Zhuge Liang (181.4.14 ~ 234.8.28), the wolf evil Yang Du (now yinan county, Linyi City, Shandong Province), a native of Wolong, Han nationality, was an outstanding politician and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period. Premier Shu Han. Shi Yue is loyal to Wu Hou.
personal data
Body: Eight feet long (about 1.83 meters), with extraordinary appearance and different people in different times (from Zhuge Liang Collection by Chen Shou, see the attached page of Zhuge Liang Biography of Three Kingdoms).
Official position: the prime minister appointed a captain, Yizhou pastoral record, Shangshu holiday.
Title: Hou of Wuxiang
Ancestor: Zhuge Feng (a captain of Li Si in Han Dynasty)
Father: Zhuge Jue (Cheng of Taishan County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty)
Mother: Zhang
Uncle: Zhuge Xuan.
Spouse: Huang Yueying
Brothers: Zhu Gejin (brother) and Zhuge Jun (brother)
Children: Zhuge Zhan (parent-child) Zhuge Qiao (adopted son, actually the son of the eldest brother).
Grandson; Zhuge Shang (see the eldest son) Zhuge Jing (see the second son) Zhuge Pan (son Joe, later sentenced to Zhuge Ke, copied the same door, so it belongs to Zhu Gejin)
Great-grandson: Zhuge Xian (Pan Zi)
Cultivate Nanyang
In the second year of Jian 'an (AD 197), Zhuge Xuan died of illness. Zhuge Liang and his younger brother are farming in Longzhong. The songs that Liang often reads often compare himself with Guan Zhong and Guan Zhong. People didn't agree with him at that time. Only friends Xu Shu, Cui, Shi Tao believe in his talent. Known as "Wolong". Make friends with Jingzhou celebrities such as Pang Degong and Huang. Huang once said to Zhuge Liang: "Wen Jun chooses his wife; Ugly girls with yellow heads and blackheads, but they are all worth matching. I heard that you want to choose a wife. There is an ugly girl in my family with yellow hair and dark skin, but her talent can rival yours. ) "Zhuge Liang agreed to this marriage and immediately married her. At that time, people played it as a joke, and there was even a proverb in the village: "Don't choose a wife for Kong Ming, you will get an ugly girl."
Longzhongdui
make three calls at the thatched cottage/repeatedly request sb to take up a post
At that time, Liu Bei was attached to Liu Biao and stationed in Xinye. Later, when I went to Si Mahui, I heard him say, "Do Confucian scholars and laymen know current events? People who know the times care about Jie Jun. There are Long Fu and Feng Chu. Those Confucian scholars are all people with shallow knowledge. How can they know the current situation? A hero is one who can understand current events and situations. At this time only Long Fu (Zhuge Liang) and Feng Chu (Pang Tong). Later, he was recommended by Xu Shu and wanted to be introduced by Xu Shu, but Xu Shu said: "This person can meet, but he can't compromise. "The general should be white. This person can go to see him, but he can't condescend to it. The general should condescend to visit each other. )"
Liu Bei personally visited Zhuge Liang and met Zhuge Liang three times (he said he met Zhuge Liang all three times). Liu Bei told others to avoid him and asked Zhuge Liang, "The Han Dynasty is dead, the traitor stole his life, and the Lord was covered with dust." Loneliness, I want to believe that righteousness is above the world, and my wisdom is short-lived, so I use it wildly. As for today. However, the ambition is still not over. Do you think the plan will be safe? Now that the Han Dynasty is in decline, treacherous court officials are holding the emperor to make the princes and emperors lose power. I didn't measure my virtue and ability, and wanted to save the world with righteousness, but my wisdom and strategy were short-lived and insufficient, so I often failed today. But my ambition has not yet come true. Do you have any strategies to help me? ) "Liang replied:" Since Dong Zhuo came, there have been heroes, and countless people have crossed the state and even joined the county. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao has a small name and few people. However, Cao defeated Shao and took the weak as the strong, which not only suppressed the weather, but also suppressed others. Today, millions of Cao Cao are vassals with the emperor. This sincerity is indisputable. According to Sun Quan, he has lived in Jiangdong for three generations. He can use it. It can be used for aid, but not for profit. Jingzhou is bordered by Han and Mian in the north, benefiting from the South China Sea, Wu Hui in the east and Bashu in the west. This is a country that uses force, but its owner can't stay. This is almost heaven, so it is a general. Does the general care? Yizhou is a dangerous place, fertile land is thousands of miles away, and the land of abundance makes Gaozu emperor. Liu Zhang is weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, the people are rich but don't know how to keep shirts, and the wise think of the wise. The general is both the emperor's palace and loyal to the four seas. He is a hero, eager for wisdom. If there are advantages and interests, he will protect his rock resistance, he will be brave in the west and brave in the south, and he will do a good job in foreign relations and domestic politics with Sun Quan. If the world changes, a general will be ordered to lead Jingzhou troops to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead Yizhou people out of Qinchuan. Who dares to meet the general without eating kettle pulp? If this is the case, hegemony will be realized and the Han family will prosper. " (Zhuge Liang then told him the plan of three-point world, and analyzed the situation that Cao Cao was not desirable and Sun Quan could help; It also expounds that Jing and Yi monarchies are weak, and only by owning these two States can they win, indicating the necessity and possibility of capturing these two States. He also told Liu Bei the strategy of attacking the Central Plains. This theory was later called Longzhong Dui (Longzhong Dui is still controversial, it is said that Cao Lu Dui), and Liu Bei was even more full of praise after listening to it, so Zhuge Liang began to serve Liu Bei). Liu Bei often talks with him, and the relationship is getting closer and closer. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were greatly displeased. Liu Bei explained to them: "There is Kong Ming in solitude and water in fish. May you say nothing more. I have Kong Ming, just like fish has water. I wish you would stop talking about it. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei stopped complaining.
Make a statement about crossing the river.
At that time, due to the influence of Liu Qi's stepmother, Liu Biao gradually became dissatisfied with Liu Qi. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang for advice on self-defense several times, but Zhuge Liang often refused. At a banquet, Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang to tell him the solution by taking the ladder from home. Zhuge Liang asked Liu Qi, "Don't you know that Shen Sheng is in danger now and Zhong Er is safe outside? Shen Sheng has not been seen in the Spring and Autumn Period, and it is at stake. Can Zhong Er be safe outside? ) "Liu Qi knew what he meant, but Huang Zu was killed by Sun Jun, and Liu Qi was recommended as Jiangxia Prefecture.
In August 2008, Liu Biao died of illness and his second son, Liu Cong, succeeded to the throne. Hearing the news that Cao Cao was going south, he sent messengers to surrender. After learning the news of Fancheng, Liu Bei led the army and civilians to flee to the south. Cao Jun chased Liu Jun in Changsaka, Dangyang, and Xu Shu's mother was captured by Cao Cao's army. Xu Shu had to surrender to Cao Cao. Before Liu Bei arrived at Xiakou, Sun Quan sent Lu Su to observe the situation and suggested to Liu Bei to ask Sun Quan for help. Zhuge Liang recommended himself to Chai Sang and made friends with Lu Su. After arriving in Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan and first gave Sun Quan two choices by dichotomy. "If you can compete with the people of wuyue and China, it is better to give up early. If we can compete with the people of wuyue and the Central Plains, it is better to break diplomatic relations with Cao Cao as soon as possible. )"; Another option is to use the provocation method. "If not, why not put the case in the north!" If you think you can't resist, why don't you stop military action and surrender to the north! "North" has a double meaning here: First, Cao Cao is in the north; The second is that when the monarch and the minister meet, the officials generally face the north. )"
Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang why Liu Bei didn't surrender. Zhuge Liang raised Liu Bei's social status, saying that Liu Bei had backbone and would never surrender to show Sun Bei's determination. Sun Quan was furious and vowed not to surrender to Cao Cao, but he was worried about how many troops Liu Bei had left to fight. Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies. First, he said that there were 10,000 soldiers in the army and Guan Yu's water army, plus more than 10,000 soldiers in Jiangxia, Liu Qifan. Let's talk about Cao Jun's tiredness from afar. He chased Liu Beishi and rode a light bicycle for more than 300 miles a day and night. It is precisely "a spent force, it is impossible to wear Lu Tao"; Moreover, northerners do not learn water warfare, and Jingzhou people are forced to obey Cao Cao, unconvinced; Finally, Cao's defeat is certain. Sun Quan was very happy, and then he was lobbied by Lu Su and Zhou Yu and decided to unite with Cao. Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu and Lu Su were sent to lead 30,000 water troops to fight against Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang returned to Liu Bei with his army. 165438+ In October, Cao Cao defeated Chibi and returned to the north.
Adequate food, weapons and equipment
After Battle of Red Cliffs, in June+February, 65438, Liu Bei pacified the four counties in Jingnan, appointed Zhuge Liang as a military commander, lived in Lin Xuan, and ordered Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha to adjust taxes to enrich military assets. 2 1 1 year, Yizhou Pastoral Liu Zhang asked Liu Bei to assist Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others guarded Jingzhou. In 65438+ February, Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others went to Shu to help out, leaving Guan Yu in charge of Jingzhou's defense, dividing troops to pacify counties and counties, and forming a capital with Liu Bei. By 2 14, Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei entered Yizhou.
Zhuge Liang received 500 Jin of gold, 50 million yuan of silver 1000 Jin, and 0/000 pieces of brocade/kloc-0, and was appointed as a strategist and general, in charge of the general's office. Every time Liu Bei sent troops to attack, Zhuge Liang was responsible for guarding Chengdu and providing Liu Bei with adequate food and clothing. For example, in the battle of Hanzhong, he provided resources for Liu Bei. In 220, Cao Pi usurped Han independence. In 22 1 year, ministers heard the news that Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was killed, and advised Liu Bei, who had become the king of Hanzhong, to declare himself emperor. Liu Bei refused, and Zhuge Liang persuaded Liu Bei with the story of Geng Chun lobbying Liu Xiu to be emperor. So Liu Beicai agreed to let Zhuge Liang remember the history of the prime minister and have a holiday. In the same year, Zhang Fei died and Zhuge Liang became a captain.
(usually a dying emperor) entrusted his youngest son to (usually a minister)
In August, 222, Bai Di entrusted an orphan, and Liu Bei was defeated on the way to recapture Jingzhou and retreated to Yong 'an. Zhuge Liang lamented that Fa Zheng died of illness, otherwise Liu Bei's eastward expedition was blocked. In February 223, Liu Bei was seriously ill, called Zhuge Liang to Yong 'an, and entrusted Li Yan to handle the affairs. Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang, "You are only ten times as talented as Cao Pi, and you will be able to secure the world and achieve great things in the end. If the heir can supplement it, supplement it; If he is incompetent, you can bear it yourself. Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and you will be able to achieve great things in the end. If the adopted son (Liu Chan) can help, help him; If he has no talent, you can take it yourself. ) "Zhuge Liang said with tears:" I dare to report the Loyalty Day with my strength and then die! I will try my best to serve the faithful solar terms until I die! ) "Liu Bei asked Liu Chan and other sons to treat Zhuge Liang as their father.
In April, Liu Bei died, and Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, making Zhuge Liang the marquis of Wuxiang and opening a yamen. Soon, Liu Chan relied on Zhuge Liang to take charge of Yizhou pastoral administration, and Zhuge Liang decided. It turned out that South China took the opportunity to rebel because of Liu Bei's crushing defeat. Zhuge Liang did not send troops because the country had just lost its monarch, but sent Deng Zhi and Kyle to Soochow to repair it.
south
Until the spring of 225, Zhuge Liang led the army south. Before he left, Liu Chan gave Zhuge Aliang a gold cymbal and a curved cover. He advocated one before and one after, with 60 warriors. Later, Zhuge Liang went deep into the barren land (idiom: the barren land is today's northern border of Myanmar, bhamo) to crusade against Lv Yong and Meng Huo. Zhuge Liang took the advice of joining the army in Ma Su, focusing on the policy. First, he defeated Lv Yong's army, then captured Meng Huo seven times, and settled the chaos in the world in autumn (see Zhuge Liang's southern expedition for details). After the Shu Han settled in the south and obtained some supplementary troops, after a long period of accumulation, they had the foundation of the Northern Expedition.
northern expedition
Seven out of Qishan
/kloc-in the spring of 0/year, in the sixth year of lite (228), Zhuge Liang raised his voice and took the Xiegu Road ahead of time, so that Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi set up suspected soldiers to attract Cao Zhen's heavy troops and led the army to attack Qishan (northwest of Xihe County, Gansu Province). Nan 'an, Tianshui and Anding counties in Longyou opposed Wei's attachment to Shu. Zhang He refused to break Ma Su in the street pavilion. Zhuge Liang pulled more than 1000 families back to Hanzhong from Xixian County. This is the first time out of Qishan.
2. In the winter of the same year (228), Zhuge Liang went through three passes (southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) and surrounded Chencang (east of Baoji City). He finished his food and sent it back to Hanzhong. Wei Zhui was beheaded.
3. In the spring of 229, the seventh year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (Chengxian area in Gansu Province) and Yin Ping (Wenxian area in Gansu Province). Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, led the troops to rescue, and the fire came out to Jianwei (west of Xihe County, Gansu Province), and Guo Huai retreated. Then I got two counties.
4. In the autumn of lite eight years (230), Wei Jun attacked Hanzhong, Sima Yi went to Xicheng (northwest of Ankang County, Shaanxi Province), Zhang He went to Woods Valley, and Cao Zhen went to Gu Jie. Zhuge Liang was stationed in Chenggu (east of Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province) and Akasaka (20 miles east of Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province). It rains thirty times, and Wei Jun retreats.
5. In the same year (230), Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan and Wu to Qiang, and defeated Wei Hou general Fei Yi and Yongzhou secretariat Guo Huai in Yuyang River (Nan 'an County in the southwest of Wushan Mountain in Gansu Province).
6. In February of the ninth year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang led an army to attack Qishan and began to use wooden cattle to flow horses. When Cao Zhen was seriously ill, the Guanzhong commander Sima Yi refused. Zhuge Liang is cutting wheat in Shangguan (Tianshui County, Gansu Province). Sima Yi chased the light to Lucheng (between Tianshui City and Gangu) and dug a camp for self-defense, which was a mockery of "fearing Shu like a tiger". In May, Sima Yi fought Zhuge Liang, and Wei Yan and others will capture 3,000 enemy armour, 5,000 armour and 3,100 crossbows. In June, Li Yan called back because of poor grain transportation. Zhang He chased Liang to retreat to the wooden door and was shot dead by an arrow. This is the second time to leave Qishan.
7. In February of the 12th year of lite (234), Zhuge Liang led a great army out of Gu Jie Road. According to Wugong Wuzhangyuan (south of Qishan, Shaanxi), he settled in Weibin. Sima yi can't hold on. In August, Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan. Yang Yi and others led the army back, and there was a story about "Zhuge died and Zhong Dasheng was born".
Of these seven times, only two were out of Qishan. The fourth is to defend, Shu and Wei don't fight.
[Edit this paragraph] Zhuge Liang chronology
Age, life and deeds
Guanghe 4 years 18 1 year 1 year Zhuge Liang was born in Yang Du, Langxie (now yinan county, Shandong) on April 14th of the lunar calendar18/year.
189 in the sixth year, at the age of 9, Zhuge Liang's mother Zhang died.
Chuping 3 years 192 12 years old Zhuge Liang's father died.
In the first year of Xingping 194, Zhuge Liang, his brother Zhuge Jun and his sister were adopted by his uncle Zhuge Xuan, and his brother Zhu Gejin went to Jiangdong with his stepmother.
Xingping 2 years 195 15 years old Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan was appointed as the satrap, and he and his sister-in-law went with his uncle (now Nanchang).
Zhuge Xuan died in the second year of Jian 'an at the age of 197. Zhuge Liang and his younger brother and sister moved to Nanyang.
In the fourth year of Jian 'an, 199, 19 years old Zhuge Liang and his friend Xu Shu studied with Mr. Si Mahui, a water mirror.
Jian 'an12 In 2007, 27-year-old Liu Bei visited the shanzhai, and Zhuge Liang said to Liu Beichen, "Longzhong is right". Then he went out to assist Liu Bei.
Jian 'an13 In 2008, 28-year-old Zhuge Liang sent messengers to persuade Wu Zhu Sun Quan to resist Cao.
Jian 'an 14. In 2009, 29-year-old Zhuge Liang served as a corps commander.
Jian 'an 16 2 1 1 year 3 1 year Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun were guarding Jingzhou.
Jian 'an19214 Zhuge Liang, 34, left Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, parted ways with Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun, and joined hands with Liu Bei. Liu Bei captured Chengdu, Zhuge Liang served as the chief strategist and left the general office.
In 20 years of Jian 'an, 265438+2005, Zhuge Liang, 35, rectified the internal affairs of Bashu.
In the 23rd year of Jian 'an, at the age of 2 18, Zhuge Liang, 38, stayed in Bashu to supply Liu Bei who was fighting in Hanzhong.
In the first year of Zhangwu in the middle of Shu, 22 1 year-old, 4 1 year-old, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of "Han", which was called Shu in history. Zhuge Liang was appointed Prime Minister.
In the first year of Shu Jianxing, at the age of 43, Liu Bei defeated Baidicheng, and Yongan trusted Zhuge Liang. After Liu Bei's death, Liu Chan acceded to the throne, and Zhuge Liang was appointed as the marquis of Wuxiang, leading Yizhou as a shepherd.
In 224, the 44-year-old Zhuge Liang adjusted the internal affairs of Bashu.
In 225, the 45-year-old Zhuge Liang led his army south to conquer barbarians.
In 227 AD, 47-year-old Zhuge Liang went to the "model" and stationed in Hanzhong, and went to the Northern Expedition that day.
In the sixth year of Jianxing in Shu, 48-year-old Zhuge Liang beheaded Ma Su, and was demoted to General Right as Prime Minister.
At the age of 49, in the seventh year of the founding of Shu, Zhuge Liang once again made a northern expedition, seized Wudu and Yin Ping, and resumed his position as prime minister.
At the age of 50, Zhuge Liang made another northern expedition in the eighth year of Jianxing in Shu.
When Zhuge Liang attacked Qishan in the Northern Expedition in 23 rd year1year 5 1 year, he defeated Wei Jun and killed the famous soldier He at the wooden door.
Shu Jianxing 1 1 233, 53-year-old Zhuge Liang collected grain in Gu Jie Jianfu.
Shu Jianxing12,234,54-year-old Zhuge Liang went north again and died of overwork.
[Edit this paragraph] Historical evaluation
Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms: Zhuge Liang is also concerned about the country, comforting the people, showing etiquette, appointing people on their merits, obeying the power system, being sincere and fair; Although those who are loyal to the times will get revenge, those who violate the law and neglect their duties will be punished by their relatives, those who confess their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered. Good without reward, evil without fiber without degeneration; Ordinary things are concise, based on physics, with real responsibility for fame and fortune, hypocrisy and contempt; Finally, people who are afraid and love each other in the national territory, although the criminal law is harsh and there is no complaint, are trying to persuade them clearly. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern the country, and he is a horse of Xiao. But after years of mobilization, it still failed, and the cover strain will be slightly, which is not its strength!
Guanzi: the law is strict and the people are happy, and the people are exhausted without complaints. Its soldiers come and go like guests. They don't fight or hunt, just like in the country. Its use of troops is also like a mountain, advancing and retreating like the wind. On the day when the soldiers came out, the world shook, but people were not worried. China people have been singing and thinking for decades after Liang's death. For example, in the Zhou Dynasty, Confucius said that "harmony can also make the south" and Zhuge Liang was thoughtful.
Liu Bei: "Lonely with Kong Ming, fish with water. May you say nothing. " "As long as you are ten times as long as xelloss, you can be safe and finally achieve great things. If the heir can supplement it, supplement it; If you are incompetent, you can take it yourself. "
Si Mahui: "Do Confucian scholars and laymen know current events? People who know the times care about Jie Jun. There are Long Fu and Feng Chu. "
Meng Huo: "Gong, Tianwei also, Nanren no longer rebelled."
Jia Xu: "Zhuge Liang is good at governing the country."
Ye Liu: "Zhuge Liang is a wise politician and a prime minister."
Xu Shu: "This person can see it right away, but he can't compromise. The general should be in charge. " "Zhu Gekongming, Wolong also"
Zhang Yi: "Public rewards are far away, but punishment is not near. If you get something for nothing, you can't get away with it. This wise fool forgot his body. "
Yang Hong: "Zhuge Liang can make the best use of people."
Ma Liang: "Your brother should praise the world in time, and his career should glorify the country. This is far away. It is appropriate to change her husband's consideration with elegance, judge her own value with clarity, and be simple with talent. If it is the sum of light and distance, it will be a world of virtue, so that the world will be closed to listening, the world will follow the Tao, the sound will be high and wonderful, and the sound of righteousness will be positive, which will benefit things and be invincible. This is the harmony between strings and teeth. "
Fan Jian: "If you smell evil, you should correct it instead of praising it. The letter of reward and punishment curses the gods. "
Zhang Wen: "If Zhuge Liang sees the plan, he will know that God's will is at work, and he will be blessed by the court to push his heart forward."
Sima Yi: "The first wizard in the world!"
Yang's "Han Jizan" praised Prime Minister Zhuge: "Being loyal and brave, I made suggestions on the riverside, climbed Wu, and endowed me with the true world. He was left behind by Ah Heng, who improved his martial arts prose, taught Chen Dejiao, changed his ways in charge, and was wise and foolish, and got carried away. In Youzhou, four generations of Yi Sui repeatedly came to the enemy's dynasty, showing their power and learning from a big country, and they hated it. "
Longhe: "The situation is bright, Germany and Fan are far and near, and the reputation is all over the world."
Sima Yan: "It's very kind of me to have this person to help me. How can I work today? "
Fu Gan: "Zhuge Liang knows change, but he is right and has a plan, but he is right and observes it."
Guo Chong: "Jincheng Guo Chong believes that if you are smart, you will be surpassed and your achievements will not be good. Those who are confused by the five civilizations are not known to the world, and Bao and others cannot get it back. " Fufeng Wang is generous and aggressive. "
Liu Chan wrote a letter: "Ma Su was to blame for the battle of the street kiosks, but you led me to bring disgrace to oneself and obeyed my will. The year before last, Yao Shi smashed Xinmeile Co., Ltd.; At this age, Guo Huai fled; The surrender of Bian and Qiang, the revival of the two counties and the ferocity of Weizhen are obvious. Today, Fang was harassed, but Yuan Xie was not an owl. You have been entrusted with a great responsibility. You are doing the heavy work of the country, but you have lost yourself for a long time. That's why you beautify Hong Lie. Since he is a prime minister, he should not resign. " "Only you are civil and military, honest and sincere, and trust orphans. You can bow for me, and then you will be quiet and chaotic; Therefore, the Sixth Division has been reorganized and impressed, and Weizhen has been barren, and will make great contributions to Iraq and Zhou Zhirong. Why don't you hang up? Things are going to be awkward. You're dying! I am heartbroken and heartbroken. Fu Chongde made meritorious deeds, and Ji was born in posthumous title, so he will shine brilliantly in the future and make an immortal publication. Today, the general army is specially ordered to present the seal of the Prime Minister, and you are named the loyal minister Wu Hou. The soul has a spirit, and Jiazi is glorious. Alas! Hey! "
Later generations praised Zhuge Liang's loyalty and deeds, such as:
Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty: "Zhuge Liang Yun: Do your best until you die. Only Zhuge Liang can be such a minister. "
Sun Qiao in the Tang Dynasty: "The marquis of Wu has been dead for almost 500 years. Up to now, the people of Liang and Han have a strong legacy, temples and worshippers are all there, and the heart of loving the people has been so long. "
In the Western Jin Dynasty, Mei Tao praised Tao Kan and said, "The machine god is like Wei Wu, and the loyalty is like Kong Ming."
Changqu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty: "Governing the country is courtesy to the people, no complaints, no lynching, no tears."
Wang Tong of the Sui Dynasty said, "Zhuge Liang will not die, and the rites and music will flourish."
"Tang Cui Wen" recorded what Shangqi said in Preface to the Inscription of Wuhou Temple in Zhuge: "If official books and temples are eaten, they will become a code that will not be published. Every time there is a popular grass movement in Yamanouchi, it looks like a powerful god. In the old days, if there was a drought, people all over the country would pray for clouds and rain, which meant survival without anyone benefiting and sharing life and death. Death is immortal, but it is more expensive than life. " Another article, Lu Wen's Zhuge Wuhou Temple, said: "If you don't gather great glory, Heaven will seize its soul. Sincerely unforgettable, the ice is in the sun and the moon, and the ferocity does not come away. It is a thunderstorm. "
Du Fu, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, once praised Zhuge Liang's deeds and wrote several poems about Zhuge Liang, including Shuxiang (including two poems with the same name), Four Monuments of Yonghuai, Zhu Gekongming, Eight Arrays, A Journey to Cooper, Temple of Wuhou, Temple of Zhuge and Ge Ye. In Shuxiang, the third call increased his burden of handling state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations. But before he conquered, he was dead, and the heroes cried on their coats from then on, which became a famous sentence of Zhuge Liang's life.
Other poets also praised Zhuge Liang in many poems, such as Reading Zhuge Wuhou's Book and Giving Chang 'an Uncle Cui Shaofu a Kunji, Zhuge Wuhou by Wang Anshi, a statesman and writer in the Song Dynasty, Wuhou Temple by Yang Shen, a writer in the Ming Dynasty, Shu Dao Qi by Guo Moruo, a modern politician Dong Helu and so on.
Mao Zedong commented: "It started in Longzhong, thousands of miles away, and it was divided into two forces. In the end, Guan Yu, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang were invincible. " The previous sentence means that Zhuge Liang's strategy is inappropriate. Jingzhou and Yizhou are thousands of miles apart, and the practice of dividing the two places will inevitably make Shu Han lose its military advantage. The last sentence "three components" refers to Guan Yu guarding Jingzhou, Liu Bei attacking Wu Dong, and Zhuge Liang northern expedition to the Central Plains. The historical fact of "three components" eventually led to the loss of China's unified foundation. However, some people disagree with Mao Zedong's analysis. Longzhong hopes to support Jingzhou army's northern expedition with the whole Jingzhou, which is "beneficial to the South China Sea" and Yizhou implements the pincer strategy. However, Liu Bei failed to realize it later, and Guan Yu lost his advantage in the battle of Xiangfan because he lost Nanjun, not because of separatist forces. On the other hand, Mao Zedong once commented on historical events such as the Lost Street Pavilion and the Ma Su: "The first battle is bright and it is appropriate to go to the battlefield." It is believed that Zhuge Liang should have led the army forward at that time, and should not have scattered his troops and entrusted him with heavy responsibilities.
The psychological couplets hung in Zhuge Liang Hall of Wuhou Temple in Chengdu were written by Zhao Fan, a scholar in Qing Dynasty. This couplet has attracted the attention of Mao Zedong and others, and its content is:
"If you can make progress, you will be self-defeating, and you will know that the soldiers are not good at fighting;
It is wrong to combine leniency with severity without judging the situation. You should think hard about governing Shu in the future. "
Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of the Republic of China, praised Zhuge Liang in "The Three People's Principles of Civil Rights": "Zhuge Liang is very talented, so he can set up a good government in Xishu and make six northern expeditions, ranking third with Wu Wei." .
[Edit this paragraph] Achievements in governing the country
"Three Kingdoms": Zhuge Liang is also a relative of the country, comforting the people, showing etiquette, agreeing on official positions, obeying the power system, being sincere and fair; Although people who are loyal to the times will be rewarded, those who violate the law and neglect their duties will be punished, those who confess their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered. Good without reward, evil without fiber without degeneration; Ordinary things are concise, based on physics, with real responsibility for fame and fortune, hypocrisy and contempt; Finally, people who are afraid and love each other in the national territory, although the criminal law is harsh and there is no complaint, are trying to persuade them clearly. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern the country, and he is a horse of Xiao.
"Three Kingdoms": I am unprepared, and my heirs are young and weak. Therefore, Wu Dong is connected with the outside world, while South Vietnam is in inner peace. The application of legislation, the arrangement of the army, and the study of mechanical tools and techniques are to the extreme. Science and education are strict, rewards and punishments are credible, no evil is not punished, and no good is not obvious. As for officials, they are not allowed to be raped, and people are self-indulgent and do not pick up traces. The strong do not invade the weak, and the weathering is severe. Three Kingdoms: Li Shu remembered his thoughts and thought he was honest. Today, the people of Liang and Yi are talking to the bright, and their words are still in their ears. Although Gan Tang sang a song and Zheng sang a song, there is no way to compare them. Monk said: "Let the people use the road to escape, although they don't complain; Killing people with life, although not angry. " Believe it! Critics may blame Guangming's poor writing style, but Tai Ding Ninghua. I foolishly thought it was the Great Sage who was strange, and Duke Zhou was also a saint. As a result of the examination of history, the blame was simple and elegant, and the Duke of Zhou was annoyed and learned. What is this? Blame and shun, yu * * * talk, duke of zhou and his ministers swear. Bright words are all mortal, so their words refer to the distance. But his last words are all things, and his sincere heart is shaped by pen and ink, which is enough to know his meaning and make up for the present.
Three Kingdoms: "Huangshatun was opened by Zhuge Liang."
Sima Yan: Well, if this person helps me, I won't have to work today!
"The History of the Three Kingdoms": Zhuge Prime Minister Hongyi is loyal and strong, and forgets his worries for his country.
Jia Xu: Zhuge Liang is good at governing the country.
Liu Bei: If you are only ten times as big as Cao Pi, you will be able to settle down in the world and eventually achieve great things. There is Kong Ming in solitude and water in fish.
"Zhu? River: "Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition took this as the national capital, protected by 1,200 people, and had weir officials. "
Historical Records of Pu 'er Mansion: "Wuhou crosses six mountains, leaving bronze gongs in secluded music, placing copper cymbals in mang branches, burying iron bricks in mang bricks, leaving wood in Ibang, burying horses in Gordon, and placing bags in mansui, hence its name."
Scholarly writing: The third call of Zhu Gekongming, focusing on state affairs and taking sincerity as two generations. But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats.
Zhuge Liang made full use of the favorable economic conditions in Hanzhong, and during his stay in Hanzhong, he took a series of effective measures to develop production according to local conditions to persuade farmers, so that the resources of the Northern Expedition Army were basically solved on the spot. After Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu army retreated, and Wei Jun still "rewarded more books and more food" in the Shu camp. This just shows that the effect of Zhuge Liang's persuasion of agriculture and the implementation of military farming war is remarkable. When the local people live well, they can attract more people, make Hanzhong, a vast and sparsely populated city, develop again, gradually achieve a virtuous circle of more people and more food, and let the people "live and work in peace and contentment". Only Qiang Bing, a rich country, can maintain the long-term stability of the ruling class.
Water conservancy projects such as "He Shan Dam" built by Zhuge Liang are still the largest irrigation projects in Hanzhong area. According to Mr. Li Yizhi's investigation, "Bashangzan City in He Shan has more than 8,000 mu of farmland, Zhengxian County in Guannan has 30,600 mu, and Jiuxian County has 7,000 mu, with * * 46,000 mu." The six famous pools in Hanzhong are still in use today. According to archaeological survey statistics, since the Han Dynasty, there are still more than 70 ancient weirs in the whole region, and some weirs and canals have been used and maintained for generations, which have been extended to this day. At the same time, on the basis of inheriting and learning the experience of ancient water resources development and utilization, various localities have continuously built a large number of water conservancy facilities such as ponds, reservoirs and ponds. In Mianxian County alone, 37 reservoirs have been built, with a storage capacity of100000 cubic meters. There are more than 300 ponds and ponds; There are more than 50 thousand mu of winter paddy fields. The comparison between the unearthed models of ponds, reservoirs and paddy fields and today's shows that since the Han Dynasty, in terms of extensive development and utilization of water resources and development of agricultural production, this area has been adapting to local conditions, mainly building small-scale weirs and ponds, and gradually turning hilly areas into fertile fields. The above facts show that the practical utility and continuous improvement and utilization of ancient farmland water conservancy facilities in Hanzhong basin are inseparable from Zhuge Liang's great achievements in opening up farmland, building water conservancy and developing production when he advised agriculture in Hanzhong.
[Edit this paragraph] Artistic attainments
First, calligraphy articles
Zhuge Liang lived in an era when China's calligraphy art became mature. Four years before his birth, Emperor Gaozu Xi Ping was six years old (AD 177), and he first called calligraphy. This marks the formal distance between "writing" as a communication tool and "calligraphy" as a unity of aesthetics and practicality, and makes the latter gradually develop into a unique art-calligraphy art. At this time, Han Li has become the dominant font with unique style, and at the same time, it has created cursive script, running script and regular script, making the five forms of seal, official script, grass, line and script basically complete.
Zhuge Liang loved calligraphy and trained hard when he was young. He can write all kinds of fonts and is good at seal script, eight-part essay and cursive script. Southern dynasties? Liang Tao Hongjing is a great calligrapher. His "Sword Record" records: "In the first year of Shu Zhangwu (AD 22 1 year), there were eight swords made of gold, Niu Shan iron and cast iron, each three feet and six inches ... This is where Kong Ming wrote." . Li Yu's "Gu Ding Lu" records: "Zhuge Liang killed Xinmeile Co., Ltd. and decided to build a tripod and bury it in Hanchuan. Its text says: Ding Dingjun. He also made eight arrays of ding, which sank in Yong 'an water, all of which were big seals. " "In the second year of Zhangwu (AD 222), Hanchuan cast a tripod, named Hank tripod, set point C, and wrote an eight-point book ... another tripod was cast in Wudan Mountain in Chengdu, named Zen tripod; Another tripod was cast in Jianshan Pass, named Jianshan tripod. There is also Xiaoyan, which is the trace of Wuhou. " "In the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223), the original intention was two ding, one with the king of Lu, and the text said:' Wealth is suitable for princes. ; First, use Liang Wang, and the article says:' Universiade should be king. There are also ancient official scripts, three feet high, which are all traces of Wuhou. "Zhou Yue's Ancient and Modern Law Bookstore in the Northern Song Dynasty also recorded:" The ancient masters of Shu tasted three Ding, and all of them scored eight points in the seal of Wuhou, which was wonderful. " .
The above records are credible, especially in the Southern Dynasties, when Tao Hongjing was only 200 years away from Zhuge Liang. His story and narrative should be based on facts. Song Huizong Xuanhe Neifu Xuanhe Pu Shu (volume 13) records that Zhuge Liang is good at painting and likes to write cursive script. Although it is not called by the book, it will cherish its legacy. " He also said: "The cursive script in the palace today is" Yuan Yi Tie "." This shows that at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D.119-1125), there were still Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works in the palace. According to Chen Si's "Shu lue" in the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhuge Liang was "good at his seal script, and there were words like' Xuan Mo Taiji, Yin and Yang mixed' in this post, which was unusual".
Since the Song Dynasty, predecessors' masterpieces have been engraved and circulated, called "Fa Tie". This record shows that in the Song Dynasty, Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were popular all over the world as "calligraphy posts" with exemplary significance. Zhuge Liang never forgot calligraphy in his busy government affairs and military activities. According to Changde County Records, "Wolong Mo Chi is located in Wolong Temple, 30 miles west of Yuanjiang County. According to legend, Zhuge Wuhou of the Han Dynasty washed ink in this temple because of its name. " We know that Zhuge Liang lived in Changde area after Battle of Red Cliffs, and the war was very tense and frequent, but he still did not forget to kill time in the pool.
Unfortunately, we can't see the original calligraphy yet, so we can only hope for archaeological discoveries.