Telegraph in Tianjin; ③ 1893, Tangxu Railway was opened to traffic.
1876, the first railway in China was the Songhu Railway.
12. Evaluate the Westernization Movement (the content is on page 30, focusing on it)
(1) Zhang Jian was the champion of 1894. With the ambition of saving the country by industry, he returned to his hometown and founded Sheng Da Cotton Mill, which gradually developed into a large-scale cotton textile enterprise.
(2) Zhan Tianyou is an outstanding railway engineer in China. 1904 presided over the construction of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, which was completed and opened to traffic in 1909. This is the first railway trunk line designed and built by China people themselves.
13. Writing on the Bus (1895, led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao) kicked off the Reform Movement. (The fuse was the signing of treaty of shimonoseki)
14. 1898 From June to September, Emperor Guangxu issued a series of decrees, the contents of which were (P37):( 1898): ① Representative figures: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong. ② Main contents: Economically: developing agriculture, industry and commerce; Militarily: training the new Lu Haijun; Politically: start a newspaper and open your speech; Cancel redundant yamen and useless official positions; Culture and education: set up new schools to train talents, and then abolish stereotyped imperial examination writing. 1905, the Qing government announced the abolition of the imperial examination system that had been used for more than 300 years. Called "Hundred Days Reform" or "Reform Movement of 1898"
In modern times, foreign powers invaded and the country was in danger. Some patriotic thinkers realize that to change the status quo, we must learn from the strengths of the West. The representatives are Wei Yuan and Yan Fu. Among them, Wei Yuan's book "Records of Overseas Countries" systematically introduces the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States, indicating that the purpose of compilation is to "learn from foreigners and master their skills to control foreigners". Yan Fu was an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898. He translated the theory of evolution and expounded the progressive views of "natural selection, survival of the fittest" and "the world must move forward and the future will be better than today"
15. Sun Yat-sen's main revolutionary activities: ① 1894, Sun Yat-sen established the Zhong Xing Society in Honolulu, marking the initial formation of the bourgeois revolutionaries in China. (2) The establishment of China League: Sun Yat-sen was founded in Tokyo, Japan on 1905; Slogan: "Drive out the Tatars, restore China, establish the Republic of China, and have equal land ownership". In the development of "nationality", "civil rights" and "people's livelihood"; The Three People's Principles is the guiding ideology of Sun Yat-sen's leadership of the Revolution of 1911. Revolutionary goal: overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish a bourgeois Republic; China United League is the first national bourgeois revolutionary party in China.
16.19 101010/0/month10, the revolutionaries launched an uprising in Wuchang, Hubei Province, which was called "Wuchang Uprising" in history.
Significance: (P43) However, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and failed to complete the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal task. Limitations: It has not changed the nature of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.
17. 19 15, New Culture Movement: ① Main figures: Chen Duxiu (who founded New Youth magazine and advocated "literary revolution"), Li Dazhao (who promoted Marxism-Leninism), Lu Xun and Hu Shi (who advocated literary improvement by replacing classical Chinese with vernacular Chinese); ② Slogan: "Down with Kongjiadian" ③ Banner: "Democracy" and "Science" are advocated and opposed. ④ Main publication: New Youth; ⑤ Main positions: New Youth magazine, Peking University.
19 17 years, the victory of Russian October Revolution made China's advanced intellectuals see the "dawn of the new century". 19 18, Li Dazhao published two papers, The Victory of the Common People and The Victory of Bolshevism, in New Youth magazine, praising the October Revolution.
19. Shi Jing University Hall was established in the Reform Movement. It is the highest institution of higher learning established by the first country in China and the only achievement left by the Reform Movement of 1898. 19 12 was changed to Peking University, which became the center of the New Culture Movement and the birthplace of the May 4th Movement. From 65438 to 0905, the Qing government announced the abolition of the imperial examination system, which was a great event in the history of education in China. (P5 1)
Shenbao: 1872, founded in Shanghai, is the first commercial newspaper in modern China. The Commercial Press: 1897, founded in Shanghai. It mainly compiles new textbooks and reference books, and translates and introduces western academic works. It is one of the oldest and largest cultural publishing institutions in modern China.
Photography: 65438-2009 was born in the late 1930s in western countries, and was introduced to China after 1940s.
Movies: 1896, The Movie Theater in the West was shown in Another Village in Xu Yuan, which was the first film shown in China in modern times. 1905, China people made their first film Dingjun Mountain, which opened the curtain of China film industry.
Braid-cutting: 19 12, Sun Yat-sen issued a braid-cutting order, requiring those who keep braids to cut off their braids within a time limit and get rid of old habits, becoming a new citizen of the Republic of China and a symbol of the revolution. Yi costumes: ① Men: suits, Chinese tunic suits; ② Lady: Women's turtleneck clothing. Change the title: remove the title of "adult" and "grandfather" in the former Qing dynasty, and stipulate that all government employees in the Republic of China should be renamed posts; Common folk address is changed to "Mr" or "Jun".