V.v. recycling = re plus the cycle period.
Recyclable (A. Recyclable) = Recyclable (e)+ Available.
Encyclopedia (a.encyclopedia)= encyclopedia (ia) = encyclopedia (ia+IC adjective suffix. It is often used to describe people as "knowledgeable".
Pediatrics (n. n. Pediatrics)= = ped(ia) Entry "Children" ++iatr Root "Treatment" ++ics Suffix Table "Subject". The principle of treating children. ★ Root treatment can be ignored. We remember words, not study them. So as long as you see that the prefix ped(ia) thinks of "children" and the suffix -ics thinks of "discipline", you can finally infer that the word means "pediatrics".
Pediatrics = pediatrics +IATR+IC. Ped(ia) has the root of "children", iatr has the root of "treatment", and the adjective suffix -ic.
Pediatrician (n.n. pediatrician) = pediatrician+Ian. Richard's father is a pediatrician in the American family photo album. ★ suffix -ic is followed by suffix -ian, which means not ordinary people, but "experts" (proficient people), such as doctors; Musician (musician)
(The typesetting is rather monotonous. I wonder if anyone will watch it. )
What is an encyclopedia? A complete reference book outlining all kinds of human knowledge or all kinds of human knowledge. The word encyclopedia in English comes from Greek, which means "all knowledge is in it"; The word "encyclopedia" in Chinese only appeared in the early 20th century. The main function of an encyclopedia is to provide people with necessary knowledge and factual information. Its completeness lies in that it contains almost all kinds of reference books, including all aspects of knowledge. In addition, encyclopedias also have the educational function of expanding readers' knowledge horizons and helping people systematically seek knowledge, and are often called "universities without walls".
The encyclopedia of origin and development originated from the comprehensive generalization and classification of human knowledge. Aristotle, an ancient Greek scholar, once wrote a lecture on the knowledge at that time and was regarded as the "father of encyclopedia" by the west. Erya, written by China in the early Han Dynasty, covers all aspects of natural science and social science, and is the earliest encyclopedic work in China. Wei Wendi's Huang Lan, compiled by Liu Shao and Wang Xiang, is regarded as the beginning of China's books. Although China's ancient books are encyclopedic documents, they are only limited to the collection of existing materials in various subjects, and have never developed into an encyclopedia in the modern sense.
Western encyclopedias have experienced three development periods: ① Ancient encyclopedias. The encyclopedias of ancient Greece and Rome originated from education, and the arrangement adopted the original knowledge classification and was completed by a single editor. The Essentials of Discipline (9 volumes) compiled by Valo, an ancient Roman scholar, and the Natural History (37 volumes) compiled by Pliny the Elder in 1 century A.D. are representative encyclopedias of this period. (2) the medieval encyclopedia. Encyclopedias from the 5th century to the 65438+6th century clearly reflected the influence of theology and religious rule in that era, and most of them were textbooks for clergy in monasteries. The original classification based on "Free Seven Arts" is still the main arrangement. The representative encyclopedia works are: Etymology (20 volumes) edited by isidore and Da Bao Jian (80 volumes) edited by Wen Cen. In the late Middle Ages (16 ~18th century), the development of encyclopedias has two characteristics: first, influenced by F. Bacon's classification, scientific classification gradually became the basis of encyclopedia framework design; Second, with the development of science and culture, human knowledge has surged, and textbook encyclopedias can no longer meet the needs of rapid knowledge retrieval. Encyclopedia began to be influenced by the arrangement of dictionaries, and gradually changed from classified arrangement to alphabetical arrangement. The encyclopedia dictionary published by J. J. Hoffman in 1677 is a representative work in the early stage of this transformation and the first precedent for indexing encyclopedias. ③ Modern Encyclopedia. /kloc-after the 0/8th century, encyclopedias entered a period of modern development. The founder of the modern Western Encyclopedia School is the French philosopher Diderot, and the French Encyclopedia School headed by him compiled and published a world-famous encyclopedia or dictionary of science, art and technology in 1751772 (full volume17, pictures 165438). The second is to highlight the retrieval function of encyclopedias, that is, the role of reference books and accept the alphabetical arrangement of dictionaries. From 18 to the 20th century, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, the Soviet Union and Japan successively compiled and published a number of authoritative encyclopedias. China has also published the Encyclopedia of China since 1980.
Modern encyclopedias have formed a complete series to meet the needs of readers with different educational levels and occupations. It can be divided into the following categories: ① Comprehensive Encyclopedia. Summarize all kinds of human knowledge for readers to consult basic knowledge and information. According to the education level of readers, it can be further divided into advanced adult encyclopedia, popular student encyclopedia and children's encyclopedia. The former is often a multi-volume tome, and people are used to calling it an encyclopedia, such as Encyclopedia Britannica and Encyclopedia of China. (2) professional encyclopedia. Choose a certain subject or a certain knowledge category, but the scope of choice is wide or narrow. Generous ones are American Encyclopedia of Science and Technology and Encyclopedia of Social Sciences; Those narrow ones are like encyclopedias of library and information science. Special encyclopedias, such as the Olympic Encyclopedia of the Soviet Union, also belong to this series. ③ Regional Encyclopedia. As far as the selected content is concerned, it is also a comprehensive encyclopedia, but it is limited to the knowledge of a region, a country or a city, such as the encyclopedia of Asia, the encyclopedia of Yugoslavia and the encyclopedia of London. ④ Encyclopedia dictionary. It is a reference book with the nature of both encyclopedia and dictionary, but it only accepts professional vocabulary of various subjects and makes a brief explanation, and does not accept common vocabulary.
Encyclopedias of various series can be divided into large, small, medium and single volumes according to their scale. More than 20 volumes are called large encyclopedias, less than 20 volumes are small and medium-sized encyclopedias, and single-volume books are also called desktop encyclopedias.
The main feature of structural encyclopedia is to introduce knowledge comprehensively and systematically with items as the main body. ① Entries are the basic search units of encyclopedias. Compilers sort out and decompose the existing knowledge according to the retrieval requirements of reference books, that is, design the framework of encyclopedias, so as to get different knowledge topics. Writing these topics in a certain style is an encyclopedia entry. Modern comprehensive encyclopedia has tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of entries. Items are related to each other through the reference system, crossing without repetition, and connecting without omission. Entries generally consist of title, explanation (including necessary charts) and bibliography. (2) There are generally three ways to arrange encyclopedia entries: all in alphabetical order, classified arrangement, and combination of classification and alphabetical order (that is, classified volume). Alphabetical arrangement has become the mainstream of modern encyclopedias; Classification and arrangement are less used; The arrangement of large volumes is a form of compromise and transition, but its advantage is that it is suitable for readers to buy in separate volumes, and a single volume is also acceptable. For example, the Encyclopedia of China is arranged in this way. (3) In addition to the main part (entry), the encyclopedia has various auxiliary components to expand its functions. The most important things are indexes (usually compiled into one volume) and various informative appendices, such as memorabilia and atlases.
The Encyclopedia of Appraisal and Evaluation is a large-scale reference book, which is called "the king of reference books". It has many kinds, different application scopes and different compilation quality, so readers and librarians must be good at identification and selection. Appraisal mainly includes category appraisal, function appraisal, applicability appraisal and compilation level appraisal. The criteria for evaluating the level and quality of encyclopedia compilation mainly include the following six aspects: ① authority, which refers to the authority of the editor, editing agency (editorial board), editor-in-chief and publishing unit of encyclopedia entries. The comprehensiveness, accuracy and novelty of the content means that the selected items are comprehensive, without major omissions and excessive repetition, and the proportion of knowledge categories is balanced; The knowledge and facts provided are accurate; On the basis of stability, the content can reflect the new situation and new progress, not outdated, and contains important facts and materials within five years. (3) Objectivity: refers to the small tendency in political, religious and social prejudice. Conciseness: refers to concise language and fluent and easy-to-understand words. ⑤ Retrieval: This is the main symbol of encyclopedia function, which is related to whether the item setting is reasonable, whether the title indexing is standardized, and whether the retrieval system (including item arrangement, reference setting and indexing) is accurate. ⑥ Binding: refers to the format, layout, printing, paper and binding quality of an encyclopedia.
A complete reference book outlining all kinds of human knowledge or all kinds of human knowledge. The word encyclopedia in English comes from Greek, which means "all knowledge is in it"; The word "encyclopedia" in Chinese only appeared in the early 20th century. The main function of an encyclopedia is to provide people with necessary knowledge and factual information. Its completeness lies in that it contains almost all kinds of reference books, including all aspects of knowledge. In addition, encyclopedias also have the educational function of expanding readers' knowledge horizons and helping people systematically seek knowledge, and are often called "universities without walls".
The encyclopedia of origin and development originated from the comprehensive generalization and classification of human knowledge. Aristotle, an ancient Greek scholar, once wrote a lecture on the knowledge at that time and was regarded as the "father of encyclopedia" by the west. Erya, written by China in the early Han Dynasty, covers all aspects of natural science and social science, and is the earliest encyclopedic work in China. Wei Wendi's Huang Lan, compiled by Liu Shao and Wang Xiang, is regarded as the beginning of China's books. Although China's ancient books are encyclopedic documents, they are only limited to the collection of existing materials in various subjects, and have never developed into an encyclopedia in the modern sense.
Western encyclopedias have experienced three development periods: ① Ancient encyclopedias. The encyclopedias of ancient Greece and Rome originated from education, and the arrangement adopted the original knowledge classification and was completed by a single editor. The Essentials of Discipline (9 volumes) compiled by Valo, an ancient Roman scholar, and the Natural History (37 volumes) compiled by Pliny the Elder in 1 century A.D. are representative encyclopedias of this period. (2) the medieval encyclopedia. Encyclopedias from the 5th century to the 65438+6th century clearly reflected the influence of theology and religious rule in that era, and most of them were textbooks for clergy in monasteries. The original classification based on "Free Seven Arts" is still the main arrangement. The representative encyclopedia works are: Etymology (20 volumes) edited by isidore and Da Bao Jian (80 volumes) edited by Wen Cen. In the late Middle Ages (16 ~18th century), the development of encyclopedias has two characteristics: first, influenced by F. Bacon's classification, scientific classification gradually became the basis of encyclopedia framework design; Second, with the development of science and culture, human knowledge has surged, and textbook encyclopedias can no longer meet the needs of rapid knowledge retrieval. Encyclopedia began to be influenced by the arrangement of dictionaries, and gradually changed from classified arrangement to alphabetical arrangement. The encyclopedia dictionary published by J. J. Hoffman in 1677 is a representative work in the early stage of this transformation and the first precedent for indexing encyclopedias. ③ Modern Encyclopedia. /kloc-after the 0/8th century, encyclopedias entered a period of modern development. The founder of the modern Western Encyclopedia School is the French philosopher Diderot, and the French Encyclopedia School headed by him compiled and published a world-famous encyclopedia or dictionary of science, art and technology in 1751772 (full volume17, pictures 165438). The second is to highlight the retrieval function of encyclopedias, that is, the role of reference books and accept the alphabetical arrangement of dictionaries. From 18 to the 20th century, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, the Soviet Union and Japan successively compiled and published a number of authoritative encyclopedias. China has also published the Encyclopedia of China since 1980.
Modern encyclopedias have formed a complete series to meet the needs of readers with different educational levels and occupations. It can be divided into the following categories: ① Comprehensive Encyclopedia. Summarize all kinds of human knowledge for readers to consult basic knowledge and information. According to the education level of readers, it can be further divided into advanced adult encyclopedia, popular student encyclopedia and children's encyclopedia. The former is often a multi-volume tome, and people are used to calling it an encyclopedia, such as Encyclopedia Britannica and Encyclopedia of China. (2) professional encyclopedia. Choose a certain subject or a certain knowledge category, but the scope of choice is wide or narrow. Generous ones are American Encyclopedia of Science and Technology and Encyclopedia of Social Sciences; Those narrow ones are like encyclopedias of library and information science. Special encyclopedias, such as the Olympic Encyclopedia of the Soviet Union, also belong to this series. ③ Regional Encyclopedia. As far as the selected content is concerned, it is also a comprehensive encyclopedia, but it is limited to the knowledge of a region, a country or a city, such as the encyclopedia of Asia, the encyclopedia of Yugoslavia and the encyclopedia of London. ④ Encyclopedia dictionary. It is a reference book with the nature of both encyclopedia and dictionary, but it only accepts professional vocabulary of various subjects and makes a brief explanation, and does not accept common vocabulary.
Encyclopedias of various series can be divided into large, small, medium and single volumes according to their scale. More than 20 volumes are called large encyclopedias, less than 20 volumes are small and medium-sized encyclopedias, and single-volume books are also called desktop encyclopedias.
The main feature of structural encyclopedia is to introduce knowledge comprehensively and systematically with items as the main body. ① Entries are the basic search units of encyclopedias. Compilers sort out and decompose the existing knowledge according to the retrieval requirements of reference books, that is, design the framework of encyclopedias, so as to get different knowledge topics. Writing these topics in a certain style is an encyclopedia entry. Modern comprehensive encyclopedia has tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of entries. Items are related to each other through the reference system, crossing without repetition, and connecting without omission. Entries generally consist of title, explanation (including necessary charts) and bibliography. (2) There are generally three ways to arrange encyclopedia entries: all in alphabetical order, classified arrangement, and combination of classification and alphabetical order (that is, classified volume). Alphabetical arrangement has become the mainstream of modern encyclopedias; Classification and arrangement are less used; The arrangement of large volumes is a form of compromise and transition, but its advantage is that it is suitable for readers to buy in separate volumes, and a single volume is also acceptable. For example, the Encyclopedia of China is arranged in this way. (3) In addition to the main part (entry), the encyclopedia has various auxiliary components to expand its functions. The most important things are indexes (usually compiled into one volume) and various informative appendices, such as memorabilia and atlases.
The Encyclopedia of Appraisal and Evaluation is a large-scale reference book, which is called "the king of reference books". It has many kinds, different application scopes and different compilation quality, so readers and librarians must be good at identification and selection. Appraisal mainly includes category appraisal, function appraisal, applicability appraisal and compilation level appraisal. The criteria for evaluating the level and quality of encyclopedia compilation mainly include the following six aspects: ① authority, which refers to the authority of the editor, editing agency (editorial board), editor-in-chief and publishing unit of encyclopedia entries. The comprehensiveness, accuracy and novelty of the content means that the selected items are comprehensive, without major omissions and excessive repetition, and the proportion of knowledge categories is balanced; The knowledge and facts provided are accurate; On the basis of stability, the content can reflect the new situation and new progress, not outdated, and contains important facts and materials within five years. (3) Objectivity: refers to the small tendency in political, religious and social prejudice. Conciseness: refers to concise language and fluent and easy-to-understand words. ⑤ Retrieval: This is the main symbol of encyclopedia function, which is related to whether the item setting is reasonable, whether the title indexing is standardized, and whether the retrieval system (including item arrangement, reference setting and indexing) is accurate. ⑥ Binding: refers to the format, layout, printing, paper and binding quality of an encyclopedia.
How do you say encyclopedia in English? An encyclopedia is an encyclopedia when translated into English.
encyclopaedia
United kingdom [_n_sa_kl_'pi:d__] United States [_n_sa_kl__pidi_]
encyclopaedia
I don't know A variant of "encyclopedia"
Extended data
They compiled an encyclopedia.
They compiled an encyclopedia.
This is an encyclopedia.
This is an encyclopedia.
This book contains all kinds of knowledge, which is simply an encyclopedia.
This book includes all kinds of knowledge, almost an encyclopedia.
We can consult the encyclopedia to learn about this information.
We can look up information about this problem in the encyclopedia.
This is not your job. He said. Someone typed it for you directly from the encyclopedia.
You didn't write this, he said. Someone printed it out of the encyclopedia for you.
How do you say encyclopedia in English? Question 1: It is always useful to have an encyclopedia at home.
Question 2: What is the English of Encyclopedia English? Noun: encyclopedia (bre)/ encyclopedia.
A book or set of books, which provides information on all fields of knowledge or different fields of a particular subject, is usually arranged alphabetically.
Encyclopedia English; Specialized books on a subject (usually arranged alphabetically).
Adjective: encyclopedia
1, which is associated with the encyclopedia or the type of information found in it; encyclopaedia
For example: encyclopedia information encyclopedia knowledge
For example, an encyclopedia dictionary
2. Have a lot of information about various topics; Contains complete information about a particle discipline, including various disciplines, with knowledge and insight.
She has extensive knowledge of Annala. She has a wealth of natural history knowledge.
Question 3: How do you say encyclopedia in English?
English [? n？ Sa? kl？ Pi:d] beauty [? n？ Sa? klpidi？ ]
Encyclopedia;
I don't know A variant of "encyclopedia";
This encyclopedia is accompanied by clear illustrations and more than 250 recipes.
That encyclopedia has many clear illustrations and more than 250 recipes.
[other] plural: encyclopedia
Question 4: How do children say encyclopedia in English? Hello!
Encyclopedia for children
Encyclopedia for children
Question 5: How do you say Baidu Encyclopedia in English? Thank you very much Baidu baike
Question 6: What is the full English name of the encyclopedia?
Encyclopedia [concise Chinese-English dictionary]
[Bhikuni]
1. Encyclopedia
2. Encyclopedia
Step 3 Encyclopedia
Step 4 Encyclopedia
Entry correction-Google search
Question 7: What does China traditional culture encyclopedia say in China?
Encyclopedia of traditional culture in China.
Question 8: Hot words: Encyclopedia of China and Encyclopedia of China.
Encyclopedia of China
Seeking noun explanation: encyclopedia
An encyclopedia is a written summary of all or a certain kind of knowledge accumulated by human beings in the past.
An encyclopedia usually refers to a large set of books. This word originated from the western Greek ε γ κ _ κ λ ι ο _ (Latin letter: enkyklios) and π α ι δ ε _ α (Paidia). Enkyklios means "circular, periodic and ordinary", and paideia means "education". Literally speaking, general education is the art and scientific knowledge that a person who wants to receive general education should learn. In the process of copying, it was misinterpreted as a new Latin word "encyclopaedia" and then entered English, which was first recorded in 153 1. In the new Latin, this word was chosen as the title of a reference book covering all subjects. It first appeared in Britain in 1644.
According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the largest encyclopedia in the world is Yongle Dadian.
The definition of China Encyclopedia of Press and Publication is: "A reference book that briefly introduces various kinds of human knowledge or a certain kind of knowledge. Used to check the required knowledge and factual information. But it also has the function of expanding readers' knowledge horizons and helping the system to seek knowledge. It is a symbol of the scientific and cultural development of a country and an era. "
The definition of a concise social science dictionary is "a large reference book arranged in the form of a dictionary and systematically summarizing all aspects or aspects of human knowledge." It is divided into two categories: comprehensive category and professional category. A comprehensive encyclopedia, collecting nouns, idioms, place names, events, people, works, etc. In all fields of knowledge, it is a treasure house of knowledge. But it does not include words, so it is different from Chinese dictionaries. "
Encyclopedia can be comprehensive, including related contents in various fields (for example, Encyclopedia Britannica is a famous comprehensive encyclopedia). It can also be a special encyclopedia (such as an encyclopedia of medicine or philosophy). There are also some encyclopedias that discuss a wide range of topics from the perspective of a specific culture or country, such as the Soviet Union Encyclopedia.
history
Aristotle, an ancient Greek scholar, once wrote a lecture about knowledge at that time, which was regarded as the "father of encyclopedia" by the west. Erya, written by junior middle school students in Han Dynasty, is the origin of China's encyclopedic works.
China's ancient books are an encyclopedic compilation of materials. Some scholars believe that China's Yongle Dadian in the Ming Dynasty is the earliest encyclopedia close to modern significance.
China's encyclopedia was introduced from the west in the early 20th century. Li Yuying, a famous scholar in the Republic of China, first studied western encyclopedias and introduced this style to China, which had a wide influence. As for the name of the encyclopedia, he said in "Examples of World Famous Works": "Forty years ago, Yu Shou translated the encyclopedia into an encyclopedia, and later China changed it into an encyclopedia because of the influence of the naming of Sikuquanshu. In the past two centuries, there have been many encyclopedias of specialized subjects, including the Chinese Encyclopedia of China Literature. Although a subject in a literary encyclopedia can be analyzed into many subjects, it is not appropriate to use the word' encyclopedia' under the name of a subject. Moreover, the word "complete book" is easily confused with the series-based complete book of Sikuquanshu in Chinese, which does not mean that it is another kind of book, so it was later translated into Xue Dian. " Xue Dian ",that is, Latin" encyclopedia "(slightly similar to English and French), means" including what is said ". In the future, every book that shows the knowledge world and is arranged in dictionary order, including all academics, will use this word to form the title, so this word has become one of the books. "
Early encyclopedic works
The encyclopedic works of Diderot and others are not uncommon in human history, but it was not until16th century that the word "encyclopedia" began to appear in the west. The first person who used "Encyclopedia" as the title was a German named Paul Scarici.
Many ancient writers (such as Aristotle) tried to comprehensively record all human knowledge. However, Jon Harris thinks he is the first person to create an encyclopedia in the modern sense. Encyclopedia Britannica was simple at first: only three volumes were published from 1768 to 177 1. Perhaps the most famous early encyclopedia is the French encyclopedia Dictionary of Science, Art and Technology, which was co-authored by Da Lambert and Diderot and completed in 1772. It has 28 volumes, 7 1, 8 18 entries and 2885 illustrations.
Stylistic rules and layout
In ancient times, books similar to encyclopedias could be edited by one person. But in modern times, due to the explosion of knowledge, it is impossible for one person or several people to complete the compilation of a large encyclopedia. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a style and determine the compilation standard to solve the contradictions among many compilers. (Wikipedia also has its own compilation guidelines. Please refer to Wikipedia: Tools. )
The style of an encyclopedia includes many aspects. Including project name design, project writing outline, author's writing format, drawing requirements, foreign language writing and translation rules, book format, etc. Among them, the Encyclopedia of the Soviet Union is the most detailed encyclopedia in existence, and its third edition is thorough and detailed, with a total of 200,000 words converted into Chinese characters. For example, diseases, pathology, treatment methods, drugs, medicines, medical devices, health resorts, medical machinery, medical professions, etc.
The difference between encyclopedias and other reference books
Encyclopedias are different from other reference books such as dictionaries. Dictionaries and so on. Used to explain terms, while encyclopedias are used to introduce the knowledge of terms. Therefore, encyclopedias use images more than other reference books to assist the introduction of knowledge. Moreover, encyclopedias explain items in more detail than other reference books, and often need to be divided into many parts.