First, the origin, nature and main work of the eight associations
(A) the origin and nature of the "Eighth Congress"
Local chronicles are informative works based on administrative divisions. Therefore, we must first understand the origin and nature of the "Eight Meetings". "Eight Associations" is the abbreviation of "Eight Provinces Mongolian Work Cooperation Group", and it is the task of the Mongolian Work Leading Group of the Revolutionary Committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Trial Draft) and the Opinions of the Revolutionary Committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region on Strengthening Mongolian Work (Trial Draft) submitted by the State Council1974 (Document No.3) and 65438+. "Eight Associations" is the abbreviation of "Eight Provinces Mongolian Language Work Cooperation Group", which is composed of leaders in charge of the people's governments of Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai or leaders of relevant departments directly under them. It is led by the Revolutionary Committee of Inner Mongolia, and receives the guidance of relevant departments of the central government. Its office is located in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. The State Council pointed out in work briefing, one of the annexes of document 138: "Under the guidance of Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, the work of the cooperation group follows the guidelines, policies and principles of the Party Central Committee on the work of minority languages, and makes work plans, organizes cooperation, summarizes and exchanges experiences, and strives to complete cooperation projects to better promote the development of Mongolian language and writing work.
1979 After the administrative division of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was restored, Alashan Zuoqi, which was originally assigned to Ningxia, was assigned back to Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia withdrew from the "Eight Associations" without cooperation tasks. 1992 The People's Government of Hebei Province requested to join the Eight Associations, which was approved by the State Ethnic Affairs Commission. Eight associations or eight provinces. At the same time, the units directly under the central government responsible for publishing, broadcasting, television and translation of Mongolian books also participated in the work of the Eight Associations in a cooperative capacity. Because people are used to abbreviation, the name of "Eight Meetings" has been used to this day.
(2) Great achievements have been made in the language and writing work of the Eighth National Congress.
Since the Eighth Association was founded more than 30 years ago, with the great attention of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council and the strong support of provincial party committees and governments, it has done a lot of work to coordinate Mongolian language and writing, and the eight provinces and regions have made great achievements, mainly in the following aspects.
1. Mongolian teaching and education, which was interrupted for more than 20 years, was resumed.
During the period of 1958, influenced by leftist ideology at that time, Mongolian teaching education was suspended. With the strong support of the State Council and the governments at all levels in eight provinces and autonomous regions, the eight associations adhere to the policy of "all ethnic groups have the freedom to use their own spoken and written languages", and through the joint efforts of the cooperative institutions in eight provinces and autonomous regions, the Mongolian people in eight provinces and autonomous regions in China have been guaranteed to better enjoy their right to study, use and develop their own spoken and written languages endowed by the Constitution and the Law on Regional National Autonomy, and have resumed their work that has been suspended for more than 20 years. Over the past 30 years, Mongolian schools have gradually increased, and the number of students receiving Mongolian teaching and education has doubled. But also fills the gaps in Mongolian teaching in some provinces.
2. A large number of talents who are proficient in Mongolian and Chinese have been trained.
Since 1978, the "Eighth National Congress" has carried out the cooperative work of college graduates from some provinces and regions entering colleges and universities. First, mainly in Inner Mongolia, recruit Mongolian students from other seven provinces and regions to study in universities with Mongolian language teaching in Inner Mongolia; Second, through exchange, colleges and universities with conditions in eight provinces and autonomous regions recruit Mongolian students by exchange, with an average annual enrollment of more than 100. This work has trained a large number of talents who are proficient in Mongolian and Chinese, and the Mongolian population per 10,000 people is about 15. Mainly distributed in the party and government organs and educational and cultural institutions in Mongolian inhabited areas in eight provinces and autonomous regions.
3. It has promoted the development of Mongolian news, publishing, culture and art..
Mongolian cooperation involves education, journalism, publishing, culture and art, etc. Over the past 30 years, eight provinces and autonomous regions have exchanged needed goods and cooperated with each other. Newspapers, magazines, radio and television in Mongolian-inhabited areas have developed rapidly from scratch. All localities subscribe to Mongolian newspapers and periodicals, and transmit Mongolian radio and television programs, movies and ancient Mongolian movies to each other. In particular, the publication of Mongolian teaching materials and Mongolian ancient books has basically met the needs of Mongolian students and Mongolian people in eight provinces and autonomous regions.
4. Great achievements have been made in the study of Mongolian philology.
All the working meetings of the Eighth Association should discuss the research work of Mongolian language, make plans and implement them. For example, the unified principle of Mongolian terminology examination and approval, the determination and division of Mongolian basic dialects, the research and determination of Mongolian standard sounds and phonetic symbols, etc. At the same time, in order to do a good job in coordination, mass academic organizations such as "China Mongolian Language Society" were established, which created certain academic research talents and material conditions, greatly promoted the scientific research of Mongolian language in China, and promoted the development of learning and using Mongolian language.
Mongolian characters have been unified all over the country.
In the past, Mongolians in Inner Mongolia and most other provinces used Hudu Meng Mu, but Mongolians in Xinjiang and some Mongolians in Qinghai used totems. In order to facilitate the education and study of Mongolians, under the initiative and guidance of the Eight Associations, with the strong support of the People's Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the national unification of Mongolian characters has been completed after nearly 20 years' work by the Working Committee of Ethnic Languages and Characters of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
Two, the "Eight Association" provinces of Mongolian and its use.
According to the statistics of the national census in 2000, the Mongolian population in eight provinces and autonomous regions is 54,825,438+0,000, accounting for 93.53% of the total Mongolian population in China. Most of them live in ethnic autonomous areas.
(1) Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is the most populous Mongolian autonomous region in China. * * * There are 4 170800 Mongolians, accounting for 17.49% of the total population in the region. There are Mongolians living in the four cities of Bameng and the whole district 10 1 banner (county and city), but they mainly live in 48 banners (county and city), accounting for 80% of the total population. Among them, 44 flags are written in Mongolian. There are 1073 ethnic primary schools in the whole region with 2 16600 students; There are 65 ordinary high schools in China with 63,000 students; Of the 3/0/universities in the whole region, * */0/6 offer ethnic language courses, with students/0/.9/0/10,000.
(2) Liaoning
There are 669,900 Mongolians in Liaoning Province, accounting for 1.58% of the total population. There are 17 Mongolian townships in Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County and Harqin Left-wing Mongolian Autonomous County. Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County has 13 Mongolian complete primary schools, 3 junior high schools and 1 senior high schools. There are 1 Mongolian complete middle schools, 4 junior middle schools and 40 primary schools in Harqin Zuoyi Mongolian Autonomous County. 50-60% of the Mongolians in the province basically use their own national languages, belonging to Horqin and Harqin dialects in the central Mongolian dialect area. Other Mongolians mainly use Chinese.
③ Jilin Province
There are 0/72,000 Mongolians in Jilin Province, accounting for 0.64% of the total population. Mainly living in the former Guoerluosi Mongolian Autonomous County, * * * has 10 Mongolian townships. There are Mongolian kindergartens 1 schools, 66 primary schools, independent junior high schools 165438, and 3 complete middle schools in the province, with students 13584, including 735 Mongolian students1person. 1980 The former Guoerluosi Mongolian Autonomous County resumed Mongolian language teaching. 50-60% of the Mongolians in the province basically use their own national language, belonging to Horqin dialect in the central Mongolian dialect area. Other Mongolians mainly use Chinese.
(4) Heilongjiang Province
There are Mongolian 14 15000 people in Heilongjiang province, accounting for 0.38% of the total population of the province. Mainly living in Dorbod Mongolian Autonomous County, Qiqihar City and Daqing City. Among them, there are more than 40,000 people in Dorbod Mongolian Autonomous County, accounting for 28.26% of the total Mongolian population in the province. There are 54 Mongolian primary schools in the province with 5 153 students. 8 junior high schools with 4930 students; There are two high schools with 404 students. About 40% of the Mongolians in the province basically use their own national language, belonging to Horqin dialect in the central Mongolian dialect area. The remaining 60% Mongolians use Chinese.
(5) Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
There are 6.5438+0.6 million Mongolians in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, accounting for 0.83% of the total population. Set up Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture and Buxair Mongolian Autonomous County, as well as 10 Mongolian townships. There are 34 Mongolian primary schools and 25 ordinary middle schools with students 14526. In addition, there are 1 Mongolian normal schools, and the College of Humanities of Xinjiang Normal University has a major in Mongolian language and literature.
Xinjiang is the Weilate dialect area of the three major Mongolian dialect areas, and its pronunciation and vocabulary are very different from those of the central dialect area. Meng Mu, the capital of Hudu, was introduced with totem Mongolian, 1978. At present, Hudumeng language is used in the whole region, and some newspapers and periodicals use both Hudumeng language and totem Mongolian language.
(6) Gansu
There are 0/5,800 Mongolians in Gansu Province, accounting for 0.06 of the total population. Mainly living in Subei Mongolian Autonomous County, there are * * *11161person in the county, of which 42 10/person is Mongolian. Most of them know Mongolian, and the language is in Weilate dialect area, but there are differences, and some of them are close to the central dialect area, forming Qinghai Mongolian dialect.
7. Qinghai Province
There are about 90,000 Mongolians in Qinghai Province, accounting for 1.6% of the total population. Mainly living in Haixi Mongolian Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Henan Mongolian Autonomous County (the county is located in the south of the Yellow River, so it is called "Henan"). There are Mongolian primary and secondary schools in Haixi Mongolian Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, which teach in Mongolian. This state is a key area in the province to learn to use Mongolian, and more than 95% of Mongolian cadres can speak their mother tongue. However, only 40% of the Mongolians in the whole province use their mother tongue, and the vast majority of Mongolians in Henan Mongolian Autonomous County have used Tibetan and some have used Chinese.
8. Hebei Province
There are 0/69800 Mongolians in Hebei province, accounting for 0.25% of the total population of the province. They mainly live in Weichang Manchu-Mongolian Autonomous County, Longhua Ethnic County and Pingquan Ethnic County, as well as 4 Mongolian townships, 6 ethnic townships jointly established by Mongolians and other ethnic minorities and 74 Mongolian villages. There are 153 Mongolian primary schools, 3 middle schools and 3 Mongolian-Chinese bilingual teaching schools in the province. The vast majority of Mongolians in the province use Chinese language, and only 1000 people use this Mongolian language.
Note: The above order of provinces and autonomous regions is the order of provinces and autonomous regions in the report submitted to the State Council by the People's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 1980.
Thirdly, the purpose and significance of compiling the Mongolian chronicles of the Eight Associations.
Records are informative works based on administrative divisions, reflecting the natural and social history and present situation of a place, and have the functions of "managing, educating and preserving history". From the origin of the above-mentioned "Eight Associations" and the basic situation of Mongolians in eight provinces and regions and the use of spoken and written languages, we can draw several basic concepts:
(1) "Eight Associations" was established in the State Council. It is a government administrative agency that presides over language cooperation among eight provinces and regions, and has a certain concept of administrative division;
(2) The purpose of the Eighth National Congress is to correct the mistake of canceling Mongolian teaching and education under the guidance of the "Left" ideology, implement the national policy of the Party and the state, and restore the teaching and education in Mongolian inhabited areas. It has been 32 years since 1977 was founded.
(3) The cooperation of spoken and written languages in eight provinces led by the Eight Associations includes various ethnic, social, cultural and artistic contents based on Mongolian spoken and written languages.
(4) Developing the cooperation of Mongolian language and writing in eight provinces and autonomous regions, which is "a pioneering work of national language and writing in China".
Therefore, compiling a chronicle of Mongolian language and writing in the Eighth National Congress can record the work of Mongolian language and writing in China and the cooperation of Mongolian language and writing in the Eighth National Congress, sum up the experience and lessons of Mongolian language and writing in China after the founding of New China, and achieve the purpose of taking history as a mirror. This has important historical and practical significance, and its significance lies in:
First of all, it objectively describes the history and present situation of the work of the Eighth Association in the form of records. Her history (including ethnic history and language history) is comprehensive and systematic, which is irreplaceable by other selected documents. Her appearance will surely add a magnificent flower to the Historical Records Garden in China.
Second, it can truly and objectively reflect the serious damage suffered by Mongolian language and writing work in China from 1958 to 1975, describe the great pioneering work of correcting mistakes by the party and the state, conscientiously implementing the Constitution and the law on regional ethnic autonomy, establishing "eight associations" and carrying out Mongolian language and writing cooperation in eight provinces.
Third, through the function of "managing, educating and preserving history", all ethnic groups have the freedom to learn and use their own spoken and written languages, and the rights of China's ethnic minorities stipulated in the Constitution and the Law on Regional National Autonomy are not infringed. At the same time, the historical data of Mongolian language reform and development, the basic information of the work of the "Eight Associations" and various achievements were systematically preserved.
Fourth, the contents and compilation methods of the Mongolian chronicles of the Eight Associations.
(1) Main contents
1. The historical origin, population distribution and historical and linguistic status of Mongolians in eight provinces;
2. The historical background, nature and responsibilities of the Eighth National Congress, as well as important instructions from the State Council and state leaders;
3. The concern and support of the party and the state for Mongolian language and writing work, and the leadership and help of the Party Committee and the People's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region for the work of the Eighth Association;
4. A list of organizations and leaders of eight associations, as well as a list of corresponding organizations and leaders of all provinces and autonomous regions;
In the past 5.30 years, the cooperation between the Eight Associations and various provinces and regions in Mongolian language and writing and its achievements;
6. The present situation of Mongolian language in eight provinces;
In the past 7.30 years, great achievements have been made in Mongolian scientific research;
8 "Eight Association" important documents and major scientific research reports.
(2) Compilation method
First of all, it is necessary to set up the Mongolian Language and Literature Editorial Committee of the Eight Associations, headed by the vice chairman of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Government in charge of language and literature work, and attended by the leaders of the eight provinces' language and literature work departments. The office is located in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Language and Literature Committee and headed by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Language and Literature Committee. Eight provincial language committees (or competent departments working together) formed a compilation team, and two or three people were transferred to do this work. The editor-in-chief responsibility system is adopted, with the leaders of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Language Committee as the editor-in-chief and the leaders of other provincial language committees (or cooperative departments) as the deputy editors.
Secondly, the method of data collection and arrangement is adopted. The Compilation Committee of Mongolian Language and Characters Records of Eight Association Provinces formulates the content, and the compilation teams of all provinces and regions collect information according to the content and report it to the Office of the Compilation Committee. After the information work is basically ready, the editorial board office will dispatch personnel with editing ability to compile the yearbook in a unified way.
Third, first compile a long document, then write the first draft, then unify the draft for review, hold a review meeting of local records, then revise and supplement it, and finally submit it to the publishing house for review.
philology
Selected Documents of Mongolian Language Cooperation in Eight Provinces 1985
Mongolian Language Studies: Sun Zhu Inner Mongolia University Press 1996.
Twenty Years of Mongolian Language Cooperation in Eight Provinces 1998 Office of Mongolian Language Cooperation in Eight Provinces
The pioneering work of China's ethnic language work, Shennamgyla Liaoning Ethnic Publishing House, 2000.
Editorial Committee of Xinjiang Tongzhi Linguistics, Xinjiang People's Publishing House, 2000.
30 years of Mongolian cooperation in Jilin Province, Baodongga Jilin People's Publishing House, 2005
Thirty Years of Mongolian Language Cooperation in Eight Provinces: Editorial Board of Inner Mongolia Education Press, 2005.
(Author: Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Ethnic Languages Working Committee) References:
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