Liang Qichao received traditional education at home since childhood. 1890 tried it in Beijing, but it didn't work. On the way back to Guangdong, I passed by Shanghai, and saw an Introduction to World Geography, A Brief Introduction to Ying Huan and the translation of western books by Shanghai Machinery Bureau, which was an eye-opener. In the same year, I met Kang Youwei and voted for him.
189 1 studied in wanmu thatched cottage, accepted Kang Youwei's thoughts and theories, and embarked on the road of improvement and reform. At that time, people were collectively called "Kangliang".
1in the spring of 895, he went to Beijing again to take the exam, assisted Kang Youwei, and launched a "bus petition" for candidates to jointly petition in Beijing. Liang Qichao was very active in the Reform Movement. In Beijing, he was in charge of World Bulletin (later renamed Chinese and Foreign Journals) and Shanghai Current Affairs, and went to Macau to organize Intimate Newspaper. Many of his political views have great influence on society.
1897, head teacher of Wu Shi school in Changsha, promoting Hunan's political reform thought.
1898 returned to Beijing to participate in the "Hundred Days Reform". In July, summoned by Emperor Guangxu, he was ordered to present the General Theory of Reform, awarded six titles, and was responsible for handling the affairs of Shi Jing University Hall Translation Company.
After the coup in September, Liang Qichao fled to Japan and had contact with the revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen. During his stay in Japan, he successively founded Qingyi Newspaper and Xinmin Congbao, advocating reform and opposing revolution. At the same time, it also introduced a large number of western social and political theories, which had a great influence among intellectuals at that time.
After the Wuchang Uprising broke out, he tried to make revolutionaries compromise with the Qing government. In the early years of the Republic of China, he supported Yuan Shikai and accepted Yuan Yi's intention to merge the Democratic Party with the United Party, rebuild the Progressive Party and compete for political power with the Kuomintang led by Sun Yat-sen.
19 13, the "talent cabinet" of the progressive party was established, and Liang Qichao became the chief justice. Yuan Shikai's ambition to be emperor is increasingly exposed. Liang Qichao opposed Yuan as emperor and planned to use force against Yuan with Cai E.
19 15 At the end of the year, a war to defend the country broke out in Yunnan. 19 16, Liang Qichao went to Guangdong and Guangxi to participate in the struggle against Yuan. After Yuan Shikai's death, Liang Qichao served as the chief financial officer of Beiyang government in Duan and was supervised by the General Administration of Salt Affairs. In September, Sun Yat-sen launched a war to protect the law. 165438+ 10, Duan's cabinet was forced to step down, and Liang Qichao also took the blame and resigned from politics.
19 18 At the end of the year, Liang Qichao went to Europe and learned many problems and disadvantages of western society. After returning to China, he preached that western civilization had gone bankrupt and advocated developing traditional culture and "saving the world" with the "inherent civilization" of the East.
From 1922, he attended a part-time course in Tsinghua University, and from 1925, he applied for the position of tutor of China Research Institute in Ren Qinghua.
1927, leaving Tsinghua research institute. 1929 died of illness.
school achievement
Liang Qichao participated extensively in academic research and made great achievements in philosophy, literature, history, Confucian classics, law, ethics, religion and other fields, especially in historical research.
From 190 1 to 1902, he wrote China's Historical Narration and New History, criticized feudal historiography and launched a "historical revolution".
After my trip to Europe, I mainly engaged in cultural education and academic research activities, focusing on pre-Qin philosophers, Qing dynasty academics, history and Buddhism. From 1922, I worked part-time in Tsinghua University, and from 1925, I applied for the position of tutor of Ren Qinghua Sinology Research Institute. The scope of my instruction is: philosopher, history of Buddhism in China, academic history of Song Yuanming, academic history of Qing Dynasty, China literature, history of China philosophy, history of China, historical research methods, etc. During this period, there are Academic Introduction of Qing Dynasty, Case Study of Mozi, China Historical Research Law, Academic History of China in Recent 300 Years, Lover Du Fu, Qu Yuan Research, Political Thought History of Pre-Qin Dynasty, and China Cultural History.
He has created a wealth of works in his life, including several collections, among which Drinking Room Collection published in September 1936+0 1 day is relatively complete. Restaurant Collection has 148 volumes, and100000 words.
Liang Qichao introduced western culture and new literary concepts in literary theory, and initiated the innovation of various styles in modern times. There are also many achievements in literary creation: prose, poetry, novels, operas and translated literature all have works in the world, especially prose.
Liang Qichao's writing style is called "new style" internationally. This "new style" with "counselor literature" as its style became the most popular and imitated style before the May 4th Movement, and it is still worth studying and studying. Liang Qichao wrote The Influence of Russian Revolution in 1905. The article begins with short and urgent words, such as the rupture of rocks, like the gushing of magma: "The lights went out, the gas ran out, the wharf stopped, the iron ore was cut, the wires were smashed, the railway was dug, the military factory burned, the newspaper office closed, the dagger appeared, the bomb cracked and the monarch escaped." In the play, the only autocratic country in the world must be in the Great Revolution! Then, it analyzes the causes, motives and policies, prospects and influences of the revolution. No wonder Hu Shi said, "Mr. Liang's article ... makes readers have to follow him and think with him!" "
In the aspect of calligraphy art, Liang Qichao studied Ou Yangxun in his early years, and then studied Kang Youwei, an engraver of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties.
work
China's historical research methods
The Academic History of China in the Past 300 Years
Xinmin said
The owner of the igloo said
Cultural history of China
Liang Qichao's Tax Thought
Liang Qichao was one of the leaders of the Reform Movement of 1898 and a famous propagandist and agitator of bourgeois reformists in the early 20th century. He advocated that the collection of taxes should be based on the principle of convenience, and the policy of light taxes and flat taxes should be implemented. At the same time, he opposed the traditional view of "fixing taxes for the people". It is pointed out that "Westerners use things necessary for people's birthdays, all of which are tax-free for the convenience of the people." China, on the other hand, took advantage of the people's urgency to levy again, such as salt policy. There are also westerners who are good at the law and have good intentions to facilitate the people. China regarded it as a plan to help the Tang Dynasty, but those who did it harassed him. Now the postal service and the like are also the same. "He suggested that we should follow the example of Britain to implement a unified tax policy, so as to facilitate the people and benefit the people and seek prosperity again. This view, which put economic development first and based on fiscal revenue, was of positive significance to the development of capitalist industry and commerce in China at that time.
Liang Qichao believes that public debt is also a kind of tax, but the difference is that "tax is directly given to the present, and public debt is indirectly given to the future", "but we will analyze our obligations today, and some of them are reserved for our descendants Sun Yuner". However, he admits that public debt is of positive significance to economic construction, and that "taxes will be collected as soon as possible, and public debt will be used as much as possible", so he thinks that although public debt increases the burden on future generations, it is also beneficial to future generations.
anecdote
Liang Qichao was Kang Youwei's student, disciple and assistant, but they parted ways. Liang Qichao and Sun Yat-sen are both cooperative and antagonistic. He supported and opposed Yuan Shikai. In this regard, Liang Qichao said: "This is by no means a dispute of passion, nor a dispute of power and interests, but is determined by my central idea and consistent proposition. What is my central idea? Is patriotism. What is my consistent position? Is to save the country. " "Know me and blame me, and let future generations comment on me, Liang Qichao is such a person".
1925 On the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, Xu Zhimo married Lu Xiaoman and invited Liang Qichao to attend the ceremony. Liang Qichao opposed their love affair and also advised Xu Zhimo. Due to the kindness of Xu Zhimo's father and Hu Shi, Liang Qichao agreed to attend the wedding. However, at the wedding, Liang Qichao sharply rebuked Xu Zhimo and Lu Xiaoman for their lack of feelings and gushed, which made the audience feel uproar. Xu zhimo had to beg: "sir, save some face for the students."
Liang Qichao's Sincerity and Tolerance1On March 8, 926, Liang Qichao was admitted to Union Medical College Hospital for hematuria. Through fluoroscopy, it was found that his right kidney was a little dark and was diagnosed as a tumor. After the operation, although there was a mass the size of a cherry in the right kidney, it was not a malignant tumor. However, Liang Qichao still urinated blood, unable to find the source of the disease, and was diagnosed as "bleeding for no reason". At that time, public opinion was in an uproar, pointing directly at the Union Medical College Hospital, mocking Western medicine for "treating patients as experiments or as specimens". This is a sensational case in which Liang Qichao was cut off by western medicine. Liang Qichao resolutely published the article My Disease and the Union Medical College Hospital in the Morning Post, publicly defending the Union Medical College Hospital, and stated: "I hope that the society will not use my illness as an excuse to give birth to a reactionary paradox, which will be an obstacle to the future progress of China medicine." Liang Qichao is really interesting. Huang Miaozi wrote a new chapter about the world, including Preface to Liang Qichao, which said: "Mr. Jiang Baili is a famous strategist, but he also made great contributions to culture. After he came back from Germany, he wrote a 50,000-word history of the European Renaissance. Liang Qichao praised it after reading it, so Jiang asked Liang to preface the book. Unexpectedly, Liang Wei's preface is also 50 thousand words. I felt embarrassed, so I added a short sequence and changed the long sequence to the publication of books. Conversely, I asked Jiang Baili to make a preface. "
Chronological life
1873 On the 26th day of the twelfth year of Tongzhi (February 23rd of Gregorian calendar), one-year-old Gui You was born in Chakeng Village, Xinhui.
When Ding Chou was five years old, he was taught to read four books and five classics by his grandfather and mother in Guangxu for three years in 1877.
Twelve-year-old Shen Jia, who was ten years old in Guangxu in 1884, won the top prize in the Guangzhou Boy's Test.
Sixteen-year-old Wu Zixu, 1888, was born in Xuehaitang, Guangzhou, and lived outside the Academy of Poe, Yuexiu and Yuehua.
1890 In the sixteenth year of Guangxu, Mao Yin, who was eighteen years old, was introduced by Chen and studied under Kang Youwei.
/kloc-Xin Mao, aged 0/9, went to Beijing in the seventeenth year of Guangxu in 189 1 and married Li Huixian.
Twenty-year-old grandfather died in the eighteenth year of Guangxu in 189 1 and returned to his hometown for more than ten years.
Twenty-three years old, 1895 Guangxu twenty-one years, B failed to go to Beijing with Kang Youwei, ranking last. Participate in the organization "Writing on the Bus". Help Kang build a strong society.
Twenty-four years old, 1896 In the twenty-second year of Guangxu, Bing Shen organized The Times, served as editor-in-chief, and published articles such as "General Discussion on Political Reform", which became famous at one fell swoop.
1897, that is, in 23 years, 25-year-old Ding You served as the chief teacher of Hunan Current Affairs School. Participate in the establishment of non-foot-binding clubs and girls' schools.
Twenty-six years old, 1898, Guangxu participated in the "Reform Movement of 1898" in the twenty-fourth year, and Emperor Guangxu gave six titles and ordered a translation publishing house. After the coup in August, he fled to Japan, returned to China with Chen Shaobai, and negotiated cooperation with the Development Committee of China, but Kang Youwei failed. Editor-in-chief of Qingyi Newspaper in Yokohama.
At the age of 27, 1899, in the 25th year of Guangxu, Fenchuang Datong School was established in Tokyo, Japan in July.
At the age of twenty-eight, 1900, in the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu, the Boxer Rebellion, Kang Youwei and Kang Cai Chang launched the "Qinwang Movement" and lost.
At the age of 30, 1902, in the 28th year of Guangxu, Ren Yin's Qingyi Newspaper stopped publishing, founded Xinmin Cong Newspaper and New Novel Newspaper, and launched the "novel revolution".
1907 In the thirty-third year of Guangxu, 35-year-old Ding Wei stopped publishing Xinmin Cong Bao and started a political news agency.
In the first year of the Republic of China 19 12, 40-year-old Renzi returned to China from Japan and wrote Needless to Say.
Forty-one years old, in 1913, the second year of the Republic of China, I joined the * * * and the party. Xiong Xiling's cabinet was formed. As attorney general.
In 1915, 43-year-old Mao Yi founded Greater China Monthly. Resign as director of the currency board. Go back to your hometown in April. In June, he wrote "Guiding the so-called National Movement", denouncing Yuan Weidi and engaging in anti-Yuan movement in the south.
19 16, 44-year-old Chen Bing launched an anti-Yuan movement in Shanghai. Arrived in Guangxi in March and launched Guangxi to declare independence. He served as a staff officer at the headquarters of Guangdong and Guangxi in Zhaoluo. After the establishment of military hospital, Ren Fujun and political commissar.
19 17 In July, 45-year-old Ding and Duan opposed the restoration together. Duan is the Chief Financial Officer of the Cabinet, and was removed from his post in 1 1 month.
19 19 years. At the age of 47, he has not been to European countries for eight years.
In the 11th year of the Republic of China (1922), at the age of 50, Ren Xu gave lectures in Beijing, Jinan, Jiangsu and Shanghai.
In the 14th year of the Republic of China (1925), 53-year-old Zhou Enlai gave a lecture in Tsinghua University and became the director of Shi Jing Library.
1829, at the age of 57, she died in Peking union medical college hospital on 1 month 19 due to a failed operation on kidney disease. Memorial services were held in Beijing and Shanghai, and many people attended.
domestic
Liang Qichao had two wives in his life: Li Huixian and Wang Guiquan. 1889 (15th year of Guangxu), Liang Qichao, who was only 17 years old, was admitted to juren and engaged to Li Huixian, the cousin of Li Duanfen, the examiner. 189 1 year (the 17th year of Guangxu), Liang Qichao 19 years old went to Beijing and married Li Huixian, who was four years older than him. When Li Huixian and Liang Qichao got married, they brought two maids, one of whom was Wang Guiquan. 1September 3, 924, Li Huixian died, and Liang Qichao wrote an inscription "Ode to Mrs. Liang". 1968 during the "cultural revolution", Wang Guiquan was separated from his children and died in a dark hut.
Liang Qichao has nine children: Si Shun, Si Sheng, Si Yong, No.4 Middle School, No.4 Zhuang, No.4 Da, No.4 Yi, No.4 Ning and Li Si. Among them, Sizheng and Sizhuang were born, and Siyong, Sizhong, Sizhong, Siyi and Sining were born to Mrs. Wang. Many of them later became outstanding talents.
Liang (Lingxian) (1893- 1966), the eldest daughter.
Liang Sicheng (190 1 year-1972), the eldest son, is a famous architect. 1948 was elected as the first academician of academia Sinica (humanities group) in March. His wife is Lin.
The second son, the famous archaeologist Liang Siyong (1904- 1954) and 1948 were elected as the first academicians of academia sinica (humanities group) in March.
The third son, Liang Sizhong (1907- 1932), was an officer in the artillery school of the 19th Route Army of the Kuomintang, and died young due to illness.
The second daughter Liang Sizhuang (1908- 1986) is a famous librarian.
The fourth son Liang Sida (19 12-) has been engaged in economic research for a long time.
Liang Siyi (19 14- 1988), three daughters, engaged in social activities.
Liang Sining (19 16-200 1), four women, defected to the New Fourth Army to participate in the China Revolution. Now retired, living in Jinan, Shandong.
Liang's fifth son (1924-) is a famous rocket control system expert. 1993 was elected as an academician of China Academy of Sciences.