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Discussion on standard academic paper format —— Discussion on budget preparation of decoration engineering

This paper introduces the present situation and requirements of budget preparation of interior decoration engineering, and points out some problems that should be paid attention to in budget preparation of interior decoration engineering, for reference of peers.

Keywords: decoration project; Budget preparation; survey

China library classification number: U655.59 document identification number: a document number:

To determine the cost budget of interior decoration engineering, it is necessary to carry out feasibility study at each stage of decoration construction procedure, that is, from the presentation of decoration scheme to the preliminary design and construction stage, select the best construction scheme, and analyze and evaluate the excellent degree of design scheme and the use effect of investment by using scientific calculation method and practical valuation basis.

1 budget status and requirements of interior decoration engineering

Architectural decoration has a good visual effect, and excellent architectural decoration can reflect people's artistry and has good practicability. With the continuous development and improvement of decoration engineering in China, it is particularly important to make a good budget for interior decoration engineering. At present, the current budget quota management system of decoration engineering in China is divided into national unified quota and regional unified quota according to its management division. To a certain extent, this situation has caused many inconveniences in cross-regional and cross-industry design, bidding and construction, weakened the national macro-control ability of quota standards, and is not conducive to promoting the development of the national unified construction market.

In the current situation of decoration construction in China, in order to achieve good economic benefits, the construction unit must first continuously improve the level of decoration construction, and at the same time improve the quality of decoration, make a good budget for decoration projects. Among them, construction personnel are the lifeline of construction quality. In order to ensure the construction quality, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of the construction team, properly strengthen the training of policy theory and professional knowledge, ensure that these construction personnel can constantly learn new knowledge, and constantly improve the construction methods while improving the construction quality, so as to achieve the purpose of saving costs. Professionals engaged in economic work should also have a strong sense of professionalism and responsibility, gradually improve their professional quality in practice, strictly implement the relevant policies of the state in specific operations, ensure the relative accuracy and rigor of the decoration project budget, control the whole process and all-round costs of the project, and check from budget, construction to final accounts to ensure the normal operation of funds, achieve the purpose of increasing income and reducing expenses, and improve the overall economic benefits of enterprises.

2 interior decoration engineering budget issues that need attention

2. 1 Improve the quality of decoration management personnel

At present, the quality of project managers in architectural decoration industry is generally low, which makes the advanced cost management theory and method not applied in decoration engineering. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the training of project managers, so that they can constantly enhance their awareness of cost management and improve their level of cost management by learning modern cost management theories and advanced cost management methods, combine modern cost management theories and cost control technologies with the characteristics of decoration projects, and use scientific cost management methods to achieve effective control of project costs.

2.2 establish a sense of cost control

At present, because most of China's architectural decoration enterprises continue the management mode of the construction industry, there are many deficiencies in management ideas and organization management in cost control, which leads to problems such as unclear responsibility for cost control, cost control becoming a mere formality, insufficient consideration of the scope of cost compensation, unreasonable regulations and so on. In order to fundamentally solve the problems in cost control, the difficulty lies not in things, but in people, in people's management ideas and in people's cost consciousness.

Modern cost control puts forward a brand-new management concept and cost management model, which requires the reform of traditional enterprise management concept and management model.

2.2. 1 In terms of business philosophy, we should break away from the idea of improving the economic benefits of enterprises simply by raising the project cost and oppose it. Low cost and high efficiency? Concept, focusing on tapping the potential within the enterprise and reducing costs.

2.2.2 Post-event accounting, that is, cost management, is cost control in advance; Turn this expenditure into a reimbursable expense, calculate it first and then use it, and limit its use; Cost control of changing individual combat into full participation in property sector: realization? Where are the cost and cost control points? Full process and all-round control.

2.2.3 In terms of distribution, establish and improve the management system that whoever saves and who overspends will be punished.

2.2.4 In the assessment, the personnel consumption index which was assessed separately in the past was changed to the management work closely related to the cost, so as to solve the problems of unclear responsibilities and unclear attribution in the process of cost control. Thus, the project cost is organically combined with the economic responsibilities and interests of all employees, forming an atmosphere and pattern in which all employees participate in cost management. Let everyone involved in the management and implementation of construction projects realize the great influence of strengthening project cost management and cost control on the economic benefits and personal benefits of construction projects, then all cost management work can be implemented and implemented in construction project management.

2.3 Make good use of the construction drawing budget

Construction drawing budget is the core link of engineering cost valuation of decoration units. The cost of interior decoration engineering is single according to the project, and the cost of each specific project needs to be calculated according to the procedure. Decoration engineering is a periodic production process, which has gone through the procedures of proposal, preliminary design and construction drawing design, bidding, contract signing, construction, completion acceptance and use, and established corresponding economic relations. Therefore, the cost calculation should also be carried out in stages, forming links such as investment estimation, design budget, construction drawing budget, determination of bid price and contract price, construction settlement and final accounts of completion, and finally obtaining the actual cost of the project. Decoration engineering, as a unit project, is more or less composed of various sub-projects Its cost can only be the sum of the costs of different divisions. Because of the complexity of the composition of decoration engineering, we should pay more attention to the choice of the method of compiling decoration engineering cost.

2.4 Calculation of quantities

Engineering quantity is the basis for auditing project budget and project settlement. Because the design depth of the design unit is not enough, or the construction unit fails to carry out the construction according to the drawings, this shows the importance that auditors must base their audit on the project completion drawing and on-site implementation. Or on the basis of construction drawing design and on-site economic visa, or on the basis of on-site measured data, check item by item in strict accordance with the decoration project budget quota, engineering quantity calculation rules and related instructions. In order to prevent super-scale construction, it should be controlled in strict accordance with the approved design scheme, and any expansion of engineering quantity can not enter the settlement. When undertaking Jian 'an project and decoration project respectively, we should pay attention to the division of project content and scope to avoid double calculation, such as leveling layer or integral surface layer of indoor ground, wall and ceiling, doors and windows and fans, water supply and drainage pipes and sanitary ware, lighting lamps and embedded parts of ceiling, etc. The measurement data shall be checked, analyzed and determined on site, and the auditor shall determine the engineering quantity according to the field measurement results, relevant construction process records and visa comprehensive analysis; The concealed works shall be notified to Party A's representative and supervisor for inspection and signature in time, otherwise, it shall be estimated and measured in the most reasonable and economical state.

2.5 Strengthen the control of the direct cost of the project.

2.5. 1 material cost control

The project cost consists of labor cost, material cost, machinery cost, other direct cost and indirect cost. In the decoration project cost, the material cost accounts for about 75%-80% of the project cost. Therefore, controlling material cost should be the focus of project cost control. Control measures include purchasing materials in the best way, striving to reduce purchasing costs, establishing long-term cooperative relations with material suppliers, purchasing and supplying materials according to the project schedule, and avoiding increasing material loss and storage costs due to a large backlog of materials; For bulk materials used all the year round, such as expansion bolts, self-tapping screws, covered electrode, wire binding, cement, yellow sand, etc. , can be ordered in bulk according to the economic situation.

2.5.2 Labor cost control

From the analysis of the preparation time and execution time of the quota, the labor cost of the quota is lagging behind. In the process of construction, it is difficult to control the labor cost. Nevertheless, we can solve the problem from two aspects: controlling expenses and issuing visas according to the actual situation. Firstly, control the labor cost in construction production according to the fixed labor cost; Second, consider using other direct and indirect costs to supplement some appropriately; Third, the actual visa shall prevail if the employment project exceeds the budget quota.

2.5.3 Mechanical cost control

The control of machinery cost should try to reduce the number of machine teams consumed in construction, improve the utilization rate and intact rate of machinery and equipment through reasonable construction organization and machinery configuration, strengthen the repair and maintenance of on-site equipment, reduce the cost of overhaul and regular repair, strengthen the management of equipment rental plan, make full use of social idle machinery resources, and reduce the price of machine teams from different angles.

3 Conclusion

With the continuous development of China's economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the national economic macro-control policy has been further promoted, especially under the market conditions where opportunities and challenges coexist. If construction enterprises want to increase market share and realize economic benefits, they must do a good job in project management of decoration engineering, so it is of great practical significance to do a good job in cost management of decoration engineering.

References:

Zhao Bin. Application of engineering budget quota in bidding [J]. Guide to getting rich through science and technology, 20 1 1, (8).

[3] Han Yibin. Discussion on construction technology management of architectural decoration engineering [J]. Enterprise Herald, 20 10, (1 1).

The second standard academic paper format: the compilation of construction organization design

I. Introduction

1. With the continuous development of China's economy, the strategic plan of building a well-off society is being implemented. Well-off society not only embodies the great richness of people's material life, but also is an important symbol of its emergence as a modern city. Municipal engineering is the outpost of China's development. Beautiful city night scenes, winding roads and canals are all products of our municipal industry. Of course, for our municipal industry, every time we build a project, we must plan the project first. The planning here is what we call construction organization design and scheme preparation. Therefore, the following is a brief introduction to the preparation method of construction organization design.

Second, the function and necessity of compiling the construction organization design

1, basic use:

The basic purpose of municipal engineering construction organization design is to formulate scientific and reasonable organization plan and construction scheme, reasonably arrange construction sequence and schedule plan, effectively use construction site, optimize the allocation and economical use of production factors such as manpower, material resources, capital and technology, and coordinate all aspects of work, so as to win competition, operate scientifically and effectively, and ensure construction quality and schedule in a planned and rhythmic manner.

2. Function:

Municipal engineering construction organization design is an overall technical and economic document that plans and guides the whole process of bidding, contract signing, construction preparation and construction of municipal engineering.

First of all, municipal engineering construction organization design is a technical and economic document compiled according to the needs of municipal engineering contractors. Its content includes both technology and economy; More precisely, it is a document combining technology and economy, which not only solves technical problems, but also considers economic effects. Therefore, it is a management document with the functions of organization, planning, command, coordination and control.

Secondly, the municipal engineering construction organization design is a global document. ? On the whole? It means that the project object is holistic, the document content is comprehensive, and the function is comprehensive (referring to the comprehensiveness of management functions).

Three, municipal engineering construction organization design is to guide the whole process of contracting, from bidding to completion. Under the condition of market economy, we should give full play to the role of construction organization design in bidding and signing contracts, so that municipal engineering construction organization design can play a role in both management and operation.

Step 3: necessities

The necessity of municipal engineering construction organization design is first determined by the technical and economic characteristics of municipal products, municipal construction and municipal engineering trading activities. Building products have three main characteristics, namely, fixity, diversity and extensiveness. Corresponding to the characteristics of municipal products, municipal construction has three characteristics, namely liquidity, singleness and openness. There are three main characteristics of municipal market trading activities, namely, the simultaneity (unity) of municipal product production and trading activities, the stage and long-term nature of municipal product activities, and the particularity of settlement methods of trading activities (advance payment, monthly or phased settlement, and settlement after completion). These characteristics make the municipal construction, management and business activities very complicated, and the construction organization design must be carefully carried out in advance to ensure success. For example, the singleness of municipal construction (that is, one-off) determines the non-repetition of production activities of municipal engineering projects, and it is impossible to have ready-made construction organization design documents available. Before construction, the construction organization design must be carried out according to the needs of engineering construction to ensure the smooth progress of construction. For another example, the vastness of municipal products not only makes open-air production inevitable, but also causes huge consumption of resources needed for production, long construction time, poor working conditions and harsh environment. Only by compiling the construction organization design can we ensure the optimal allocation of resources, reasonable construction progress, suitable construction technology and eliminate all kinds of interference. The characteristics of municipal engineering determine that contractors must compete in the municipal market to obtain construction tasks. In order to win in the competition, contracting enterprises must make full plans, determine countermeasures and meet the organizational requirements in the tender, which requires the preparation of construction organization design. In addition, the construction technology of municipal engineering construction is complex, the requirements for construction technology are special and difficult, there are many cooperative relationships that need to be handled well, the construction preparation is complex, large in quantity and long in time, and it has a strong correlation with the development of national economy, all of which require scientific, rigorous and effective construction organization design.

Three, the types of municipal engineering construction organization design

According to the different stages and objects of municipal engineering construction organization design, municipal engineering construction organization design can be divided into two categories: one is the construction organization design prepared before bidding (referred to as pre-tender design), the other is the construction organization design prepared after signing the project contract (referred to as post-tender design), and the latter can be divided into three categories: overall construction organization design, single project construction organization design and sub-project construction organization design.

Prepare the pre-tender estimate design to meet the needs of preparing the tender and signing the project contract; Post-bid design is compiled to meet the needs of construction preparation and construction. In order to make the bidding competitive and win the bid, the municipal construction unit must prepare the pre-bid design and plan, and take the decision on the bidding content as one of the contents of the bidding documents. The level of pre-tender estimate design is not only a key factor in winning the bid, but also an important basis for the general contractor to bid and the subcontractor to prepare the tender. It is also the basis and reason for the contractor's contract negotiation, quotation and commitment, and the basic information for drafting the relevant clauses in the contract documents. The characteristics of these two types of construction organization design are shown in the following table.

Service type, preparation scope, time, main characteristics of compilers, and main goals pursued.

Planning, bid winning and economic benefits of pre-bid design bidding and pre-bid management

Efficiency and benefit of project management, operation and construction from post-bid design and construction preparation to project acceptance and signing before construction.

For reconstruction projects with difficult construction and complex construction technology, after compiling the construction organization design of individual projects, the construction organization design of main branch projects should also be compiled to guide the construction of each branch project. Such as foundation engineering, reinforced concrete frame engineering, reinforced structure installation engineering, a large number of earthwork and so on. The construction organization design of the branch project highlights the operability, mainly for the design of construction scheme, schedule and technical measures.

Four, the content of municipal engineering construction organization design

Contents of construction organization design

(1) Project Overview

1) Project name, code, address, total scale, production capacity, total investment (or total cost), etc.

2) Composition, area, structure, cost, etc. Of the project (list description is available);

3) Engineering characteristics, regional characteristics, site characteristics, geological and hydrological characteristics, construction conditions, technical and economic conditions, climate conditions, earthquake cracks, etc. ;

4) Design unit, design progress, municipal survey, structure survey, equipment installation survey, etc. ;

5) Project contract objectives: time limit for a project and progress, quality, cost, safety, dosage of main environmental protection materials and description of Party B's obligations in the contract.

(2) Construction management organization

1) organization chart of construction project management department;

2) Division of responsibilities of various functional departments (or functional personnel);

(three) the main rules and regulations to be formulated;

4) Internal contract planning and contract management planning.

(3) Construction deployment and main construction scheme

1) subcontracting plan;

2) labor force increase plan;

3) Plan the supply, procurement and ordering of materials and prefabricated components;

4) municipal machinery and equipment selection (self-provided, purchased and leased) plan;

5) The internal work and task arrangement of the project management department;

6) Preliminary design of construction scheme for major single projects;

7) Construction planning by stages and batches.

(4) Construction preparation plan

(5) the total construction schedule

(6) Various resource demand plans

(7) General layout of construction

(8) Design of construction project quality system

(9) Cost target control planning

(10) Safety environment control objectives and risk management planning

(1 1) index calculation and analysis

2, the key content of the construction organization design

No matter what kind of construction organization design, its content is quite extensive, and the preparation task is very big. In order to make the construction organization design applicable in time, we must grasp the key points and highlight the key points? Organization? Two words, manpower, material resources and methods of construction, time and space, need and possibility, part and whole, stage and whole process, before and after, etc. Give careful arrangements.

From protruding? Organization? Angle, in the preparation of construction organization design, should focus on the following three contents:

The first point is the construction deployment and construction scheme in the construction organization design, and the construction scheme and construction method in the construction organization design of single project. What is the key of the former? Arrangement? What is the key to the latter? Choice? . This part is to solve the problems of organizational guiding ideology and technical methods in construction. In preparation, we should work hard? Arrangement? And then what? Choice? Optimize the world.

The second point is the construction progress plan in the construction organization design and the time limit for a project in the construction organization design. The problem to be solved in this part is the sequence and time. ? Organization? The effectiveness of the work mainly depends on whether the time is used reasonably and the order is arranged properly. Great economic benefits lie in the organization of time and order, which can never be ignored.

The third key point is the overall construction scheme in the construction organization design, and the construction scheme in the construction organization design of individual projects. This part is about solving space problems and building? Investment? The problem is very technical and economical, and it also involves many policies and regulations, such as land occupation, environmental protection, safety, fire protection, electricity consumption, transportation and so on.

In a word, the three emphases highlight the three elements of construction organization design: technology, time and space, which are closely related and the design order cannot be reversed. Grasping these three key points, other aspects of design content will be easy to handle. Otherwise, other contents can neither be designed nor the fundamental problem can be solved.

Five, the technical and economic analysis of municipal engineering construction organization design

1, the purpose of technical and economic analysis

The purpose of technical and economic analysis is to demonstrate whether the construction organization design is technically feasible and economically economical. Through scientific calculation, analysis and comparison, the scheme with the best technical and economic effect is selected, which provides a basis for continuously improving and improving the level of construction organization design, and provides information for seeking ways to increase production and save and improve economic benefits. Technical and economic analysis is not only one of the contents of construction organization design, but also a necessary design means.

2, the basic requirements of technical and economic analysis

(1) comprehensive analysis. It is necessary to analyze the technical methods and organizational methods of construction; Analyze the demand and possibility, and analyze the specific links and the whole process of construction.

(2) In the technical and economic analysis, three key points, namely, construction plan, construction schedule plan and construction plan, are grasped, and the technical and economic analysis index system is established accordingly.

(3) In the technical and economic analysis, we should flexibly use qualitative methods and apply quantitative methods in a targeted manner. In quantitative analysis, main indicators, auxiliary indicators and comprehensive indicators should be treated differently.

(4) Technical and economic analysis should be based on the requirements of design scheme, relevant national regulations and the actual needs of the project.

3. Technical and economic analysis index system

Technical and economic indicators in construction organization design should include: construction period, labor productivity and labor force.

Project quality, cost reduction, safety index, mechanized construction procedure, intact rate of construction machinery, degree of factory construction, proportion of temporary project investment, proportion of temporary project cost and proportion of material saving. The technical and economic indicators in the construction organization design of a unit project should include: time limit for a project, labor productivity, quality, safety, cost reduction rate, mechanization degree of major engineering jobs and three material saving indicators. These indicators should be calculated after the construction organization design is basically completed, and reflected in the construction organization design documents as the basis for assessment.

The technical and economic analysis indexes of construction organization design can be selected from the index system listed in the chart. Among them, the main indicators should be: total construction period, single-party employment, excellent product rate, saving rate of main materials, number of shifts consumed by large machinery, single-party large machinery fee, cost reduction and cost reduction rate.

4, the focus of technical and economic analysis

Technical and economic analysis should focus on five main aspects: quality, construction period, cost, safety and environment. The principle of selecting the scheme is that the construction period is reasonable and the cost is low on the premise that the quality can reach the standard (or excellent). For example:

(1) Foundation engineering should focus on earthwork, cast-in-place concrete, piling, drainage and waterproofing, transportation progress and construction period.

(2) Structural engineering should focus on the selection of vertical transportation machinery, division of running water section, labor organization, cast-in-place reinforced concrete formwork, watering and transportation, scaffold selection, construction scheme of special subdivisional work and various technical organization measures.

(3) In the decoration stage, we should focus on the construction sequence, quality assurance measures, labor organization, division of labor and cooperation, material saving and technical organization measures.

The technical and economic analysis of the construction organization design of a single project focuses on: construction period, quality, safety, cost, labor use, site occupation and utilization, temporary facilities, coordination, material saving, adoption of new technologies, new equipment, new materials, new technology and environmental protection. The key points of technical and economic analysis of construction organization design are: construction period, large flow operation, construction preparation, temporary facilities, balanced use and construction of labor force, general subcontracting cooperation, cost, quality, safety, economy, land occupation and land use, social benefits and development measures.

Abstract of intransitive verbs

Summarize the above construction organization design. Through practice, I think we should have a lot of knowledge, especially practical experience, to work out a practical and reasonable construction organization design (or scheme). Only in this way can we compile more instructive engineering documents to guide the construction and make contributions to the development of enterprises.