According to its order, Russia established the first museum, the first library, the first public theater and the first park. Peter I asked these public facilities to be open to the public free of charge, in order to achieve the purpose of "broadening people's horizons and studying hard".
In the Summer Palace Garden in Petersburg, Peter I ordered many statues of the characters in Aesop's Fables to be made and placed all over the garden to make tourists think and achieve the purpose of education. This shows that Peter I has a deep heart in educating the people.
Peter I also carried out a thorough religious reform. The reform began with the confiscation of church property, depriving the church of the right to buy and exchange land, and bringing the church land into the jurisdiction of secular officials. At the same time, the post of archbishop was abolished and a special religious Committee was established to manage religion.
The Religious Committee was later renamed the General Administration of Religious Affairs. The members of the General Administration are appointed by the Tsar, the director is a non-religious person, and the Supreme Patriarch of the Orthodox Church is concurrently held by the Tsar. Through the above reforms, the Orthodox Church has completely become a vassal of the czar and has no right to interfere in politics. Its duties are limited to educating people in the spiritual field and serving the country. Since then, there has been no dispute between religious power and secular power in Russia.
The religious reform not only deprived the church of all its rights, but also changed the lives of church personnel. Peter I believes that the life of religious personnel should be simple, and requires church personnel, both men and women, to master a craft, such as carpentry, drawing icons, spinning, sewing clothes and weaving lace, for the permanent and temporary interests of the people. At the same time, all priests and priests' children were ordered to receive Greek-Latin education, and those without education were not allowed to inherit their father's position. In addition, monasteries all over the country also have new tasks, such as raising funds for schools and supporting the old, weak, sick and disabled soldiers.
The reform of Peter I has completely changed the face of Russia, and a rudimentary modern country is gradually covering that weak and backward medieval country. With the penetration of reform, Russia became stronger and stronger, which laid the foundation for 2 1 to win the Northern War. When Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea, it had become a powerful European power. Therefore, Russia has developed from a landlocked country to a coastal country.
17211kloc-0/On October 22nd, the Russian Senate collectively decided to award Peter I the title of "Emperor of All Russia" and "Father of the Motherland". Looking at the achievements of Peter I in his life, he improved the face of Russia by himself and pushed Russia to the top of Europe. His contribution to Russia really deserves the title of emperor. From then on, Russia began to dominate Eurasia with the title of "Russian Empire".
In the past, when Russia was founded, it ruled only a small place. Now the Russian empire spans Europe and Asia, and the formation of its huge territory is naturally inseparable from the continuous development of Russian rulers. It can be said that the history of Russia before modern times is a history of territorial expansion.
In the past, when Russia was founded, it ruled only a small place. Now the Russian empire spans Europe and Asia, and the formation of its huge territory is naturally inseparable from the continuous development of Russian rulers. It can be said that the history of Russia before modern times is a history of territorial expansion. Since Kiev Ross, Dagong has been committed to expanding the living space. Russia's large-scale expansion began after the expulsion of Mongolia. The successors of the Grand Duke of Moscow expanded their power from four directions: south, north, west and east.
In the south, Russia conquered the Black Sea, Caucasus and Central Asia, not only won the southern seaport and established the Black Sea Fleet, but also completely annexed Central Asia and surrounded the Qing government from the west and north. In the north, it competed with Sweden for the Baltic Sea and achieved success. In the west, Ukraine was annexed and Poland was carved up.
In the East, it conquered Siberia, extended its influence to Alaska in North America, and annexed more than 654.38+0 million square kilometers of territory in the northeast and northwest of China. After hundreds of years of expansion, Russia has expanded from more than 3 million square kilometers during the Moscow Principality to more than 20 million square kilometers, becoming a superpower across Europe and Asia.
Speaking of today's Russia, we are still amazed at its unparalleled vast territory. But we know that the territory of Russia was not formed in a short time, but experienced the active expansion of several generations of monarchs. As early as the Mongol rule, the vassals of Moscow Principality began to expand their territory. By the time of Ivan III of Russia and Vassili III, Rosicky was basically unified, and gradually developed from a small divided principality into a big country with an area of nearly 3 million square kilometers.
After Ivan IV came to power, he took territorial expansion as an unshakable cause. With the efforts of him and his successors, Russia's territory grew exponentially and eventually became the largest country in the world. In the process of Russia's territorial expansion, Kazan Khanate was the first to be involved. 1438, Tatar aristocrat? Han Mu established Kazan Khanate, with Kazan as its capital, and it was subordinate to Golden Account Khanate. Kazan khanate is located in the middle reaches of Volga River, close to Russia, and the two countries are often at war.
Russian Ivan III of Russia once occupied Kazan and established a puppet government in Khan. However, the puppet government was unreliable. After the rise of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, it surrendered to Ottoman. As a result, Khan appeared two factions in power, "Moscow faction" and "Kremlin faction". The forces of the two factions will constantly change with the strength of the two countries behind them. Ivan IV held four sessions before and after conquering Kazan khanate. The first three attacks were countered after the first success, and the other two had to give up because of the weather.
1552 In June, Ivan IV personally led150,000 troops to launch the fourth attack on Kazan. The soldiers and civilians in Kazan fought to the death. In June 5438+00, Kazan was destroyed and became Russian territory. After Ivan IV occupied Kazan, he divided his territory into Russian lords and feudal nobles. Those loyal to the Tsar in Kazan stayed in their original places, while those suspected of having second thoughts on the Tsar were transferred to counties in central Russia, and the Khanate of Kazan perished.
After Kazan's death, the neighboring Astrakhan khanate became the new target of Russian rulers. 1554, Ivan IV sent 30,000 troops to attack the Astrakhan khanate. Perhaps because the conquest of the country went smoothly, Ivan IV did not treat the Astrakhan khanate like Kazan khanate, but controlled it by fostering a puppet regime. Unfortunately, the puppet regime is very unreliable and frequently shows kindness to neighboring countries. Ivan IV was very angry and sent troops to conquer again. This crusade was relatively thorough. Except the land was enfeoffed to lords and nobles, all other areas were directly managed by the Russian governor.
After Kazan khanate and Astrakhan khanate were merged into Russia, the Russian border expanded southward by more than 1 thousand kilometers, greatly expanding the territory of Russia. However, Russia's road to the south does not stop there. After the annexation of Kazan and astrakhan, Ivan IV built a defense line in the southeast, which was called "Tula Abatis" defense line. This line of defense started from Ryazan, crossed the Oka River and Tula to Koz Leske, in order to stop the invasion of Crimean Tatars.
The Crimean khanate was founded in 1443, located on the peninsula on the north bank of the Black Sea, and was a relatively late feudal country. 1475, the khanate was conquered by Ottoman Turkey and became a vassal state of Ottoman Turkey. Under the influence of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, the Crimean Khanate roamed the northern shore of the Black Sea with a bullying attitude and occasionally invaded Poland and Russia, which had just been unified.
As mentioned earlier, the newly unified Russia's national strength is still relatively weak, and its resistance to the invasion of Crimea is very small, so it can only strengthen the construction of defense lines. At 1630? From 65438 to 0640, Russia built nearly 30 fortified cities in the south.
Take the Belgorod line as an example. It stretches for thousands of miles, starting from adil Card on the volterra River in the west, and passing through Belgorod, Voronezh, kozlov and other cities in the east, guarding the law and order in Ross. Russia changed from defensive to offensive mode.