Yang Zhenning, 1957 Nobel Prize winner in physics
1922 was born in Hefei, Anhui.
1929 studied at Chengzhi Primary School in Tsinghua Campus.
1933 studied at Chongde Middle School in Beiping.
1938 transferred to senior two of Kunming Kunhua Middle School.
1938 entered the National Southwest Associated University.
1942 graduated from the Institute of National Southwest Associated University.
1944 He teaches in the middle school attached to The National SouthWest Associated University.
1945 arrived in the United States
From 65438 to 0948, he turned to theoretical physics under the guidance of Taylor, and was awarded a doctorate in physics by the University of Chicago in 2006.
1949 entered Princeton University for research.
1956 and Li Zhengdao put forward the theory of parity non-conservation.
1957 won the nobel prize in physics for parity non-conservation.
1958 was elected as an academician of academia sinica.
1966, he moved to Xishi Campus of new york University to establish and preside over the Institute of Theoretical Physics.
After a long separation, I returned to Chinese mainland.
1986 returned to China to attend the Academician Conference of Academia Sinica.
1994 won the Bauer Prize of Franklin College in Philadelphia, USA.
1996 was awarded an honorary doctorate by Tsinghua and Jiaotong University.
brief introduction
Graduated from National Southwest Associated University.
Doctor of Mathematics, University of Chicago, USA
He has been a research professor at Princeton College in the United States.
He is currently the director of the theoretical research institute of Stony Brook University.
Yang Zhenning, a native of Hefei, Anhui Province, was born on August 22,1/in the Republic of China. 1928 studied in Xiamen primary school, 1933 studied in Beiping Chongde Middle School, 1938 transferred to Kunming Kunwan Middle School, 1942 graduated from National Southwest Associated University, 1944 graduated from National Southwest Associated University, 1945 went to the United States after teaching in the middle school affiliated to National Southwest Associated University, 1948 completed his doctorate at the University of Chicago in the summer, 1949 studied at Princeton University in the autumn, won the Nobel Prize, and was elected as an academician of Academia Sinica in 1958. 1965, at the invitation of Thor, president of new york State University, he established the Shixi Research Department. 1966, he left Princeton and became a professor at the Institute of Physics of the State University of New York at Stony Brook. 1938, Yang was admitted to the Department of Chemistry of National Southwest Associated University, which was merged by Tsinghua, Peking University and Nankai University at that time, and later changed to the Department of Physics.
1957, in cooperation with Li Zhengdao, he overthrew Einstein's "parity conservation law" and won the Nobel Prize in physics. Their contributions are highly praised and considered as one of the milestones in physics. Although he has become an American citizen, he is also a "Chinese-American" and China people are proud of news. Yang is also proud of the China culture and education he received in Tao Wei. When they accepted the Nobel Prize that year, he delivered a speech on their behalf. In the last paragraph, he said, "I am deeply aware of the fact that, broadly speaking, I am the product of China culture and western culture, and the product of harmony and conflict between the two sides. I want to say that I am proud of my China tradition, and I am also committed to modernization.
After teaching 17 years, Yang left Princeton University on 1966 and went to the State University of New York at Stony Brook to lead the research work of the Institute of Theoretical Physics. He thought he "walked out of the ivory tower" and started over. The scientific community is expecting and optimistic about the possibility of his winning the Nobel Prize again. Mrs. Yang was born in a famous family, worked for General Du, specialized in literature, and had high attainments in both Chinese and English. She has taught English in Taiwan Province Province and Chinese in the State University of New York at Stony Brook. She has three children, the eldest is Yang Guangnuo, a computer engineer, the second is Yang Guangyu, a chemist, and Yang Youli is a doctor.
Father and I-Yang Zhenning
When I 1922 was born in Hefei, Anhui, my father (Editor: Professor Yang, the word Wu Zhi. ) is a teacher in a middle school in Anqing. Anqing was also called Huaining at that time. My father named me "Zhenning", in which the word "Zhen" is Yang's name and the word "Ning" means Huaining. When I was less than one year old, my father passed the public expense of studying in the United States in Anhui. Before going abroad, our family of three took a photo in the corner of the old house in Hefei. Father stood upright in his robe and jacket. I don't think he wore a suit before that. Two years later, a photo he sent to his mother from America was taken at the University of Chicago. His clothes and expressions have entered the 20th century. My father is very handsome, and his high spirits when he was young are clearly shown in this photo.
My father entered Stanford University in the autumn of 1923. 1942 After obtaining a bachelor's degree, he transferred to the University of Chicago for postgraduate study. More than 40 years later, when I visited Stanford University, I attended a dinner hosted by China Student Union in a small building. Xiaoyanglou was built by the overseas Chinese community in San Francisco in the early 20th century because of the discrimination against China students. The downstairs is used by students from China, and the upstairs is used by several students from China. This small building was still there in the 1960s, but it was later demolished. At that dinner, a classmate showed me a big wooden box downstairs, which contained 1924 Stanford University Yearbook, and the photo of China Club on it was extremely precious. In the lower left corner is the photo of Xiaolou 1923- 1924. The wooden box also contains the minutes of the China Homecoming in the autumn of 1923.
Father went to Xiamen University as a professor of mathematics.
1928 In the summer, my father returned to China by boat after receiving his doctorate from the University of Chicago, and my mother and I went to Shanghai to meet him. When I saw him this time, I actually saw a complete stranger. A few days later, the three of us and Sister Wang, a servant from Hefei, went to Xiamen by boat, because my father was going to be hired as a math professor at Xiamen University.
I remember that life in Xiamen was very happy that year. This is also a year in which I learned a lot from my father. A year ago, my mother taught me about 3,000 words in Hefei. I learned to recite Long Wen Bian Ying in a private school, but I didn't have a chance to get in touch with new education. In Xiamen, my father explained the movement of the sun, the earth and the moon with big balls and small balls. Teach me the English letter "ABCDE ..."; Of course, he also taught me some arithmetic problems such as chickens and rabbits in the same cage. But he didn't neglect China's cultural knowledge, and he taught me to read many Tang poems, maybe thirty or forty. Teach me the order of dynasties in the history of China; "Tang Yu Xia Shang Zhou, ..."; Branch and branch order: "A, B, C, D……", "Ugly cow and silver tiger …"; Eight diagrams: "three points for dry, six points for Kun, shaking the jar, covering the bowl, leaving the middle empty, the ridge full, changing the vacancy, breaking the bottom" and so on.
My father liked singing Beijing opera when he was a teenager. That year in Xiamen, he sometimes sang "I am like a caged bird, unable to spread my wings ...". But he didn't teach me to sing Peking Opera, but taught me to sing some songs in the early years of the Republic of China, such as "Up and down for thousands of years, the same strain ...", "China men, China men ..." and so on.
Father's play is very good. He taught me to play Go that year. I remember when he asked me to have 16 children. After many years, I gradually retired to 9 children, but I never got the "true biography" from my father. It was not until Geneva 1962 that we met again and left. He still wanted me to have seven children.
This is a story that people who have never been parents can't fully understand.
After teaching at Xiamen University for one year, my father was hired as Professor Tsinghua University in Beiping. 1in the autumn of 929, our family of three moved into the west campus of Tsinghua campus 19, which is a quadrangle in the northeast corner of the west campus. After the expansion of the West Campus to the south in11930, our house number was changed to 1 1.
We lived in Tsinghua campus for eight years, from 1929 to the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War. The eight years in Tsinghua campus are very beautiful and happy in my memory. At that time, China's society was very turbulent, with internal and external troubles and difficulties. However, we live within the walls of the Tsinghua campus and have little contact with the outside world. My childhood was spent in such a protective environment. In my memory, Tsinghua campus is very beautiful. My primary school classmates and I are playing in the garden. We have climbed almost every tree and studied every grass.
This was written on page 1 12 of a simplified book entitled Forty Years of Reading and Teaching published by me in 1985. Among them, "frolicking in the garden" mainly refers to today's near Spring Garden. At that time, today's school hospital, which is near the Spring Building and Weilun Center in the northwest, has a swimming pool and supply department in the south, Jingzhai in the east and a building on the south bank of the river next to Meng Minwei Building in the north, has not yet been built. The whole area is wasteland, only some trees, earth mountains, lotus ponds, small-scale farmland and a few farmers have become good places for us to play.
Chengzhi School, my primary school, is now a trade union. I have been studying here for four years since 1929. Every day, I set out from my home in the northeast corner of the West Yard, along the path to the south, then to the southeast, climbed a small earthen mountain to reach the campus wall of Tsinghua at that time, and then went east along the path to the north of the wall to reach Dazhi School. It takes about 20 minutes to walk like this, if there are no important events such as butterflies or ants moving on the road.
Another road I often take by bike is the northeast road in front of my house. At the other end of this road is the bridge next to the school hospital at that time (today's Meng Minwei Building). Whenever there is a sports meeting, I ride my bike along this road and this bridge to the gym, and students from Chengzhi School organize cheerleaders to cheer.
My father often takes my own door to the east and goes to the Gu Yue Museum or the Science and Technology Museum. This path is particularly quiet. After passing through the trees, there is a long road, with farmland and lotus pond on the left and small earth mountain on the right. There are few pedestrians on the road. Although the scenery is different in spring, summer, autumn and winter, the quiet atmosphere is the same. When I was a child, I didn't realize that the moment when my father accompanied me on the path was the most intimate moment when we were alone.
Middle school recites Mencius.
When I was nine or ten years old, my father knew that I was capable of learning math. When I entered junior high school at the age of 1 1, my ability in this field was more fully demonstrated. Looking back now, if he had taught me analytic geometry and calculus, I would have learned it quickly, which would have made him very happy. But he didn't do it; During my summer vacation between grade one and grade two, my father asked Professor Lei Haizong to introduce a history student to teach me Mencius. Teacher Lei introduced his favorite student Ding Zeliang. Mr. Ding is rich in knowledge. He not only taught me Mencius, but also told me a lot of knowledge about ancient history, which I couldn't learn in school textbooks. The following summer vacation, he taught me the other half of Mencius, so that I could recite the full text of Mencius in middle school.
There are many math books in English and German on my father's bookshelf, and I often look through them. What impressed me the most were some theorems in the number theory of G.H. Hardy and E.M. Wright, and many graphs of space groups in A.Speiser's finite group theory. Because my foreign language foundation was not enough at that time, I couldn't understand the details. I asked my father many times, but he always said "take your time, don't worry", and only occasionally explained one or two basic concepts to me.
1937 at the beginning of the anti-Japanese war, our family moved back to Hefei first. Later, after the Japanese army entered Nanjing, we passed through Hankou, Hong Kong, Haiphong and Hanoi and arrived in Kunming on March 1938. I studied in Kunming Kunhua Middle School for half a year, but I didn't study in senior three. 1In the autumn of 938, I was admitted to Southwest Associated University with the qualification of "equivalent academic ability".
From 1938 to 1939, my father introduced me to the spirit of modern mathematics. He lent me Hardy's Pure Mathematics and E.T. Bell's Mathematical Man. He and I discussed the set theory. Different concepts, such as infinity, continuous hypothesis, etc. All these have left an indelible impression on me. Forty years later, on page 74 of Selected Papers, 1945- 1980 with comments (Freeman and Company, 1983), I wrote:
Most of my physics colleagues have a utilitarian attitude towards mathematics. Perhaps because of my father's influence, I appreciate math better. I appreciate the values of mathematicians, and I praise the beauty and strength of mathematicians; It has tactical originality and flexibility, and strategic foresight. Moreover, the miracle of miracle, some of its wonderful concepts, is actually the basic structure that dominates the physical world.
Professor Wu Dayou is a teacher.
Although my father introduced me to the spirit of mathematics, he didn't approve of my studying mathematics. He thinks mathematics is not practical enough. 1938 I liked chemistry very much when I applied to college, so I applied to the chemistry department. Later, in order to prepare for the entrance examination, I studied physics in senior three and found that physics was more to my taste, so I entered the Physics Department of The National SouthWest Associated University.
194 1 autumn, in order to write my bachelor's thesis, I went to see Professor Wu Dayou and gave me a book, Review of Modern Physics. Let me study one of the articles and see what I have learned. This paper discusses the relationship between molecular spectroscopy and group theory. I took this article home for my father to read. Although he is not a physics major, he knows a lot about group theory. He gave me a little book written by bendiksen called Modern Algebra Theory. Dixon is my father's teacher at the University of Chicago. This book is written to my taste. Because it is very concise and there is no nonsense, the "representation theory" in group theory is explained beautifully and completely in 20 pages. I learned the beauty of group theory and its in-depth application in physics, which had a decisive impact on my later work. This field is called symmetry principle. My interest in the principle of symmetry really stems from the guidance of Mr. Wu.
1997 In order to celebrate Mr. Wu's ninetieth birthday, Zou Zude and I wrote an article to calculate the vibration frequency of C60 by group theory. C60 is a highly symmetric molecule, and it is most appropriate to discuss it with group theory. A molecule has such a high degree of symmetry, which was not only unexpected by Mr. Wu and me in 194 1, but also when I wrote the above passage in 1983. )
The eight years of the Anti-Japanese War was a difficult day, and it was also the fastest time to learn new knowledge in my life. Recently, my third brother Yang described my family's situation in late summer in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression at 1945:
1in the summer of 945, eldest brother won the public expense of studying in the United States and will leave home to study for a doctorate in the United States. Father happily told us that the long and arduous War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression seemed to be coming to an end, and so was the anti-German fascist war. My family went through the baptism of war. Although there are mental and material losses, seven people in our family are in good health and have made progress in their studies. What is more gratifying is that our children are filial to their parents, brothers and sisters live in harmony, and family ties are always there. The relationship between our family is really extraordinary, which we all cherish very much.
5 1 year since the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. Father, mother and Zhen Fu (Zhenning note: Zhen Fu is our fifth brother, born in 1937 and died in 1985). ) has been buried in Dongshan, Suzhou. Looking back on the eight years of the Anti-Japanese War, our family can really be called a beautiful, harmonious and affectionate family.
I still remember the details of my departure from home on August 28th 1945. My father accompanied me from the northwest corner of Kunming to Tuodong Road in the southeast suburb in the morning to wait for the bus to Wujiaba Airport. When I left home, my four siblings were reluctant to go, but my mother was very calm and remembered that she didn't cry.
Finally, I couldn't help crying.
When I arrived at Tuodong Road, my father said something encouraging, and both of them were very calm. After saying goodbye, I got on a crowded bus. At first, I could see my father waving to me from the window. A few minutes later, he was pushed into the distance by the crowd. There are many students going to America on the bus. When I spoke, my attention shifted to issues such as flight routes and climate change. After waiting for more than an hour, the car never started. Suddenly an American next to me motioned me to look out of the window: suddenly I found my father still waiting there! He is thin, wearing a robe, and his hair on his forehead has turned gray. Seeing his anxious face, I couldn't help crying all morning.
1928 to 1945 This 17 year is the time when my father and I were often together, and it was the stage when I grew up. The ancients said that parents have the grace to "nurture" their children. I won't talk about it now, but I think its philosophy is of eternal value.
1946 At the beginning, I registered as a graduate student at the University of Chicago. I chose the University of Chicago, not because it is my father's alma mater, but because Professor Fermi, whom I have admired for a long time, studied at the University of Chicago. At that time, the physics, chemistry and mathematics departments of the University of Chicago were all first-class. I have been in school for three and a half years. I was a graduate student for the first two and a half years. After getting my doctorate, I stayed in school as a teacher for a year. /kloc-in the summer of 0/949, I transferred to Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies. Of course, my father was very happy with my excellent academic performance at the University of Chicago. I am even happier that I will go to the famous Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies, but what he was most concerned about at that time was not these, but my marriage. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/949, Mr. Wu Dayou told me that Mr. Hu Shi wanted me to see him. I met Mr. Hu once or twice in Peiping when I was a child. I don't know why he still thinks of me in new york after so many years. When I met Mr. Hu, he was very polite and said something praising my study. Then he said that he had met my father before going abroad and his father asked him to take care of me and find a girlfriend. I still remember today that Mr. Hu went on to say humorously, "You are much more capable than us in your life. You need my help there!"
Du Zhili and I got married in Princeton on August 26th, 1950. We didn't know each other through Mr. Hu or my father's other friends, but because she was a class 5 student when I was teaching in the middle school affiliated to Kunming United University 1944 to 1945. We didn't know each other at that time. Later, I met at the only China restaurant in Princeton. I'm afraid it's a previous marriage. During the period of 1950, Mr. Hu often came to Gusteau Library of Princeton University and visited my home many times. When he first arrived, he said, "As I expected, you found such a beautiful and capable wife yourself."
My father was particularly interested in the first article and the second year's doctoral thesis published after I came to the United States from 65438 to 0947, because they were closely related to group theory. 1957 1 After Wu Jianxiong's experiment confirmed the theory of parity non-conservation, I called my father to tell him the news. Parity conservation is related to symmetry, so it is also related to group theory. Of course, my father is very excited. At that time, he was in poor health (1955, due to years of diabetes and some kind of infection, he could not absorb insulin, and the doctor once thought there was no hope, but he was still very weak after overcoming the infection). The news is a great comfort to him.
1957 I went to Geneva with Du Zhili and our only child, Guangnuo (then 6 years old). I wrote to ask my father to meet us in Geneva. With the permission of the United Front Work Department, he went to the hospital through Beijing, Moscow and Prague, flew to Geneva in early July, and was admitted to the hospital immediately after his arrival. The doctor checked for several days and thought he could leave the hospital, but he had to check his blood sugar and take insulin every day. That summer, we rented an apartment in Monte Street. Every morning, Guangnuo always watched his grandfather with an alcohol lamp to check his blood sugar. When I wake up, he will come and say, "Today is not good, it is brown." Not today, Brown. ) or "It's fine today, it's blue." It's a nice day, Blue. After a few weeks, my father gradually recovered and was able to take his little grandson for a walk in the park. They were glad to find a "secret path" among the trees on one side of the park. Every time I see them ready to go out: my father combs his hair in front of the mirror and opens the door with joy, I feel infinite satisfaction.
One day, he wrote two sentences to Li and me. Today's young people may think that these two sentences are a bit feudal, but I think many concepts in the feudal era are unacceptable, but many of them have permanent value.
In the summer of 1960 and 1962, my parents reunited with me twice in Geneva. Li Zhi, Guangyu (our second brother) and our second brother Zhenping also attended. Two days before each reunion, I always feel very emotional and tell some stories about myself and my family, friends and relatives. Only when you calm down slowly can you experience everything in Switzerland.
My father came to Geneva three times, especially the last two times. With a sense of mission, he felt that I should be advised to return to China. This is of course the suggestion of the United Front Work Department, but on the one hand, it is also the wish of my father's own soul. But he is ambivalent: on the one hand, he has this desire, on the other hand, he thinks that I should stay in the United States and strive for an academic career.
Seeing my parents three times in Geneva had a great influence on me. At that time, the United States knew little about the actual situation in China. These three meetings made me realize my father and mother's views on the new China. I remember we lived in Route de Florissant 1962. One night, my father said that the new China really made China people stand up: in the past, even a needle could not be made, but today cars and planes can be made (at that time, the atomic bomb had not been made, and my father did not know that China was developing an atomic bomb). There used to be floods and droughts, and millions of people could die at any time. Today, not anymore. In the past, illiteracy was everywhere, but today at least all the children in the city can go to school. Once upon a time, today. While he was chatting happily, his mother interrupted him and said, "Don't pay attention to these things. I get up in the dark to buy tofu. I stood in line for three hours and only got two irregular ones. What are the benefits? " The father was very angry and said that she held him back and gave his son the wrong impression. He was so angry that he went into the bedroom and slammed the door.
I know that both are reasonable and not contradictory: the birth of a country is like the birth of a baby, but there will be more difficulties and more pain.
197 1 in the summer, I returned to my motherland after 26 years' absence. On that day, when Multiplication flew eastward from Myanmar and entered Yunnan, the pilot said, "We have entered China's airspace!" My excitement at that time was beyond description.
Arrive in Shanghai in the evening. My mother and brothers and sisters met me at the airport. We went to Huashan Hospital to visit our father. Father has been in hospital for half a year. The last time we met was in Hong Kong at the end of 1964, when he was 68 years old and healthy. In the intervening six and a half years, I have been subjected to some isolation review. I am old and have lost a lot of weight, and I can't walk on my own. Of course I'm excited to see me.
1in the summer of 972, I went back to China to visit my relatives for the second time. Father is still in the hospital, and his body is even weaker. My father died in the early morning of May of the following year 12 at the age of 77. On May 5, 2005, at my father's memorial service in Shanghai, my eulogy consisted of two paragraphs:
In the past two years, my father's health has been deteriorating. He himself realized this and thought a lot about all our thoughts and behaviors. I visited him in Shanghai 197 1 and 1972. He and I talked a lot. At the end of the day, he repeatedly told me to look farther and see the trend of historical evolution clearly. This lesson has had a great influence on me these two years.
Father died in May 1973. In the 77 years of his life, history has undergone earth-shaking evolution. Yesterday, I received a letter from one of his old classmates and colleagues, which wrote: "In our youth, we all went to a prosperous new China. For more than 20 years after liberation, under the wise leadership of Chairman Mao and the Communist Party of China (CPC), the new China that our youth dreamed of at that time was realized. " I think that the great historical fact of the new China and its significance to the future of the world are exactly what my father asked us to grasp clearly.
Before I was 6 years old, I lived in a big family in my hometown of Hefei, Anhui. Every year, a new Spring Festival couplets will be posted at the entrance of the main hall of the Lunar New Year. The first part is "loyal and honest heirloom", and the second part is "poetry and calligraphy". My father really carried out the words "loyalty" and "generosity" all his life. ; In addition, he likes the word "pure" in Yang's name, and also likes "faith" and "righteousness" among friends. After my father died, my primary school classmate and best friend Xiong Bingming wrote to comfort me, saying that although my father had died, his blood was still circulating in my body. Yes, my father's blood circulates in my body, which is the blood of China culture.
1964 I became an American citizen in the spring. Almost 20 years later, I wrote this in my thesis collection:
From 1945 to 1964, I lived in America for 19 years, including most of my adult life. However, it is not easy to decide to apply for American citizenship. I guess many immigrants from most countries have similar problems. But for a person who grew up in the traditional culture of China, it is not easy to make such a decision. On the one hand, China's traditional culture has no intention of leaving China for a long time and moving to other countries. Moving to other countries was once considered a complete betrayal. On the other hand, China has a splendid culture. The humiliation and exploitation she suffered in the past 100 years left a deep imprint on the hearts of every China person. No one in China can forget the history of more than one hundred years. My father was a professor of mathematics in Beijing and Shanghai until 1973. He received a doctorate from the University of Chicago. He has been to many places. But I know that until my death, he never forgave me for giving up my hometown in the corner of my heart.
A century-old soul leads the yellow land.
Bauhinia in Sanyunyu (Gwok Ping Choi)
1 July, 9971at 0: 00 in the morning, I was lucky enough to attend the handover ceremony held at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Center. Watching the China people * * * and the national flag rise in the music "Get up, don't be a slave", I must be more excited than I am to think that my father can witness this historic ceremony symbolizing the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. He was born1896-10/years ago. In the era of treaty of shimonoseki and boxer indemnity, he was in a tattered country, bullied by foreign powers and essentially carved up. China intellectuals of their generation witnessed foreigners' arbitrariness in the concession, endured endless bullying by outsiders such as Article 21, the May 30th Massacre, the September 18th Incident and the Nanjing Massacre, and tasted racial discrimination after going abroad. How much they want to see the strong motherland stand up, see the British Empire lower its flag and withdraw its troops, and see the flag of China proudly declare to the world that this is China's land. This day, 65438+1 July 19971,is the day they have dreamed of all their lives.
Father is always optimistic that this day will come. However, until 1973 died, he didn't know that his son would attend this historic ceremony. Otherwise, I'm afraid he will change Lu Fangweng's famous saying.
Celebrate the day of national humiliation
Don't forget to tell the Nyon family about the sacrifice.
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