Chinese-English Translation of asp English Documents

References /cankao.htm

What is literature?

The carrier of human knowledge is recorded by words, graphics, symbols, audio and video, or it is understood as knowledge solidified on a material carrier. Now it is usually understood as the sum of books, periodicals and other publications. Literature is the most effective means of recording, accumulating, spreading and inheriting knowledge, the most basic and main source of information in human social activities, and the most basic means of information exchange and dissemination. Because of this, people call literature the material basis of information work. At home and abroad, we often see people equate literature with information and philology with information science. Although this equivalence may be inappropriate, it reflects the extremely important position of literature in information activities and science.

There are many ways to distinguish the types or forms of documents, the most important of which is to divide them into printing type, miniature type, machine-readable type and audio-visual type according to the carrier. (1) printing type: it is the most basic way of literature, including lead printing, mimeograph, offset printing, lithograph and other materials. Advantages: you can read directly, which is convenient and fast. (2) Miniaturization: documents based on photosensitive materials can be divided into microfilm and microfilm. Its advantages are small size and convenient storage, transfer and transportation. But you must use a reader when reading. (3) Computer readable: It is the latest form of carrier. Mainly through coding and programming, files are converted into symbols and machine language, input into computers, stored on magnetic tapes or disks, and then output by computers when reading. It can store a large amount of information, organize it in any form, and extract the required information from it at a very fast speed. E-books that have appeared in recent years belong to this type. (4) Audio-visual type: also known as direct sense or audio-visual type, it is a file recorded on the carrier in the form of sound and image, such as records, audio tapes, video tapes, science and technology movies, slides, etc.

The role of literature in the development of science and society is as follows: (1) is the final expression of scientific research and technological research achievements; (2) It is the best means to spread information in space and time; (3) It is the basic means to confirm the priority of researchers to a discovery or invention; (4) It is an important index to measure the creative labor efficiency of researchers; (5) It is a means for researchers to express themselves and confirm their position in science, so it is an important incentive for researchers to carry out research activities; (6) It is an integral part of the treasure house of human knowledge and the * * * wealth of human beings.

Literature can be divided into first-class literature, second-class literature and third-class literature according to its content, nature and processing mode. Primary literature refers to the original literature created on the basis of the author's own research results, such as periodical papers, research reports, patent specifications, conference papers, etc. Secondary literature is one of the retrieval tools such as bibliography, title record, introduction and abstract. The three documents are based on the first-level documents and the second-level documents. People usually refer to these documents as the results of "information research", such as reviews, thematic reviews, annual summaries of disciplines, progress reports, data manuals and so on. Similarly, some people divide intelligence into primary intelligence, secondary intelligence and tertiary intelligence.

The three basic elements of literature are knowledge, carrier and record.

There are two kinds of literature review, one is "big review", and the literature review of a field is often published in a special review magazine or in a manual. Many people who wrote this summary article are authoritative figures, but some of them are written by people at the assistant professor level, but the authors are generally people who have made considerable contributions to this subject. There is also a kind of "super summary" in the "big summary" (these references are all compiled by me for the convenience of discussion). In bhagwati's time, bhagwati, Max Corden and others summarized the whole field of international trade theory, but I haven't seen anyone do anything similar in these years. Now the general summary is an aspect that writers are good at, and then collected in the manual. Other postgraduate textbooks, especially feenstra's, are written like an abstract.

The other is "small summary", that is, the summary of the introduction part of the first part of the paper. The purpose of this review is not to introduce the frontier to others, but to introduce my own exposition and model. The core function of this review is to define the "gap", that is, to explain the current research status, where are the shortcomings and what contribution I am going to make. Therefore, this kind of review does not insist on being comprehensive and meticulous, and it is not a "book bag", but focuses on introducing documents directly related to one's own research.

For the "general review", I think it is best not to write it before there is original research. I haven't seen many trees, let alone forests. Now I have a little research experience, a subject, before you plunge into it, many experiences and feelings are empty. In the past, it was difficult to collect domestic documents, so some early frontier introductions were of course meaningful. If you really do research now, literature retrieval should not be very difficult. Therefore, it is understandable to be a second-hand dealer and compile half of what others have studied. There will be no market among people who really do research. At least myself, I also advise you not to read the review articles written by authors who have no original contributions. Even the cutting-edge comments of original articles have some problems. Some time ago, a teacher gave me an overview of urban economics, which is a manual made by some active authors in this field. At that time, when the teacher gave it to me, he pointed to one of the chapters and said, This strand is dying. Literature reviews written by the most active authors in unpublished manuals, some of which are out of date. Therefore, stealing the limelight will never catch up.

For the "small summary", this is something that everyone can write and should write. If you have a topic in your mind, you should try to collect the latest literature around this topic, and you must definitely seize the limelight. My personal opinion is that you should not force yourself to understand the development of the whole international trade theory. If the specific topic goes deeper, it will sometimes have a concrete and subtle holographic effect on the whole international trade theory, and you sometimes feel that you have something to understand. However, it may not take a while to really understand the context. Of course, the frontier and deepening I am talking about here are relative. Everyone will have different achievements and gains in different learning stages, different conditions and different basic skills. As long as they do their duty, they will be fine.

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Common words and abbreviations in English literature

English full name abbreviation Chinese

Abstract. abstract

Abbreviations and abbreviations

Journal magazine

Progress, progress

Anna yearbook. record

Once a year. Yearbook, year

Once every six months

Annual review

Appendix Appx

Archives collection

society

Author author

bibliography

Biological abstracts

Bulletin board

Chemical abstracts

Cit citation

sorted table

A college association, a college

Read only memory CD

Company company company

Content content

Co-$ TERM connection function

Cross-reference See also cross-reference.

Abstract, abstract

catalogue

Diss. academic dissertation

Edited. version

Edited. Edit, edit

Excerpts from Dutch medical abstracts

encyclopaedia

Engineering index Ei engineering index

Wait, wait, wait

European patent agreement

Federal Federation

Bulletin newspaper

Guide guide

Manual manual

Title words

Illustration illustration. explain

Index index

Cumulative index

index medicus, im

Institute. Institute. organization

International patent classification

International Standard Book Number (ISBN)

International standard serial number

Periodical magazine

Issue cycle (times)

Keyword keyword

Letters. Letters, letters from readers

List directory

Manual manual

Medical literature analysis and retrieval system

retrieval system

Network medical thesaurus of medical subject words

Notes, notes

newspaper

Patent cooperation treaty international patent cooperation treaty

Precision ratio precision

Press publishing house

Process process. Meeting reports and minutes

Progress progress

Publication publib publish

Recall rate

Record records and notes

Report report

Review comments and summaries

Scientific abstracts

Section 2. Part, series, volume