Dana was deeply influenced by the natural science in the19th century, especially advocating Darwin's thought of biological evolution.

In fact, Dana was influenced by the German philosopher Hegel and the French positivist philosopher Comte. In the book Philosophy of Art,

We can clearly find the influence of Darwin's theory of evolution and Comte's positivism. Dana believes that the emergence and development of everything.

Exhibition, evolution and extinction all have their inherent laws. Spiritual science and natural science are consistent in internal spirit and research methods.

Yes, the difference between them is only the object of study. Therefore, the research methods of natural science can be applied to mental science (package)

Including literature and art). Dana believes that literary research should start from specific literary historical facts and analyze a large number of articles.

On the basis of studying historical materials, we can discover the laws of literature and art. "Our aesthetics is modern and different from the old aesthetics.

Fang started from history, not from theory, and did not put forward a set of accepted laws, but only proved some laws. "Dana's Art"

Philosophy of Art, translated by Fu Lei, People's Literature Publishing House, 1983, p. 10 .. In Philosophy of Art, Dana analyzed.

Based on a large number of historical facts, this paper deeply discusses some typical literary phenomena, and lists ancient Greece and medieval Europe in the book.

Italy in the Renaissance, France in the16th century, and Holland in the17th century.

Scientifically reveals the close relationship between literature and art and race, environment and times.

(1) race

Dana's race refers to racial characteristics, which comes from natural inheritance and is the only feature that distinguishes one race from other races.

It has its own characteristics, and it is an original mark that will not change with the development of the times and the environment. "What we call race is?

1

Refers to the natural and genetic tendencies that people bring to the world, which are usually more related to the temperament of the body.

The structure contains obvious differences. These tendencies vary from nation to nation. "Wu Yifu, editor-in-chief of Hu Jingzhi's" West "

Selected Works of Literary Theory, Peking University Publishing House, 1986, pp. 15 1. This national characteristic is the origin of a nation.

The great symbol of the initial pattern is the unique vitality or primitive impulse of a nation, the unchangeable impression of the first sex, and it is hidden.

Hidden in the ever-changing language, religion, literature and philosophy of this race, hidden in the historical process of racial development, that is to say,

After a long historical process, great changes have taken place in the region, climate and environment, and we can still learn from the times.

Give the impression of the second sex of this race and discover the "similarity of blood and intelligence" of the race itself. Because of this, this species

It is the nature of race that ethnic groups can continue and cultural traditions can be preserved. For example, all Greeks have the qualities of sailors.

As early as Homer's time, the Greeks were able to cross the sea by boat, and they had a nature suitable for sailing, which has been maintained to this day.

In La 1840, China had only 900,000 people, but there were 30,000 sailors and 4,000 seagoing ships, which almost monopolized the short-distance shipping in the Mediterranean.

Others, for example, some people are brave and smart, some people are timid and dependent, and some people are ahead of their ideas and creative.

It has its own mark in the essence of race, that is, "eternal instinct", which is a kind of "unfashionable"

Intermittent effects always exist in all situations and all climates "(page 147 ~ 148). He spoke highly of Greece.

People's Artistic Talent holds that the development of ancient Greek art is closely related to the ethnic nature of the Greeks. The Greeks

There is an artist's talent, an optimistic and lively nature and a fine and keen sense, which is exactly what artists need.

Quality. He believes that it is the national character and characteristics that determine some characteristics of art and also constitute the original motive force for the development of art, right?

Due to the formation of race, he emphasized the geographical environment and natural climate. He believes that the characteristics of race are created by the natural environment.

On the rise, the national characteristics are reflected in the national spiritual culture, which has become a part of the original motive force of the national spiritual culture.

Points.

(2) Environment

Dana's so-called environment not only refers to the natural environment such as geography and climate, but also includes social rings such as social and cultural concepts and ideological systems.

Jing Dana insists on the concept of overall connection and opposes looking at and analyzing things in isolation. He thinks that works of art are subordinate.

For all the works of the author, the artist himself belongs to an art school or artist family, and the art school

Belonging to and consistent with the society around it. "Because customs and the spirit of the times are for the public and artists.

Similarly, artists are not isolated people. "(page 6 of this book) Similarly, racial individuals are not isolated, but also subject to nature.

And social environment. "Because people are not isolated in the world, it is accidental that nature surrounds him and human beings surround him.

The tendency of sex and secondary sex masks his original tendency, and the material environment or social environment is affecting the essence of things.

At that time, it played a role in interference or solidification. "("Selected Works of Western Literary Theory ",referred to as" West ",p. 152)

The profound differences between ethnic groups often stem from the differences in geographical environment and climate, and regional differences will affect the races living on them.

The main difference between Germanic people and Greek Latin people lies in the country they live in.

The difference between the two: "Some people live in cold and humid areas and go deep into rugged and humid forests or the coast on the edge of stormy waves.

Entangled by melancholy or excessive feelings, they tend to drink and overeat, and like to fight and bleed; Others live in lovely places.

Scenic spots, standing on the beautiful and pleasant coast, yearn for navigation or business, have no strong appetite, and often start from scratch.

Social affairs, fixed state organizations, and the development of eloquence, appreciation and scientific inventions belonging to feelings and temperament,

Literature, art, etc. Sometimes, national policies also play a role "(West, 153). The quality of the natural environment will affect.

The national character, the development of literature and art, the cold and humid climate and the stormy coast all make people melancholy and tend to be too intense.

Drunk and gluttonous, like bloody battles. Bright and pleasant scenic spots make people lively and enthusiastic and tend to social affairs and development.

Emotion and temperament, such as literature and art 。

Social environment, including national policies, political struggles and religious beliefs, will affect people's spirit of the times and customs.

Appear, thus causing the change and development of literature and art. Dana took the death of Greek tragedy as an example to illustrate the change of social environment

He said that the golden age of Greek tragedy, namely Aeschylus, Sophocles,

Euripides's works were born in the era when the Greeks defeated the Persians. Little * * * and the polis made great efforts.

Power gained independence and gained a leading position in the bright world, but the demise of democracy and the invasion of Macedonia made Greece

In the era of alien rule, Greece's national independence and spiritual vitality were lost together, and the tragedy was weakened.

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When the socialist tragedy appeared, it happened to be the era of orthodox monarchy under Louis XIV, advocating court life and paying attention to appearance.

Beauty and elegance in daily life. Tragedy aims at pleasing the emperor and the court nobles. The characters in the play are all court figures and pay attention to Zhuang.

Rigorous and elegant, poetic and neat. When the monarchy and the court system were swept away by the French Revolution, the classical tragedy also

No longer exists. The rise and fall of human spiritual culture can be found in the natural environment and social environment.

"every situation produces a state of mind, and then, a batch of art that adapts to this state of mind ... is brewing today.

The brewing environment will certainly produce its works, just as the past environment produced the past works. "(page 66)

(3) Times

Dana's so-called era covers a wide range of contents, including spiritual culture, social system, political and economic conditions and so on. These reasons

Su influenced the spirit and fashion of the times at that time and formed a unique "spiritual climate" of the times.

From a scientific point of view, people think that climate and natural conditions affect the reproduction and growth of species. On the lonely peak, there are rugged rocks.

On the ridges and steep slopes, only tough pine trees can grow because of the harsh natural conditions. When the cold comes,

The wind is blowing constantly. Between icicles and high cliffs, only pine trees, which are strong and bitter-resistant, can stand tall. "The climate in nature is rising."

The role of liquidation and cancellation is the so-called' natural elimination' (page 34 of this book). In the spiritual life of the day after tomorrow, there are also

A "spiritual climate", which plays roughly the same role as the natural climate in the growth of species, "indeed, there is a spirit.

Climate is customs and habits, and the spirit of the times and natural climate play the same role "(page 34 of the book). This kind of "sameness"

The role of "species" is the same as that of natural climate in selection and elimination. "There must be a certain spiritual climate and a certain talent.

Development, or abortion. Therefore, if the climate changes, the types of talents will also change. If the climate becomes the opposite, people will

Type has also become the opposite. The spiritual climate seems to make a' choice' among all kinds of talents, allowing only certain types of talents to develop and exist in large numbers.

Less exclusion of others. "(page 35 of the book) This spiritual climate has a great influence and restriction on artists, which determines.

Art types come and go. "The trend of the times is always dominant. People who try to develop in other fields will find this.

The road is impassable, and the pressure of popular thought and social atmosphere has set a development path for artists. They don't suppress artists, but

Is to force him to turn over a new leaf "(page 35 of the book) The era in which the pessimistic and desperate mental state dominates will produce the art of sadness.

From the 3rd century to the10th century, in Europe, due to decadence, population decline, foreign invasion, famine and plague became more and more serious year by year.

Many people have lost their courage and hope, and pessimism and despair have become the dominant spiritual climate in society. Suffering makes the masses sad.

As a member of the masses, artists must share the sufferings of the masses. In times of suffering, artists can't.

Stay out of it, he may go bankrupt and suffer like others, and so will his wife, children, relatives and friends.

Disaster will definitely affect the artist's temperament. People who are naturally happy will not be as happy as before, and there will be more people who are naturally depressed.

On the other hand, artists grow up in a sad crowd. Growing up, what they see every day is mostly sadness.

The scene is bound to make him more melancholy and sad. "The artist carved these impressions in my heart from birth to death and let him go.

Because of his own pain, his sadness is deepening. "(page 36 of the book) Besides, artists become artists because of him.

He has a sharper insight than others and is more used to distinguishing the essence of things. What he saw when he was sad.

It can only be sadness. Coupled with the artist's exaggerated instinct and excessive fantasy, it will push sadness to the extreme. "

Printed in the artist's mind, the artist also printed the characteristics on his works, so that what he saw and described was often better than others at that time.

What you see and describe is darker. "(page 37 of the book) In addition, the artist's creative activities are not isolated, but also affected.

Under the influence and assistance of the people of the times, in the sad times, people only feel the pain, and they give the artists enlightenment.

Performance can only be this kind of sadness and pain. If artists want to show happiness and reflect happy feelings, they will be lonely and helpless.

It is impossible to produce a good work. Moreover, in a sad era, artists' works can only cause sadness by expressing sad feelings.

The reader's voice. All these have stipulated the writer's creative tendency and made it conform to the "spiritual climate" of the whole era.

Among the three factors, race, environment and era, race is the internal cause, environment is the external cause, and era is the post-era.

The driving force of heaven is the interaction of the three, which affects and restricts the development of spiritual culture including literature and art.

And its trend. Dana's theory about the three elements of spiritual culture has obviously been influenced by many predecessors. 10000. 1000000000005

Montesquieu, a Mongolian thinker, advocates using human society and objective environment to explore the factors that determine politics and law. /kloc-France at the beginning of 0/9th century

Madame de stael, a female writer, believes that natural conditions such as custom environment and climate determine the development of literature and art, natural environment and times.

Spirit determines the development direction of literature and art, which is the product of "national spirit". As far as Dana is concerned, literature and art

three

The theory of race, environment and times has developed into a strict and complete theoretical system, although its division has been

It is a little vague, but it basically covers the main factors that affect the development of literature and art, and initially reveals the relationship between literature and art and the outside world.

The complex relationship between boundaries.