Qin Shihuang (Figure 4) In 247 BC, the king of Qin Wang Zheng ascended the throne at the age of 13. In the first 238 years, when Qin Shihuang was 22 years old, he held the coronation ceremony of the monarch in his old capital Yongcheng and began to "govern the country personally". From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Korea, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Chu and Qi were destroyed successively. At the age of 39, he completed the great cause of reunifying China and established a powerful centralized country with the Han nationality as the main body. Xianyang is its capital. 2 10 years ago, Qin Shihuang died in a sand dune (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province) on his way to the East. Qin Shihuang thought that his contribution was better than that of the previous three emperors and five emperors, and agreed that the title of minister should be changed to "Emperor". Qin Shihuang was the first monarch to use the title of "Emperor" in the history of China, calling himself "the first emperor", but he died the next year. Qin Shihuang had a far-reaching and significant influence on China and world history, and was praised as "the first emperor through the ages" by Li Zhi, a thinker in the Ming Dynasty. Qin Shihuang was not a tyrant recorded in Historical Records written by Sima Qian. The real Qin Shihuang you want to know is introduced in detail in the book The Real Qin Shihuang. It can be said that Qin Shihuang is a legendary epoch-making figure in the history of China and the founder of the first multi-ethnic centralized empire in the history of China.
According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Lv Buwei, Qin Shihuang's mother Zhao Ji was originally the concubine of Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei dedicated Evonne to different people (later Prince Chu of Qinzhuang). Later, a famous government was born in Evonne; According to the biography of Qin Shihuang, "the emperor of Qin Shihuang, Qin Zhuangzi also. King Xiang of Zhuang made a proton in Zhao Shengqin. When he met Ji, he gladly took it and became the emperor. " As the son of an underrated proton, Zhao Zheng spent his youth in Handan, the capital of Zhao. At this point, the aliens have returned to the State of Qin through Lv Buwei's mediation, and recognized Mrs. Huayang as her mother. After many political struggles, he finally won the trust of Mrs Huayang and spent a lot of energy and money to take Evonne and his son back to Qin. From then on, Zhao Zheng began his political career in Qin king Palace. lv buwei
In the third year of Wang Xiang in Qinzhuang (247 BC), Wang Xiang died in Qinzhuang, and Zhao Zheng succeeded to the throne of Qin. When he acceded to the throne, because he was young, national politics was dominated by Prime Minister Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei was honored as Guanzhong. Lv Buwei not only controls the imperial court, but also has an affair with the Empress Dowager (Evonne). Seeing that Qin Shihuang was getting older, he was afraid of being discovered by him, wanted to leave the Queen Mother, and was afraid of the Queen Mother's resentment, so he presented false eunuch's old moxa to the Queen Mother, which was fake and rotten, and only pulled out his beard and entered the palace. Qin Shihuang grew up day by day, so they lied to Qin Shihuang, saying that the queen mother's bedroom was not feng shui and she wanted to move out of here. Qin Shihuang believed it, so they moved far away from Qin Shihuang. As a result, the Queen Mother gave birth to two illegitimate children, Laoyi, a false eunuch pretending to be the fake father of the King of Qin. With the help of the Empress Dowager, he sealed the imperial edict for a long time, owned Yang Shan, Taiyuan and other places, and collected his own henchmen. Lao Ai has been operating in Yongcheng for many years, and has established a huge force, which is another powerful political force after Lv Buwei. Ai's success is inevitable. When he was drunk, he scolded a minister: "I am the false father of the king of Qin, how dare you provoke me." The minister was very angry after hearing this, and secretly found an opportunity to tell Qin Shihuang. Ed panicked and was ready to rebel. In the first 238 years, Qin Shihuang held a coronation ceremony at Yongnian Palace in Yongcheng. Lao Ai rebelled with the imperial seal of the King of Qin and the imperial seal of Empress Dowager Cixi, and captured the Palace of Prayer for the Year. Qin Shihuang had already arranged 3000 elite soldiers in the Prayer Palace to defeat the rebels. Lao Ai moved to Xianyang Palace, where there was already an army. Lao Ai fled alone and was arrested soon. Qin Shihuang cracked Lao Ai's car and exposed his body to the public. And put his mother Zhao Ji in the Luyang Palace in Yongcheng; Two illegitimate children born to Lao Ai and the Empress Dowager. Qin Shihuang then dismissed Lv Buwei and exiled Lv Buwei to Bashu. Later, although he listened to the words of the nobles of Qin State, he wrote the book of expelling guests and expelled the diners from the six countries, but he was discouraged by Li Si's book of remonstrating and expelling guests. Later, he appointed Liao Wei, Li Si and others.
Qin captured Jiuding.
It is said that Jiuding was cast by Xia, symbolizing Kyushu and protected by many countries. It is made of bronze tributes from Kyushu. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are regarded as national treasures, and those who have Jiuding are the emperors. In 256 BC (fifty-one and fifty-nine years in Qin Zhao), he attacked Qin Jun in Handan, attacked Zhao, and continued to attack North Korea and Zhao. Taking this opportunity, the eastern countries launched a joint anti-Qin movement. Under the influence and coercion of Korea, Zhao and other countries, the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty, who was ignorant of current affairs, also participated in this activity. The allied forces, under the banner of Zhou Wang, united against the State of Qin. Zhao Haoqi was furious. Qin had long wanted to erase the Western Zhou Dynasty from the map and remove an obstacle for unifying the world as soon as possible. The Western Zhou Dynasty's participation in the anti-Qin campaign just gave Qin an excuse to send troops. In 256 BC (59 years in Zhou Nanwang, Zhao Haoqi, the state of Qin, 5 1 year), Qin Jun attacked the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Wang Yun listened to the duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty and gave Qin to 36 cities and 30,000 households in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The King of Qin made Zhou Nanwang the monarch and the Duke of Western Zhou the retainer, and sealed him in Liangcheng (now south of Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province). Kuai Wang Yi died in Liangcheng in January. After the country split, he set up Jiuding in Xianyang (according to legend, there were only 8 Ding in the Qin Dynasty on the way to Surabaya, but he was still used to calling Jiuding). Since the following year (52nd year of Zhao Haoqi, 255th year before), historians have used the King of Qin to mark the year. In 255 BC, Jiuding moved the capital to Qin, which meant that the king of Qin would be the master of the world and could justifiably crusade against the vassal States.
Destroy the six countries
From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Qin Shihuang adopted the strategy of distancing himself from Lian Heng and launched a war to destroy the six countries. Seventeen years of Qin Shihuang (first 230 years), nineteen years of Zhao (first 228 years), twenty-two years of Wei (first 225 years), twenty-four years of Chu (first 223 years), twenty-five years of Yan (first 222 years) and twenty-six years of Qi (first 22 1 year). In the war that never killed a city, the first unified centralized and autocratic country in China's history-the Qin Dynasty was finally established. Situation map of Qin unification
general policy
After Qin Shihuang acceded to the throne, he listened to Li Sijin's suggestion to destroy the six countries and set out to plan the great cause of unifying the six countries. Its general strategic policy is to concentrate far and near and divide them one by one; Take Zhao in the north, Wei in the middle, and Korea in the south, and then forge ahead with Yan Chu-first conquer the elevation, advance eastward along the Yellow River, and tear apart the defense lines of Korea, Zhao, Wei and Chu. Then go north, cut off the connection between Korea and Wei, and then destroy Korea and swallow Zhao, waiting for an opportunity to destroy Yan.
Destroy north Korea
The first target of Qin's attack was South Korea. Because South Korea's strength is the weakest among the six countries, it is the biggest obstacle to Qin's reunification. However, South Korea is not yet fragile. Qin Jun attacked South Korea many times and was repelled by South Korea. While attacking South Korea with the main force, Qin adopted the strategy of fostering pro-Qin forces and gradually dismembered South Korea. 23 1 years ago, Teng, a county magistrate in Nanyang, South Korea, pretended to be the chief, and gave his territory to the State of Qin. Teng was appointed as a literature and history by Qin, and was later sent to lead an army to attack South Korea. Teng knew Korea like the back of his hand, so it went smoothly. In 230 BC (the seventeenth year of the Qin Dynasty), Wang Han 'an fell and South Korea perished.
Destroy Zhao
In 229 BC, Qin took advantage of the earthquake and famine in Zhao, and sent Wang Jian to attack Zhao. Zhao sent Li Mu and Sima Shang to resist, and the two sides remained at loggerheads for a year. At a critical juncture, Qin used its killer weapon-deviance. Wang Jian bribed Guo Kai, the favorite of Zhao Wang, with a large sum of money to spread rumors of rebellion between Li Mu and Sima Shang. Zhao Wangxin believed it and sent someone to replace Li Mu. Li Mu's Situation Map of the Battle between Qin and Zhao Changping under the Current Enemy Situation.
According to the relieving power, the prince of Zhao secretly sent someone to capture Li Mu, kill him and kill Sima Shang at the same time. Killing Li Mu undoubtedly cleared the way for killing Zhao. From then on, like nobody's business, attack the city and attack Zhao. In the first 228 years (the 19th year of Qin), Qin Jun attacked Handan, and Handan fell into the hands of Qin. Soon, the fugitive Zhao was forced to give the map of Zhao to Qin. Zhao actually perished. However, Gong Zijia fled to Dai Jun (now Yuxian County, Hebei Province) with a group of people and became king on his own. In the first 222 years, after Qin Jun destroyed Yan State, it occupied Yan State. At this point, Qin unified the north.
Destroy the state of Wei
23 1 year ago, under the powerful influence of Qin State, King Wei Jingkun offered Li Yi to Qin State on his own initiative in order to stall his army. At this time, the king of Qin was mobilizing troops to launch a general attack on Zhao. He didn't want to disperse his troops to attack Wei, so he accepted the land proposal. This enabled Wei to maintain the endgame for several years. In the first 225 years (twenty-two years of Qin Dynasty), when the main force was attacking Chu in the south, Wang Ben, a general of Qin Dynasty, led an army to besiege the girder (now Kaifeng, Henan). Wei Jun shut the gate, don't hold on. Because the girder Yugoslav capital has been built for many years and is extremely strong, Qin Jun cannot storm it. Wang Ben came up with a way to attack by water. A large number of foot soldiers in Qin Jun were arranged to dig ditches, take water from the Yellow River and canyons and pour it into girders. Three months later, the wall barriers of the girders all collapsed, and Wei had to surrender. The state of Wei perished.
Destroy Chu state
Chu, a big country in the south, has a vast territory, dense forests and rich products, and is known as a million soldiers. However, the internal affairs of Chu have been sluggish, and the nobles always struggle for power and profit, which is particularly serious at the end of the Warring States Period. In 228 years ago, Chu Youwang died and the ruling group split. Wang You's half-brother Jude ascended the throne and became king of mourning, but only two months later, he was killed by his half-brother's humble disciples. I became the king of Chu. The Chu royal family is even more divided. During the civil strife in Chu, in the first 226 years, the King of Qin lost no time in transferring Qin Jun from the front line of attacking Yan in the north and Chu in the south, and successively captured several cities in Chu 10. 224 years ago, the decisive battle of Qin Chu was about to begin. Li Xin, the young general of the King of Qin, led 200,000 Qin Jun to attack the State of Chu and was defeated by the Chu army. Then he sent general Wang Jian to lead 600,000 Qin Jun to attack Chu. After Wang Jian entered Chu, he did not immediately launch an offensive. He summed up the lesson that Li Xin underestimated the enemy's aggressiveness, and adopted the strategy of stationing troops to practice martial arts, guarding the city wall, paralyzing the enemy and waiting for death. In this way, after more than a year, Qin Jun basically adapted to the situation of Chu, with high morale and abundant physical strength. At the same time, the Chu army, which was called to fight against Qin Jun, was gradually demoralized due to the lack of food and grass, and was ready to retreat eastward. When Chu Jun retreated, Wang Jian seized the opportunity and ordered the whole army to attack. Qin Jun defeated the main force of Chu army in one fell swoop, marched into the mainland and killed Xiang Yan, commander-in-chief of Chu army. Then, Qin Jun captured Shouchun (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province), the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu. In 223 BC (the 24th year of Qin Dynasty), Chu was destroyed. In the first 222 years (twenty-five years of the King of Qin), the army that just destroyed Chu in the south conquered the Vietnamese army and set up Huiji County. As a result, all the Yangtze River basins were incorporated into the territory of Qin State.
Destroy Yan state
In the process of destroying Zhao, the army of Qin reached the border of Yan. The prince is in a state of panic. Seeing that Qin destroyed Sanjin, he wanted to commit suicide, but there was nothing he could do. Yan Taizi Dan finally came up with a desperate assassination, that is, the famous Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin in history, which was in 227 BC. The assassination failed, but the king of Qin almost died under Jing Ke's dagger. He hated Yan deeply and immediately sent more troops to attack. In 226 years ago, Qin Jun captured Yan Dou thistle (now Beijing), and Yan and Taizi Dan fled to Liaodong County. Li Xin, the general of Qin Dynasty, led thousands of people to pursue Taizi Dan to Yanshui in Qin Jun. Prince Taizi Dan survived because he was lurking in the water. Later, after weighing the interests, Wang Xi of Yan sent someone to kill Taizi Dan and dedicate his head to Qin, hoping to get a truce and keep Yan. After Prince Xi fled to Liaodong, Qin Jun's main force was transferred to the downtown to attack Chu. In the first 222 years (the 25th year of the King of Qin), Wang Ben was ordered to attack the remnants of Yan State in Liaodong, capture Yan, and Yan State was completely destroyed.
Destroy the state of qi
22 1 year ago (in the 26th year of the King of Qin), the King of Qin ordered Wang Ben to go south and attack Qi, the last of the six eastern countries. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the mid-Warring States Period, Qi was one of the most powerful countries in Shandong. However, in the first 284 years, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei and Chu conquered Qi, especially Yan's sweeping, which almost destroyed Qi. Since then, Qi has been devastated. Moreover, at this time, Qi is an incompetent person. He relied on his mother when she was alive; Before his mother died, he stubbornly asked her to write down the names of ministers who could help him. In 249 BC (the 16th year of Qi Dynasty), the unyielding king died and became prime minister. The state of Qin soon launched a campaign to buy off insiders and gave a large number of gold and jade articles to Housheng. After gaining the benefits of Qin, they sent a large number of guests to Qin one after another. Qin also bribed them, gave them money and treasure, and sent them back to Qi to be spies. After returning from the state of Qin, these people actively created pro-Qin public opinion. They said that Qi Wang Jian should go to the western Qin Dynasty to show his submission. They also said that Chyi Chin was in-laws, so he didn't need to prepare to attack Qin, nor should he help Sanjin and Yanchu to attack Qin. It is in this case that Wang Ben went south to cut Qi, hardly meeting any resistance. Wang Ben led the army into Linzi, and Qi and Hou Sheng surrendered without fighting. The state of Qi perished. At this point, the state of Qin completed the last journey of wiping out the heroes and unifying the six countries. Qin dynasty territory
It is worth noting that Qin Jun, known as the "riot army", never slaughtered the city under the restraint and prudent command of Qin Shihuang, which is unprecedented.
First called the emperor
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, governors of various countries called "Jun" or "Wang". At the end of the Warring States period, Qin and Qi were once called "emperors", but this title was different at that time. Qin, who dominated the country, thought that these titles in the past were not enough to show his respect. "Today's name is even less important, so it is impossible to call it success and pass it on to future generations." He ordered ministers to discuss titles. After some discussions, Prime Minister Wang Wan, jie feng, Tingwei Lisi and others thought that the government of the Qin Dynasty was "Xingyi soldiers, killing residual thieves and leveling the world", and its achievements were "unprecedented since ancient times, and the five emperors were far behind". They quoted the traditional honorific title, saying that "there were emperors in ancient times and emperors in the land, and Ren Huang was the most expensive", and suggested that Qin adopt the title of "Tai Huang". However, Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with this. He only used the word "emperor" and added the word "emperor" under it because of "three emperors and five emperors", creating a new title of "emperor" and awarding it to himself. From then on, "Emperor" became the title of the supreme ruler of China. The emergence of the title "Emperor" is not only a simple name change, but also a new concept of governing the country. In ancient times, "emperor" meant "great", and people sometimes called ancestor gods and other gods "emperor". "Emperor" is the highest god who dominates everything in ancient people's imagination. Qin Shihuang combined the words "emperor" and "emperor" into one. First, it shows that he wants to express his supreme status and authority, which is given by God, that is, "the supreme power is given by God"; Second, it reflects that he is not satisfied with being only the ruler of the world, but also a god. It can be seen that the title of "emperor" is the product of the deification of the monarchical power in Qin Dynasty. Qin became the first emperor in the history of China, calling himself "the first emperor". He also stipulated that when he passed the throne to future generations after his death, the heirs would be called the second emperor, the third emperor and even eternal life. The dream that Qin Shihuang's throne will be inherited by his family forever "spreads endlessly" (Historical Records of Qin Shihuang's Biography). In order to sanctify the status of the emperor, Qin Shihuang took a series of measures to "respect the monarch": abolishing the funeral etiquette. The funeral ceremony began in the early Zhou Dynasty, and it was given an evaluation title based on the life story of the king after his death. However, Qin Shihuang thought that "discussing the father by the son and the monarch by the minister" was outrageous and meaningless. He announced the abolition of the obituary law and prohibited future courtiers from evaluating themselves. The son of heaven calls himself "I" The word "I" has the same meaning as "I". In the past, everyone could use it. Qin Shihuang limited that only the emperor could call himself "I". The emperor's orders are called "control" or "imperial edict". It is not allowed to mention the name of the emperor in the text and should be avoided. Whenever the words "emperor" and "first emperor" appear on the document, a new line should be written. Only the jade carving seal used by the emperor can be called "seal" The purpose of these regulations is to highlight the special position of the emperor, emphasize that the emperor is different and strengthen the mystery of imperial power in people's hearts. Qin Shihuang fantasized that with these measures, his throne would be passed down from generation to generation.
Improve the monetary system
Traffic management
Cars on the same track
Strict customs.
Make and pass the national seal
evaluate
The above unified measures strengthened centralization, which was conducive to the further development of ancient economy, and played an important role in laying and consolidating the development of national unity on the territory of the motherland and forming the Chinese nation with Huaxia nationality as the main body. It promoted the first national integration in the history of our country. For the first time, a real China was formed.
Expand the territory of a country
Nanping baiyue
Attack Xiongnu in the north
Build the Great Wall
abstract
Book burning pit warlock
An elixir of life
Taishan closed his eyes and meditated.
Submerged dune
Qin Shihuang made many unprecedented achievements in unifying China, and listed several influential ones as follows: Qin Shihuang in film and television dramas.
1. unify the written language and make it the foundation of a nation, and continue to this day; 4. Abandoning the enfeoffment system and establishing counties and counties became the standard mode of management after the reunification of China, which lasted for thousands of years; 13. unifying currency and weights and measures will greatly promote domestic business exchanges. 4. The cars are on the same track and the roads are at the same distance. The construction of Qin Zhi Road greatly facilitates domestic traffic; 5. Burn the history books of the six countries, unify thoughts objectively, and avoid splitting the country due to historical problems; However, copies of ancient books destroyed in various countries were preserved, and the subsequent destruction was because Xiang Yu set fire to Qin Dou; 6. The construction of Lingqu strengthens the control over the Pearl River Basin, making this area the territory of China forever; 7. Building the Great Wall, an important line of defense against the invasion of the northern Hu people, has long been a national border; ⒏ Expedite to South Vietnam and incorporate Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong into Chinese territory. (9) Strike the Xiongnu in the north and recapture the Hetao area, making this area the territory of China forever. So far, the basic pattern of China's unified multi-ethnic centralized state has been established.
Edit the historical evaluation of this paragraph.
He was the founder of the emperor's honorific title, and also the founder of the emperor system in China, which made China enter the era of centralized monarchy of Han nationality. He also made China achieve political unification for the first time, forming a situation of "cars on the same track, books in the same language", which laid the foundation for the later dynasties to seek reunification. But since ancient times, Qin Shihuang has always been a controversial figure.
Positive evaluation
Qin Shihuang, known as the first emperor in the history of China, was the first emperor to unify the Central Plains and one of the most successful emperors in the history of China. As we all know, China was reunified by destroying six countries. But what else did he do? Here is a brief summary: First, centralization of authority has been established; Before that, there were many enfeoffment countries in China, each country had its own monarch or king, and the central Shang or Zhou had limited control over the vassal countries; Wars often occurred between vassal States, which greatly affected economic development; Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and established a multi-level management grass-roots structure such as county, county, township, pavilion and Li directly managed by the central government; This management structure has lasted for more than two thousand years and is still continuing. Second, unify writing and currency. In the past, countries used different languages, and the documents exchanged with each other were often not understood by each other, which was very inconvenient for national culture and communication. Qin Shihuang's forced unification into writing, as the only normative culture in China, has been in use for more than two thousand years and is still in use today. Different currencies are used in different regions, such as round, knife, shovel, shell, tortoise shell or jade piece. Qin Shihuang unified the currency into outer copper coins, which remained in use until the Qing Dynasty more than 2,000 years later. Third, unified measurement. What are weights and measures? Before Qin Shihuang, there were various units of measurement everywhere. For example, if you want to buy a foot of cloth, you don't even know what a foot means in other places, or a catty of rice is not called a catty here, but another unit; Qin Shihuang stipulated a unified unit of length, called minutes, inches, feet and feet. These names are still in use; The unit of measuring tool volume is called closing, lifting and bucket; The unit of weight (balance) is called baht, two pounds and stone, and these units are still in use today. Thai baht is because the weight of copper coins is measured in Thai baht. For example, half a pair of copper coins is called 5 baht, and later "1 baht" is called "1 coin". Or 10 yuan = 1 two. Four, the construction of chidao, dredging rivers and channels. That is, the highway connecting counties in the country (equivalent to the current national highway and provincial highway). It has greatly strengthened the links between various places. 5. Build the Great Wall. Originally, there were some Great Walls between countries, but the Great Wall in the north was incomplete. After reunification, he ordered the original Great Wall between countries to be demolished, and then the Great Wall in the northern part of Qin, Zhao and Yan countries was connected to prevent the Huns from invading the south. Left us with the world-famous Great Wall of Wan Li. Sixth, open up the frontier. When the Central Plains countries were fighting with each other and had no time to look north, the Huns took the opportunity to invade the south and attack the northern border areas of Qin, Zhao and Yan. After Qin Shihuang annexed the six countries, he sent hundreds of thousands of troops to the northern expedition, defeated the Xiongnu and stabilized the northern frontier; Baiyue, who marched south to Lingnan, incorporated Guangdong and Guangxi into Chinese territory. The above are some brief summaries of Qin Shihuang's work; These things never happened before him, originated from him and took more than two thousand years; After him, all emperors made achievements in governing the country under his institutional framework. The great achievements they created largely benefited from the foundation laid for them by Qin Shihuang. How much work does it take to complete so many institutional and cultural changes and countless construction projects without the previous ones? Moreover, it was only 1 1 year from Qin Shihuang's annexation to his death. In this short period of 1 1 year, Qin Shihuang completed such a huge work at an unimaginable speed, which laid the foundation for thousands of years of feudal society in China. Qin Shihuang was not only a king with great talent and great strategy, but also an efficient leader. It can be said that in the history of China, no other emperor or saint can do it except Qin Shihuang. Look at other wise emperors in history, such as Emperor Gaozu, Liang Wudi, Emperor Taizong, Song Taizu, Zhu Yuanzhang, Judy and so on. Which of their "great achievements" can be compared with Qin Shihuang? What substantial things have they left for our Chinese nation, and what "software" have they left that can be used for thousands of years? In this respect, Qin Shihuang is undoubtedly the greatest king who has made the greatest contribution to the Chinese nation in the history of China. However, Qin Shihuang's position in people's minds is far less than that of other emperors. Why? Because Qin Shihuang was given the title of the number one tyrant. This title of "tyrant" not only defiled the peerless brilliance of his life, but even became the villain in legends and dramas. The status of such a greatest king is often surpassed by others.
Negative evaluation
Because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and later the rulers of China promoted the Confucian theory with benevolence and the golden mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin and so on. Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor quotes Jia Yi's On Qin: 1. The king of Qin was greedy for money, self-motivated, didn't believe in merit, didn't kiss the gentry, abolished kingship, established private rights, and prohibited documents from abusing the law. After bullying the former righteousness, it began with tyranny. According to historical records, the actual situation is just the opposite. 4. If one person is in trouble, the seven temples will be destroyed, and he will die and laugh for the world. Why? Benevolence and kindness are not applied, and the tendency to attack and defend is different. Qin Shihuang was disguised as a tyrant by many writers, and he could do anything for power. The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all very large, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounce the death and injury of many people in the construction process, but on the other hand, they have further developed the transportation in various places and contributed to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of all ethnic groups.
Mao Zedong commented on Qin Shihuang
1. Qin Shihuang is an expert on present events. 3. On one occasion, he told Zhang that you said that the * * * production party was equal to Qin Shihuang. No, it was more than a hundred times. [13] Confucius and Mencius are idealists, Xunzi is materialist and Confucian leftist. Confucius represents slave owners and nobles. Xunzi represents the landlord class. He added: In the history of China, the real doer was Qin Shihuang, and Confucius only talked empty words. For thousands of years, Confucius became a mere formality, but actually acted according to Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang used students from Lisi, Legalist and Xunzi. Confucius has some advantages, but not very good. We should be fair. Qin Shihuang was much greater than Confucius. Confucius is empty talk. Qin Shihuang was the first person to unify China. It not only unified China politically, but also unified China's writing and various systems in China, such as weights and measures, some of which are still in use today. No second feudal monarch in China has surpassed him, but he has been scolded for thousands of years. 5. I advise you to scold Qin Shihuang less and discuss the reasons for burning the pit. The ancestral dragon's soul is still dead in Qin, and Confucius' scientific name is high. EMI is good at Qin politics and law, but ten batches are not good articles. Be familiar with the feudal theory of the Tang Dynasty, and don't return to King Wen from zihou. [4] Politicians of all dynasties were successful, and legalists were the early feudal society. These people advocate the rule of law and beheading if they break the law. They advocate respecting the present and cherishing the past. Confucianism is full of benevolence and morality, full of thieves and prostitutes, and all advocate respecting the past and cherishing the present. [6] Qin Shihuang was the first famous emperor in China feudal society. I am also Qin Shihuang. Lin Biao called me Qin Shihuang. China has always been divided into two factions. A group said that Qin Shihuang was good, while a group said that Qin Shihuang was bad. I agree with Qin Shihuang, but I disagree with Confucius. Because Qin Shihuang was the first to unify China, unified the writing and built a broad road. He did not use a country within a country, but a centralized system. The central government sent people to various places and changed them every few years. There was no hereditary system. Once Qin Huang Hanwu, literary talent slightly lost-Mao Zedong also thought that Qin Shihuang lacked literary talent.
Qin Shihuang in the eyes of westerners
Qin Shihuang was not only China, but also a famous emperor in the West. And his far-reaching influence on China and even the world really matches his fame. After Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, from 230 BC to 22 BC1year, the grandmasters of Wang Jian and Wang Ben swept the Central Plains, and the six behemoths of Han, Wei, Chu, Zhao, Yan and Qi were wiped off the map forever without any defense. The space they left became a unified color with a huge word "Qin" written on it. In 22 1 year BC, when the world was unified, Qin Shihuang made the most decisive decision in the restructuring: "Give up the enfeoffment system and set up counties." The country is divided into 36 counties, and each county has several counties. The county chief executive is directly appointed by the central government and can be replaced at any time. The unity of the country has been greatly strengthened, but this may be one of the reasons for Qin's short life. Qin Shihuang's achievements in establishing long-term unification include unifying writing, unifying laws, unifying currency, and unified measurement. Most of them were based on the practices of the former Qin State and extended to the conquered areas. In addition, a wide range of post roads leading to various places have been built. In this way, the Qin empire became an organic whole in all aspects. Although the Qin Dynasty only lasted 15 years, the ruling mode established by Qin Shihuang continued. Qin Shihuang was the main designer of centralized feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and his influence was far-reaching and extensive, which was unmatched by any other emperor. In the history of the world, many emperors created a huge empire, but their actual influence could not be compared with that of Qin Shihuang. Historically, the population of China has accounted for more than 20% of the world's population. If it has an important influence on China, it can be regarded as an important influence on the world (in McHart). Moreover, due to centralization and loyalty to the monarch, the emperor's influence on the history of China was far greater than that of many other countries. Thus, Qin Shihuang played a vital role in China and even the world. Westerners have always been in awe of China's vast territory, although historically, the population of China is not as large as that of Europe. The difference is that Europe will always be a small country, while China is a unified country. This is mainly due to political and social factors, rather than geographical factors such as mountain barriers. Of course, the unification of China can't be attributed only to Qin Shihuang, but also to others, such as Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty. In the west, people often compare Qin Shihuang with Napoleon. In fact, Qin Shihuang is not only the "Emperor through the ages" in China history, but also the "Emperor through the ages" in the world history. As far as his achievements are concerned, it is difficult to find a monarch who can defeat him. Generally speaking, there is not much difference in population and area between the Roman Empire and the Qin Dynasty. But the Roman Empire ruled for a short time. After Caesar's death, the empire fell apart. The Qin dynasty was not, which is why Qin Shihuang had a unique influence.
Edit the poems related to this paragraph.
Bo Gu (Part III) Li Bai and the King of Qin swept across Liuhe and looked at He Xiongzai with their eyes on each other. Swords make clouds, and princes come to the West. Judging from the apocalypse, it can generally drive a group of talents. Withdraw troops and cast gold people, and the valley of letters opens eastward. Gong Ming will benefit from the mountains and look at Langya Taiwan. 700,000 torturers set out from Mount Li. It's sad to be at a loss about taking the elixir of life. Even crossbows can shoot marine fish. The long whale is Cui Wei. The forehead and nose are like five mountains, and the waves are thundering. You can't see Penglai if you cover the blue sky. Xu is carrying Qin's daughter. When will this ship come back? But see three springs, golden coffin buried cold ashes. Passing through Xu Hun, Qin Shihuang's tomb, the dragon and tiger in the Tang Dynasty are surrounded by trees, and entering the clouds is also a mess. In a piece of green hills and autumn grass, passers-by only worship the Han Mausoleum. Book-burning pits are full of chapters, bamboo and cigarettes are sold for nothing in the Tang Dynasty, and their ancestral home is Guanhe. Liu Xiang didn't study before the Grey Cold Shandong Rebellion. Qin Shihuang Wang Anshi, Song competing for the Central Plains, both foxes and rabbits hate each other. Hurt six kings, when this bird is fake. The bucket has swept the floor, and Han Fei still relies on Ling. You will swim over Penglai and take the sea as the mountain. Xerox praises merit, and ministers help pride. The world does not read Yi, but it is named after punishment. There are few children in the field, and it is useless to distinguish hard ice.
Sorry, due to the limitation of words, only subheadings were left in the middle chapter. For details, please refer to Baidu business card. The first emperor in history
One? From Jiaozhou Yue Ying Garden to Jiaozhou Bus Terminal:
Bus route: JIAOZHOU 3? →? JIAOZHOU No.2 Road