1. Grape leaf disease
Grape fan leaf disease mainly shows three symptom types: fan leaf, yellow leaf and vein band. The leaves of diseased plants are severely twisted and asymmetrical; The petiole is concave and broad, the vein development is abnormal, and several main veins protrude at the base of the leaf, which is not obvious; There are many teeth on the leaf margin, and there are often many kinds of chlorosis spots on the leaves. The main veins of leaves turn yellow and then spread into yellow-green mottled leaves. The whole leaf is fan-shaped, which mostly appears in early summer and midsummer. In addition to the symptoms of leaves, the branches and vines of diseased plants are often deformed, and some new shoots become shorter and the leaves are clustered; Opposite buds sometimes appear on branches and develop into double-headed branches.
The biggest harm of fan leaf disease is that it seriously affects fruit setting, making the ear loose, the size of fruit grains uneven and the maturity inconsistent, and sometimes there are latent diseased fruits on Kyoho grape (Figure 254). Sick trees are easy to drop flowers and form seedless fruits. After plant infection, the vitality gradually decreases, the yield and quality decrease, and even the whole plant dies in severe cases. Besides grafting infection, fan leaf virus can also spread through soil nematodes.
2. Grape leaf curl disease
Grape leaf curl disease is the most widely distributed grape virus disease in the world, which is found everywhere where grapes are cultivated. Leaf curl disease is semi-latent and does not show symptoms in most growing seasons. Generally, injured grapes only show symptoms at the end of growth. Starting from the basal leaves, the leaves roll down, and the leaves are skinny. Some red varieties have red symptoms, and some yellow varieties have yellow symptoms. The leaves of some varieties gradually dry up and turn brown, and the leaves of plants with serious diseases are quadrangular, slightly hardened and even gradually die.
The panicle number of diseased trees is reduced and miniaturized; Fruit is seriously colored, ripening is delayed, sugar content is greatly reduced, and flavor is weakened. It also weakens lodging resistance, reduces grafting survival rate and cutting rooting ability, and is vulnerable to freezing injury.
Grape leaf curl virus is mainly cultivated in active communication by artificial cultivation, and its transmission mode is mainly to use branches and buds of diseased plants as asexual propagation materials and spread through long-distance illumination of seedlings, which is particularly prominent in China.
In production, virus-free seedlings are mainly used to overcome the control methods. For vineyards with viral diseases, there is no good treatment except planing the diseased plants.
Second, grape black pox disease
1. Harmful symptoms
The disease can harm the leaves, fruits, shoots, petioles, fruit stalks, axes, tendrils and inflorescences of grapes, especially young leaves, shoots and young fruits.
At the initial stage of leaf injury, reddish-brown to black spots with pinhole size appeared, with pale yellow halo around them, which gradually expanded to form nearly round irregular spots with a diameter of 1.0 ~ 4.0 mm, gray-white center, slightly concave, and black-brown or purple-brown edges. In the later stage, mesophyll in the center of the lesion was cracked and perforated. The damaged veins are polygonal lesions, which lead to atrophy and deformation of leaves.
When the new shoots and tendrils come up, there are oval and round lesions with black or purple edges and light brown, brown or grayish white centers, which are sunken, cracked or not cracked. If the treatment is not timely, the tender leaves and growing points at the top will turn brown and dry, and the growth of new shoots will slow down or stop, which will seriously affect the growth of plants. The symptoms of this disease are easily confused with those of green-blind stinkbug. Normally, green blind stinkbug won't hurt tendrils, so it can be distinguished.
The young fruit is damaged with nearly round light brown spots, purple-brown around the diseased spots, gray-white in the center, sometimes red in the center, slightly sunken, like bird's eyes, commonly known as "bird's eye disease." There are tiny black spots on the lesion, which is brainless. The diseased fruit grows slowly, is green, hard and sour, and sometimes cracks. The damaged fruit can still grow, and the depression of the diseased spot is not obvious, but the taste is sour. The surface of the lesion is limited to the peel and will not go deep into the pulp. When the air is humid, milky white sticky substances can appear on the diseased spots.
2. Preventive and control measures
After pruning in winter, thoroughly clean up the dead leaves and the old skins on the scraped perennial branches and vines in the garden (Figures 262 and 263), concentrate on burying or burning, thoroughly plow the garden, and bury the disease source on the surface. On the basis of cleaning the garden, the frame materials such as plant branches, iron wires on brackets, columns and so on are completely and thoroughly disinfected by chemical spraying. The application time is in the germination stage, especially when the bud eye expands into a fluff ball, the eradication effect is the best. The medicament can be Baume 3-5 Baume stone sulfur mixture, which can effectively reduce the harm of black pox.
Chemical protection during growth period should be carried out before spores are distributed in large quantities, which can reduce primary infection. The first chemical protection should be carried out when the new shoot length is about 15.0 cm. In order to reduce fruit rot, spray medicine once before and after flowering. The effective agents are: 800 times of 5.0% imidazole wettable powder, 6000-8000 times of 40.0% flusilazole EC, 3500-4000 times of 12.5% diniconazole and 10.0% difenoconazole water dispersible granules.
Three, grape anthracnose
1. Harmful symptoms
The disease mainly infects fruits, but also harms axes, leaves, tendrils, branches and vines. At the early stage of fruit damage, there are pinhead-sized light brown spots on the surface of the fruit, which gradually turn round after expansion, slightly concave and dark brown, with dense black spots arranged in a wheel shape, that is, pathogenic conidia, on which a large number of orange conidia cluster under wet conditions; Fruit branches, rachis, petiole and tendrils are affected by long spindle-shaped brown concave spots; However, only the pathogen lurks on the new branches and fruiting mother branches, and no obvious symptoms occur.
2. Preventive and control measures
Combined with winter shears, thoroughly clean the garden, remove all the bindings on branches, ears, vines, fallen leaves and iron wires, burn them centrally or bury them deeply, and carefully spray 3 ~ 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture when bud eyes germinate to reduce the number of bacteria sources. The disease has the characteristics of early infection and late onset, so it should be controlled as soon as possible, and pesticides should be sprayed once before flowering, once after flowering and once at the swelling stage of young fruits. Commonly used chemicals in production are 25.0% prochloraz EC 1000 times solution, 10.0% difenoconazole water dispersible granule 2000 times solution+10.0% ammonium carbamate 600 times solution, and 25.0% pyraclostrobin 1000 times solution.
Four, grape white rot
Grape white rot is one of the most important diseases in grape production, which not only harms grape fruit, but also harms new shoots and leaves, and is the main disease leading to high yield and poor harvest of grapes.
1. Harmful symptoms
White rot mainly harms ear, in addition, it can also harm new shoots and leaves. Generally, the ear axis and petiole near the ground are the first to get sick, and the early stage of injury is light brown with irregular edges. The diseased spots gradually spread up and down or the fruit particles spread, making the whole fruit particles turn yellow-brown and soft rot, and when the peel breaks, it overflows with yellowish mucus. Finally, the stem shriveled and grew gray spots, which were the conidia of the pathogen. The most important feature of white rot is that damaged fruits and fruit stalks are easy to fall off if they are hit by wind and rain or touched by field labor, and a layer is scattered on the ground in severe cases.
The incidence of new shoots is mostly at the wound site, such as the friction between new shoots and iron wires and the damaged part of the heart. The initial stage of the disease is watery reddish-brown spots. It gradually develops outward along branches and vines, and then changes from brown to dark brown, forming strip lesions. Dark brown spots are densely distributed on the surface of the lesion, that is, the conidia of the pathogen. In the later stage, the epidermis of the affected area is longitudinally cracked or separated from the xylem, which is messy in severe cases. The upper end of the diseased branch grows weak, and in severe cases it dries up and dies. Diseases often occur at the edge of leaves or wound parts, forming V-shaped or round light brown lesions with wheel marks, and the diseased tissues rupture in the later stage. At the base of annual seedlings, the disease is also prone to occur, often causing plant death.
2. Preventive and control measures
(1) Promote the result site
According to local conditions, planting with scaffolding or double "cross" frames, combined with vine thinning and fruit thinning, can make the fruit part as high as 80.0 cm or more, and reduce the chance of contact between the ear and the ground pathogens.
(2) Do a good job in cleaning the site.
Combine pruning in autumn and winter to thoroughly remove diseased fruit ears and diseased branches, scrape off old bark that may carry germs, and thoroughly remove dead leaves and diseased fruit ears in orchards. Doing a good job in field hygiene during the growing season, removing the pollution and infectious substances in the field, combining management and regular inspection, cutting off the diseased fruit ears and branches found in the early stage in time, cleaning up the fallen diseased grains and taking them out of the garden for centralized treatment can reduce the source of reinfected bacteria in that year, alleviate the disease and slow down the development of the disease.
(3) Chemical control
At the time of onset, 10.0% difenoconazole water dispersible granules 1500 times solution, 40.0% flusilazole EC 6000 times solution, 25.0% difenoconazole 1500 times solution and 12.5% diniconazole 3500 times solution can be used. When the disease is under control, the diseased ears and grains should be thinned quickly, and then sprayed again for protection.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) grape downy mildew
Grape downy mildew is a serious fungal disease that easily occurs during grape growth. After the occurrence of the disease, it is easy to cause early defoliation of grapes, the growth of new shoots is stagnant, and the branches cannot mature and age, which not only affects the yield and quality of grapes in that year, but also seriously affects the overwintering of grapes, and even affects the germination, tree vigor and yield of the following year.
1. Harmful symptoms
Grape downy mildew mainly harms leaves, as well as new shoots, tendrils, petioles, inflorescences, fruit stalks and young fruits. After the leaves are damaged, water-soaked pale yellow spots with unclear edges are produced on the leaves, and then gradually become yellow-brown polygonal spots, and the spots are often connected with each other to form irregular and serious spots. When the weather is wet, white downy mildew is produced on the back of leaves. When the disease is serious, the whole leaves turn yellow, turn back, burn and fall off.
The tender tip is damaged, the primary brown spot is waterlogged, and it is slightly concave. The weather is wet, and sparse downy mildew is produced on the spots. In the later stage, the diseased tissue dried up, the new buds stopped growing, twisted and died. The symptoms of tendrils, petioles and inflorescences are similar to those of twigs.
The young fruit is damaged, the affected part is brown, hard and sunken, and there is a white frosty mold layer on it, which is easy to fall off. The fruit is damaged, the affected part is brown to dark brown and soft rot, but it rarely produces downy mildew and falls off after wilting. Fruit is rarely infected after coloring.
2. Preventive and control measures
(1) Strengthen the cultivation management and reduce the incidence conditions.
Timely intertillage and weeding, discharge the accumulated water in the orchard, and reduce the surface humidity; Prune reasonably, prune in time, remove unnecessary branches and leaves near the ground as much as possible, make grape plants ventilated and transparent, and create environmental conditions that are not conducive to pathogen infection; Increase the application of phosphorus, calcium fertilizer and organic fertilizer, and apply more lime in acidic soil to improve the disease resistance of plants.
(2) Chemical control
Before germination, the whole garden was sprayed with Bubomei 3 ~ 5 degree sulfur mixture to eradicate germs. After autumn, spray 10 ~ 15 days with 400 times of Bordeaux solution and 35.0% basic copper sulfate suspension to protect leaves and prevent diseases. At the initial stage of the disease, fungicides with systemic therapeutic effect should be sprayed, which can be 500 times Bordeaux metalaxyl-m, 69.0% dimethomorph, 600 times manganese zinc and 72.0% cymoxanil manganese zinc, all of which are mixed with 800 times 42.0% mancozeb suspension (Penflul) or 68.7% oxazolidone water dispersible granules. Usually, after spraying 1 day, the white mildew layer on the back of the leaves can be found to turn brown and disappear, indicating that the drug effect has been produced. If the brown color does not disappear, it is necessary to spray it again to control it. This disease is prone to drug resistance, so we should pay attention to the alternate use of different chemicals.
Six, grape gray mold
Gray mold is common in southern and central China. In recent years, botrytis cinerea in northern grape producing areas has been increasing year by year, especially in wine varieties and greenhouse cultivation. Inflorescence and ear rot caused by gray mold has become one of the main problems at present.
1. Harmful symptoms
Gray mold mainly harms inflorescences, young fruits and mature fruits, and sometimes also harms new shoots, leaves and fruit stalks. In the early stage of inflorescence disease, the wound was light brown and waterlogged, and soon the lesion turned dark brown, and the whole inflorescence was soft and rotten. When it is wet, a layer of botrytis cinerea grows on the diseased ear, that is, the pathogen conidiophore and conidia. Leaves and new branches produce light brown and irregular lesions. After the fruit is infected, brown pits appear, which quickly makes the whole ear soft rot and grow gray mold layer, and sometimes black sclerotia appears.
2. Preventive and control measures
(1) Strengthen field management and reduce pathogen base.
Carefully prune in winter, cut off diseased branches, diseased ears and diseased vines, thoroughly remove dead leaves in the garden, and burn or bury them centrally to reduce the pathogen base.
(2) Combination of chemical control and fruit bagging.
Spray once before flowering, once after withering and once in young fruit. There are 1500 times of 50.0% iprodione wettable powder, 10.0% azoxystrobin water dispersible granules 1500 times of 50.0% procymidone wettable powder and 2000 times of 40.0% pyrimethanil gel suspension concentrate. Fruit bagging refers to the previous chapter.
Seven, grape root nodule aphid
Grape root nodule aphid is a worldwide quarantine object, which has caused devastating disasters to developed countries in Europe and America. Grape nodule aphid was found in some areas of China, which caused extensive garden damage. We must remain vigilant.
1. Harmful symptoms
Grape nodule aphid is a strict mono-feeding pest. When it harms grape varieties, its symptoms are obviously different between American varieties and European varieties. When it hurts American varieties, it hurts leaves and roots. After the leaves are damaged, many granular galls are formed on the back of grape leaves, which is called "leaf galls". Root system damage, mainly new fibrous roots, can also hurt the main roots. The symptoms of damage form rhombic nodules at the end of fibrous roots, and there are large tumor-like protrusions on the main roots, which are called "nodular" European grape varieties, and the symptoms are similar to those of American grape varieties. But leaves are generally not hurt. In rainy season, nodules often fester, cortex cracks and falls off, vascular bundles are destroyed and roots rot, which affects the absorption and transportation of water and nutrients. The damaged trees are obviously weak, yellow leaves and deciduous leaves occur in advance, the yield is obviously reduced, and in severe cases, the plants die.
2. Morphological characteristics
Tumor aphids can be divided into nodule type and leaf gall type, both of which are found in China. Nodular wingless adult aphid: body length 1.2 ~ 1.5 mm, oval, yellow or yellowish brown, with many black tumor-like protrusions on the back and 1 ~ 2 bristles on it; Egg: about 0.3 mm long, long oval, slightly shiny yellow; If aphids: pale yellow, oval.
3. Preventive and control measures
The only transmission route of grape phylloxera is seedlings. When quarantining seedlings, special attention should be paid to the presence of aphid eggs, nymphs and adults in roots and soil. Once found, they should be destroyed immediately on the spot. Seedlings without root nodule aphids should also be strictly disinfected. The method is: soak the seedlings and branches with 50.0% phoxim 1500 times solution or 80.0% dichlorvos emulsion 1000 ~ 1500 times solution 10 minute. It is the only effective control measure to build vineyards in disease areas and adopt rootstocks resistant to root nodule aphids, such as SO4 and 5BB, for grafting cultivation. At present, there is no thorough and effective treatment except destroying the garden.
Seven, grape root-knot nematodes
1. Harmful symptoms
The aboveground parts of plants are characterized by poor growth, yellowing of leaves, reduced yield, color difference of fruits and poor stress resistance. The underground part is characterized by the formation of many tumor-like bodies of different sizes on tender absorption roots or secondary roots. After cutting the tumor-like body, you can see that there are yellow or brown substances in it.
2. Preventive and control measures
Try not to rebuild the garden on the old orchard; Strictly check when buying seedlings, and do not use insect seedlings. Selecting resistant rootstocks for grafting cultivation. Resistant rootstocks include SO4, 420A, Guanghui Riverside Grape, Jian Kang No.3 and so on. For the diseased vineyards, it is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, enhance the tree vigor and prolong the fruiting period as much as possible.
Eight, floating dust
Floating dust is the common name of leafhopper, and grape leafhopper and grape leafhopper are more common in grapes.
1. Harmful symptoms
Dust particles gather in the backstab of grape leaves to suck juice as adults or nymphs, and faded small white spots appear on the front of the injured leaves, and then many small spots become large white spots, which make the leaves pale and scorched in severe cases. At the same time, the dense brown insect dung discharged by floating dust accumulates on leaves and fruits, which affects the growth of grapes, causes mold disease and directly affects the quality of fruits.
2. Morphological characteristics
(1) The adult cicada (Cicada vitis, Figure 290) has a body length of 2.0 ~ 2.6 mm, a wing length of 2.9 ~ 3.3 mm, yellow-white color, two obvious round spots on its head and black compound eyes. There are several light brown spots on the front edge of the chest back plate, and there is a big triangular black stripe on the left and right of the front edge of the small shield. The wings are translucent and yellow and white. The nymph is white when it is first hatched, yellow and white when it is mature, with a body length of 2.0 mm and obvious wing buds on both sides of the chest. Egg milky white, rectangular, slightly curved, 0.6 mm long.
(2) Adult Cicadellidae is about 3.0mm long, with yellowish head and chest, black or dark brown compound eyes, two dark brown spots on the front edge of head and three dark brown spots on the front edge of chest and back. There are two large dark brown spots on the chest shield, the surface of the front wing is dark brown, and there are two pale yellow semi-circular spots on the rear edge, and the wings are folded to form nearly round pale yellow stripes. The color of the adult will change, and it will be reddish brown before overwintering.
3. Preventive and control measures
Remove fallen leaves and weeds in time after pruning in winter to reduce the source of overwintering insects. Strengthen field management during the growth period, tie new branches in time, remove secondary branches, promote the uniform distribution of branches and leaves, and be ventilated and transparent. Chemical control should be carried out in the first generation nymph stage. The pesticide can be selected from 1500 ~ 2000 times of 50.0% dimethoate EC, 800 ~ 1000 times of 50.0% dichlorvos EC, 2000 times of 10.0% imidacloprid WP and 2000 times of 3.0% acetamiprid EC. Because pests have the habit of jumping in fright, the commonly used manual backpack sprayer can't directly spray the liquid medicine on the insects, and the control effect is poor. Therefore, high-power electric or gasoline engine sprayers should be used.
Nine, scarab
There are many kinds of scarabs that do harm to grapes. Common scarabs are apple scarabs, oriental scarabs, bronze scarabs, big black scarabs, white scarabs, four scarabs and bean scarabs.
1. Harmful symptoms
Scarabs eat a variety of foods, which not only harms grapes, but also harms many kinds of fruit trees and trees. Their larvae live in the soil and eat roots, which are called grubs, and adults are called scarabs. Apple hair scarab, oriental scarab, green scarab and four scarabs mainly eat leaves, while white star scarabs eat fruits.
2. Morphological characteristics
(1) Scarab with apple hair
Also known as the long-haired scarab, the adult is 10.0mm long, the head, back and chest are copper with carved spots on them, and there are yellow and white tufts on both sides of the front abdomen, which are brown, translucent and shiny COLEOPTERA wings. It can be seen from the wings of COLEOPTERA that the rear wing is folded into a "V" shape and the ventral end is exposed from the wings of COLEOPTERA (Figure 29 1).
(2) Oriental Scarab
Also known as the black velvet scarab, the adult is 6.0 ~ 8.0 mm long, black or dark brown and dull, and its body surface is covered with extremely short and dense villi.
③ Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Also known as green scarab and green scarab, the adult is 18.0 ~ 20.0 mm in length, with dark green head, back and chest, pale yellow on both sides of chest backboard, copper-green and shiny sheath wings, pale yellow on female abdomen and brown on male abdomen.
(4) Scarab beetle
The adult scarab beetle is 22.0 mm long, grayish black to dark brown, with green or purple luster, slightly upturned head front edge, more than ten white spots on the front wings, and many small carved points on the chest back plate or COLEOPTERA wings.
(5) Scarabs with four stripes
Also known as Japanese scarab, it has a body length of 10.0 ~ 12.0 mm and a width of 6.0 ~ 7.0 mm. It is flat from top to bottom, with metallic reflection. The head, chest, peltate, feet and abdomen are dark green, COLEOPTERA is yellow-brown or light copper-colored, the outer edge is dark green, with longitudinal uplift, and the abdomen is short and sharp.
3. Preventive and control measures
(1) artificial hunting
Adults harm fruits during the day, and a few of them gather in the potholes on the fruits, which is beneficial to artificial killing. According to observation, it is not obvious that this kind of insect feigns death during daytime activities. Once it lands, it will fly away immediately. When artificially killing, pests and fruits should be quickly put into bags with plastic bags and killed.
(2) trapping and killing with sweet and sour liquid
According to the strong tendency of scarab adults to sweet and sour liquid, the proportion of wine: water: sugar: vinegar 1: 2: 3: 4 was prepared according to the sweet and sour liquid, and an appropriate amount of trichlorfon was added, which was put in yellow or dark cans and hung on trees during the pest period, and about 10 was placed every 666.7 square meters. It should be noted that water should be added regularly to prevent the bottle from being filled.
(3) Trapping and killing with black light.
Using the phototaxis of adults, black light and high pressure mercury lamp were used to trap and kill them.
(4) Chemical control
At the peak of adult damage, 90.0% trichlorfon 800 ~ 1000 times, 50.0% dichlorvos EC 1000 times and 20.0% methomyl 2000 times were sprayed on leaves, trees and soil at night, and the control effect was over 90.0%.
Ten, green blind stinkbug
Stinky stinkbug is an omnivorous pest, which not only harms cotton, but also has become the main pest on grapes in recent years, and its harm directly affects the growth and fruit of grapes.
1. Harmful symptoms
Young leaves appear dark brown necrotic spots at first, and numerous holes are formed when the leaves grow up. In severe cases, the leaves are twisted and atrophied, which is similar to the symptoms of black pox. After the inflorescence is damaged, the buds die and fall off. When the damage is serious, the inflorescence turns yellow and stops developing, and almost all the buds fall off, which seriously affects the grape yield. After young fruits are damaged, some appear black necrotic spots, some appear raised vesicles, and their pulp tissue is necrotic, and most of the damaged fruits fall off, which seriously affects the yield.
2. Morphological characteristics
The adult of Stinkbug is about 5.0mm long, green, with a dark green backboard on the front chest and small spots engraved on it. Most of the leathery front wings are green and the membranous part is light brown. The egg is about 65438±0.0mm long, pocket-shaped, yellow-green, and has no attachments. If the worm is green, it has slender black hair, light yellow tentacles and light green feet.
3. Preventive and control measures
Weeds in the garden should be cleared in time in early spring to reduce overwintering eggs. When the new buds grow to 6-7 leaves, spray 1000 times 50.0% dichlorvos EC or 2000 times 10.0% imidacloprid wettable powder for prevention.
When the hazard is found, it can be prevented by spraying 2,500 times of 4.5% beta-cypermethrin EC and 3,000 times of 5.0% acetamiprid EC. Because green-blind stinkbug usually lurks in weeds and crops among trees during the day, which is harmful to trees at night. Therefore, spraying should be carried out strictly from one tree to another.