(1), instruments of different disciplines should be placed separately.

(2) Instruments of the same discipline should also be placed separately according to the characteristics of the discipline. For example, physical instruments are classified according to mechanics, electricity, optics and heat. , and can also be divided into general (0), measurement (1), special instrument (2), model (3), wall chart, software and materials (5), glass instrument (6) and medicine (7) according to the subject category number in the equipment standard. Chemical instruments are separated from drugs, and dangerous drugs are separated from general drugs. Chemical instruments can be classified according to metal instruments, glass instruments and supporting instruments; Chemical substances are divided into inorganic substances and organic substances. Inorganic substances can be divided into simple substances, acids, bases and salts, and organic substances can be divided into alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids and esters according to functional groups. Biological instruments are classified according to general instruments, specimens and models. Specimens can be divided into soaking specimens, peeled specimens, bone specimens and sliced specimens. Specimens and models can be stored in order of plants, animals and physiology.

(3) Demonstration instruments and grouping instruments are relatively separate.

If the school has more instruments and good conditions, it can be divided into more details. Large-scale schools are generally on the first floor of a subject, and rural schools can store physical and biochemical instruments separately in the room. In short, it should be stored in different rooms according to local conditions.

2. storage; stock

Classification is for storage. Generally, similar instruments should be placed in the same row or several adjacent instrument cabinets. Conditional schools can store similar instruments in separate rooms, such as specialized biological specimen rooms and physical and mechanical instrument rooms. It is particularly emphasized that chemicals must be stored separately and dangerous drugs must be stored in special rooms (cabinets). Because the instruments and equipment standards promulgated by the Ministry of Education have been arranged in an orderly manner according to disciplines, nature and teaching contents, they can be stored in the order of instrument numbers, and then appropriately adjusted in the same cabinet.

(5), instrument cabinet storage must pay attention to the following points:

1, which conforms to the principle of the characteristics of the instrument itself. The instrument must be prevented from being damaged or its service life shortened due to improper storage. For example, ① the magnet should be prevented from vibrating and demagnetizing, and the magnetic circuit should be closed. The bar magnets should be opposite to each other and staggered accordingly, so that the opposite magnetic poles are in phase; The shoe magnet should be paired with the opposite sex, and an armature should be added in the middle of a single shoe magnet; The small magnetic needle should be stationary in the direction of the earth's magnetic field. ② When storing instruments, all switches should be set to the "zero" position. (3) The watt-hour meter should be stored with short-circuit protection, and the magnetoelectric instrument (such as the demonstration table) should be stored away from the strong magnetic field. (4) Generally, the instruments should be laid flat and cannot be stacked to avoid overlapping deformation. Balance, microscope, ammeter, electroscope, etc. Can't be inverted or placed horizontally. ⑤ Optical instruments, electronic instruments, biological specimens and various wall charts should not be placed in direct sunlight. ⑥ The final set of chemical experimental devices should be stored in a fixed cabinet for future use. ⑦ Chemical reagents should be stored in a dry, cool and ventilated place. Volatile drugs should be sealed and stored. Flammable, explosive and toxic drugs should have special protective measures. ⑧ There are many kinds of glass instruments with different sizes and shapes, which are easy to be damaged. According to the shape of the utensils, make special shelves, which can be inserted horizontally or vertically, and put them in cabinets in groups to avoid collision and damage. Pet-name ruby biological microscope, dissecting mirror, etc. It should be stored in the original packaging box to prevent dust and moisture. Attending the instruments with high drying requirements should be placed in the middle and upper part of the instrument cabinet. Another example is: peeling specimens should pay attention to moth prevention; The liquid inlet of the soaked sample faces upwards; After grinding, the bottle caps of reagent bottle and the inner and outer cylinders of syringes should be taken out and stored in numbers to prevent the glass from cracking due to long-term adhesion or expanding due to temperature changes; Latex tube should be cleaned and put talcum powder to prevent rubber from failing after aging; The drive belt should be removed to prevent aging and so on.

There are specific requirements for the storage of instruments, and we should constantly sum up the rules, especially with the changes of teaching materials, new scientific and technological products enter the laboratory, and the reasonable storage and maintenance of these instruments need us to explore, summarize and communicate.

2, in line with aesthetic principles. The storage and display of instruments should be neat, orderly, orderly, elegant and artistic, and the instruments should be carefully placed like shop windows. The storage of instruments should be layered in the cabinet, fixed in the layer, fixed in the cabinet and fixed in the storage position. Try to put the light part and small part on top, and the heavy part and large part on the bottom; Short pieces and small pieces are in front, and tall pieces and big pieces are in the back. When higher instruments can't fit on the first floor (such as bust model, etc.). ), you should adjust the height of the partition to solve the problem, or put the particularly high instrument in a special cabinet, or put it in a cabinet tailored for the instrument; Conditional schools can specialize in making double-sided glass cabinets, which are concentrated in one room or placed in public places with relatively closed laboratories to store biological models and various specimens for students to watch after class; Stripped or simulated specimens of birds and animals should be stored indoors according to their shapes (like exhibition windows) for students to visit. All kinds of specimens displayed for students' observation should be accompanied by relevant descriptions, including name, scientific name, place of origin, characteristics and so on; Wall charts and pictures of various disciplines should be placed in a special framework. In a word, we should organically combine science with artistry.

3, in line with the principle of convenient access. Instruments should be stored and displayed for easy management and use. After the instrument arrives at the laboratory, it should be installed, tested and assembled into a usable state for storage. Common instruments and subminiature instruments should be placed in the middle of the instrument cabinet, and the main accessories and spare parts of the same instrument should be put together, and the instruments used at the same time should be put together as much as possible.

Pay attention to the following points when placing instruments in the cupboard: When placing different instruments for students' experiments in the same cupboard, put them in blocks with a certain gap between them, as shown in the figure.

A variety of demonstration instruments are put in the same cabinet, and they should be arranged in a vertical line. Teachers can take turns to take them during the experiment, as shown in the figure.

Some schools are equipped with various instruments as shown in the figure.

It is very inconvenient to take the instrument in front before taking it in.

The above are some principles for the classified storage of instruments. In the actual operation process, there are often contradictory phenomena. At this time, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the requirements of ensuring that the instrument meets its own characteristics, and then consider the principles of beauty and convenience.

(6), build card

After the instruments are classified and stored, it is necessary to establish a cabinet card based on the instrument cabinet. Instrument cabinet card is a kind of card, which indicates the type, quantity and location of instruments stored in the instrument cabinet for easy searching. Generally, there are columns such as instrument (or equipment) number, name, quantity on hand and cabinet number on the card. Cabinet cards should be beautifully designed, of moderate size and of thin paper, preferably printed by computer. Generally, there is one card per locker. If there are many kinds of storage instruments, you can set up a card for the upper and lower cabinets. Cabinet cards are generally fixed on the glass in the upper right corner of the instrument cabinet with transparent tape. The position of fixed cabinet cards should be unified. If the specifications of instrument cabinets are quite different, the card positions of instrument cabinets in the same room or row should be unified.

In addition, the cabinets for storing instruments should be numbered according to disciplines, and positioning labels should be attached to the cabinets. According to the types of instruments in the cabinet, classification and positioning labels with obvious signs can be made and fixed on the upper left of the instrument cabinet, which should be neat and beautiful.

Laboratory cupboard card

Classification cabinet number

figure

Name of instrument (or equipment)

standard

Quantity on hand

(6), instrument maintenance and maintenance

In the process of long-term storage, the instrument will be affected by the surrounding environment, and there will be problems such as texture change, poor performance and even scrapping. Therefore, the experimental teacher should do a good job of maintenance according to the characteristics of the instrument, so that the instrument is always in a good usable state to prolong its service life.

1, instrument maintenance, the focus of maintenance work is to do a good job of "eight prevention"

(1), dustproof. Dust will reduce the light transmittance of optical instruments, reduce the insulation performance of electrostatic instruments, and cause poor contact of potentiometers, switches and relays. , causing local spark discharge of high-voltage power supply, even short circuit, which also affects the normal heat dissipation of heat dissipation components. For example, dust on mechanical moving parts will increase mechanical wear, dust on metal surface will attach water vapor and rust, dust on electrostatic instruments will affect insulation performance, dust on optical instruments will affect light transmittance, make lenses moldy and so on. The instrument itself should be wiped or dusted by mechanical vacuum regularly, especially the precision and expensive instruments (such as air cushion guide rails and electronic instruments) should be kept clean, some should be stored in the original packaging box, and some should be covered with dust cover. Usually, the dust prevention of instruments should be done from the following two aspects: first, cut off the dust source, such as closing the doors and windows in the instrument room at ordinary times and closing the curtains; Clean the indoor floor of the instrument with a wet mop; The door of instrument cabinet should be sealed; Cover precision instruments with cloth, etc. The second is to carry out routine maintenance of dust removal on the instrument regularly. All instruments in the cabinet should be maintained once a year, except for once before they are put into use. Equipment maintenance should be equipped with special tools, such as various specifications of brushes, ear washing balls, mirror cleaning paper, clean soft cloth, etc. You can add a small vacuum cleaner if possible.

(2), moistureproof. Humidity has a great influence on instruments and equipment. For electronic instruments and electrical equipment that have been stored for a long time, they should be electrified regularly; When the precision optical instrument is not used for a long time, it should be put into a special box or plastic bag, and a desiccant should be added. Commonly used desiccants are silica gel, etc. If the instrument room is a bungalow or ground floor, the ground must be moisture-proof. When placing instrument cabinets and racks, keep a certain distance from the wall. In windless and dry weather, we should do a good job of ventilation in the instrument room. Usually, natural ventilation should be used to adjust indoor temperature and humidity, and schools with conditions should be equipped with dehumidifiers. Desiccant (such as calcium chloride, silica gel, etc. ) should be placed in the cabinet for storing precision instruments and electronic instruments, and replaced or dehumidified regularly.

③ Anticorrosion. Many harmful gases, such as sulfur dioxide, will escape into the air when conducting experiments in drug storage rooms and chemical laboratories. These gases will cause metal corrosion and affect the service life of the instrument. Therefore, instruments should be stored separately from drugs, drug storerooms should be equipped with exhaust fans, and laboratories should have ventilation facilities. In addition, the multimeter, laser pen and other instruments of dry battery should be used together when using, and the battery must be taken out and kept properly when entering the cabinet to prevent electro-hydraulic precipitation from corroding the circuit.

(4), mildew. Mould can destroy all kinds of instruments, especially optical instruments, biological specimens and radio equipment. In order to prevent moldy instruments, precision instruments can be sealed and stored, and desiccant can be added to make the air inside dry and clean. Specimens can be dried in the sun, and protective solution should be added when soaking specimens.

(5) Rust prevention. After the instrument is used, wipe the surface of metal parts with cloth or apply neutral vaseline. The moving parts should be coated with engine oil, expensive precision instruments should be coated with clock oil, knob parts should be coated with butter, and rotating parts should be coated with lubricating oil.

6. Anti-deformation. Instruments shall not be stacked or squeezed. Collision and squeezing shall be prevented, and the instruments shall be laid flat and upright to avoid being deformed by gravity or other external forces. For example, mechanical instruments should be disassembled or loosened as required after use to prevent bending and deformation; The drive belt should be loosened in time after use; After use, the spring should be completely loosened to reduce deformation; Wooden rulers should be placed horizontally and stacked; When the balance is not used, a rubber washer should be placed under the tray frame to avoid the long-term compression deformation of the blade.

⑦, moth-proofing. Biostripping specimens, bone specimens and insect specimens are particularly vulnerable to insects. Generally, moth balls (moth balls) or fumigation can be used to prevent insects and insects.

8. Shockproof. Precision instruments and high-grade instruments should be handled with care. The projector (instrument) and the projector should not move during use, and move after cooling to prevent the filament from breaking at high temperature.

2. Maintenance and maintenance of special instruments

(1), peel off the specimen. Stripped specimens shall not be mixed with soaked specimens, and special attention shall be paid to ventilation and dryness when preservation. Because the peeled fur of the specimen is easy to rot and fall off when it is wet, it is necessary to take advantage of the fine weather before and after the rainy day, open the window for ventilation or directly put it outdoors to dry. In order to prevent the specimens from being eaten by insects, silica gel (desiccant), camphor or synthetic camphor (insecticide) should be put in the cupboard, and the specimen room should be fumigated and disinfected twice a year in spring and autumn. Commonly used pesticides and disinfectants include carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide, formaldehyde, hydride (highly toxic) and so on. If moths have occurred, they can be fumigated with aluminum phosphide and dichloroethane in a closed environment (special attention should be paid to safety during fumigation to prevent poisoning), and 2.5% deltamethrin stock solution can be diluted to the concentration of 1: 250 and then sprayed.

② Bone specimens. A, bone specimens should be kept in a dry, ventilated specimen cabinet, avoid direct sunlight, in case of bone yellowing, joint loss and degumming. B, when using bone specimens should be handled with care, don't violent vibration and impact, in case of bone loss and tiny fracture. C, if it is found that the specimen is degummed, it can be glued with polyvinyl acetate, and then tied with thread to fix it. After the glue is solidified, remove the binding line. D. if the bone is broken, it can be repaired with polyvinyl acetate glue.

③ Insect specimens. This specimen always has a mothball in the lower corner of its box. Camphor or sanitary balls are usually put out of the factory. Check when the school is admitted. If it is not found, it should be supplemented in time and checked regularly in the future.

4. Microscope. A after use, the microscope must be kept in a VIP box to prevent dust from falling on the optical elements. Some optical elements should always be dusted with wool brush, and then wiped with fine silk or special long fiber cotton. Never wipe with ordinary coarse cloth or flannel. Because these materials are not only coarse fibers, but also easy to be contaminated with dust, which will scratch the surface of optical parts and make them hairy. If the dirt on the mirror is difficult to wipe off, you can first wipe it with silk or special long fiber cotton dipped in xylene, and then clean it with clean silk or mirror paper. But the amount of xylene should be less, and the wiping times should not be too much. Because microscope lenses are mostly made of several layers of lenses bonded with resin, xylene will dissolve the resin. In addition, the lens of the microscope should not be wiped with alcohol to avoid damage. Microscope lenses that have not been used for a long time can be put into the drying cylinder, and quicklime wrapped in gauze can be put into the drying cylinder, and whether the quicklime is invalid can be checked regularly. B, don't expose the microscope to the sun, so as not to burn the resin and damage the lens. (3) microscope should not be stored with chemical reagents, in case of harmful gas corrosion. C, don't wipe the microscope in rainy days, to prevent moisture from invading the mirror and causing corrosion. D, wipe the mechanical part of the microscope, don't oil. The transmission part can be coated with only a little grease instead of oil to prevent sliding. E. The eyepiece must be inserted into the lens barrel at any time, or a cover must be covered to prevent dust from entering the lens barrel from the upper part. (You can buy long fiber cotton and grease specially used to maintain the microscope from the manufacturer of the microscope. )

Third, borrowing and returning documents.

The lending of teaching instruments can also be divided into two types: teaching lending and non-teaching lending.

When lending teaching instruments, the borrower should fill in the Instrument Lending and Returning Record. Records are generally designed in tabular format, and the main columns are borrowing date, document name, borrower's signature and return date. When lending non-valuable, civil instruments and non-dangerous goods, the instrument name column can be simply filled in as "a set of demonstration experimental instruments". In practice, it can be filled in by the manager first and signed by the borrower when it is collected.

Non-teaching instruments must be lent by the borrower and approved by the relevant leaders of the school. Managers should pay attention to timely recovery.

Fourth, the scrapping of instruments.

During the experiment, you can apply for scrapping due to the following circumstances: ① The instrument has exceeded its service life, and its performance can not meet the minimum requirements of the experiment, so it cannot be repaired; (2) the damage is serious and cannot be repaired; (3) The main components cannot be purchased, maintained and used; (4) The repair cost is expensive and there is no repair value.

The reported loss and scrapping of teaching instruments should be appraised by the person in charge of the school laboratory, which proves that there is no repair value and use value. After the examination and approval of the school leaders, they can go through the cancellation procedures and keep the personnel files for auditing and well-documented. The experimental teacher (experimenter) shall not deal with it without authorization. Scrapping of instruments should be carried out regularly, generally every 1 ~ 2 years according to the laboratory scale.

Scrapped instruments must be properly disposed of in the following ways: ① Leave them in the laboratory: Although the overall performance of the instruments can't meet the minimum requirements or can't be repaired, some parts of the instruments may still be intact and can be disassembled for the repair of similar instruments. ② Establish a waste instrument laboratory, which is open to students. Under the guidance of teachers, students can use their spare time to disassemble instruments and carry out interest practice activities. ③ Transfer and donation: Due to the reasons of funds and personnel, many primary schools still lack basic experimental instruments, so scrapped instruments can be transferred or donated to schools with poor conditions as teaching instruments. (4) Scrap disposal: Scrap instruments that cannot be used in the above aspects can be sold as scrap, and recycled as renewable resources by the scrap recycling department.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) chemical management

Drugs used in chemical experiments, also known as chemical reagents, mainly include solid and liquid, and gas is prepared when used. Chemical reagents have their own characteristics. Some reagents are easy to deliquesce, some are easy to weather, and some are easy to deteriorate when exposed to light. They must be placed in a dry and ventilated place to prevent strong sunlight. Also pay attention to the convenience of access and arrange them in a certain order.

(1) Classification of chemicals

There are nearly 100 kinds of chemical reagents in junior high school (there are fewer drugs in science class in primary school, so let's not talk about it. Please refer to the drug management measures for junior middle school chemistry class). The premise of managing chemical reagents well is to classify chemical reagents. At present, most middle school chemistry laboratories first divide reagents into inorganic and organic categories.

Inorganic substances are divided into two categories according to solid and liquid, and then classified according to simple substance, acid, alkali and salt. Simple substances are divided into metals and nonmetals, and salts are divided into halides, sulfates, nitrates, carbonates and so on according to acid radicals. Organic reagents are divided into alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, sugars, nitrogen-containing compounds, halogen-containing compounds, sulfur-containing compounds and so on.

(2) Receiving and storage of chemicals

Check the name, quantity, packaging and specifications of the reagents when the chemicals are put into storage for acceptance, and register them in time. Check whether the package is qualified, that is, whether the package meets the storage requirements of reagents and whether the container is damaged, infiltrated and sealed. Check whether the label is clear and the paste is firm. Check the reagent for deterioration and signs. After acceptance, reagents should be classified and stored as required. The problematic reagent should be handled in time.

1, chemicals should be stored in a special room. The medicine room should be dry, cool and ventilated, and fire prevention measures should be taken. Dangerous goods should be placed in the dangerous goods cabinet (room) and stored separately. At the same time, we should pay attention to safety to prevent fire, poisoning, explosion, weathering, deliquescence, exposure and volatilization. On this premise, according to the characteristics of the reagent, pay attention to the convenience of access.

2. Some reagents with large dosage, such as acids, do not need to be completely unpacked, and some can be preserved.

3. At the same time of classified storage, students are divided into reagent bottle, reagent bottle and teachers' demonstration experiments, and the big bottles of reagents that are ready to be used are stored separately. In order to find chemical reagents conveniently, buy them before using them, and use them in the dark. When storing chemical reagents, you can take out one bottle of each variety and put them in the upper part of the cabinet as medicines in use, and put the redundant reagents in the lower part of the cabinet. The reagents of the same variety in the lower part are arranged vertically, so that the first purchased ones are placed in the front and the newly purchased ones are placed in the back. When in use, the medicine in the last bottle is finished, so take out a bottle from below to supplement it.

4. Keep proper temperature and humidity indoors to prevent the labels on reagent bottle from falling off or corroding. Generally, a layer of paraffin wax is used outside the labels for protection. A few reagents packed in plastic when purchased should be modified and stored in reagent bottle and labeled. Reagents that decompose or deteriorate easily when exposed to light, such as silver nitrate, potassium iodide, hydrogen peroxide, etc. , should be packed in a brown glass bottle and placed in a low temperature and dark place; For volatile, deliquescent or weathered reagents, glass bottles should be sealed with paraffin, and the tightness of the seal should be checked frequently. Solutions of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate must be packed in glass bottles with rubber stoppers, and concentrated sulfuric acid should be packed in bottles with glass stoppers.

(3), regular inspection of drugs

Attention should be paid to regular inspection of stored chemicals. Check whether the drug has deteriorated or failed, check whether the preservation liquid (such as water and kerosene) is volatilized, check whether the label is rotten, falls off, and whether the text is blurred. Take corresponding measures in time when problems are found. The use of general reagents should follow the principle of "first in, first out, last in and last out". Chemical experiments consume a lot of reagents, so we should not only pay attention to safe storage, but also consider strict saving to prevent waste.

(4) Management of dangerous drugs

There are many kinds of chemical reagents, each with its own characteristics. All chemicals that are flammable, explosive, corrosive and toxic can cause combustion, explosion or poisoning under certain conditions, resulting in property losses and personal injuries and deaths are collectively referred to as dangerous chemicals. There are eight kinds of dangerous drugs exposed to chemical experiments in middle schools, so special attention should be paid to safety when keeping them.

1. Flammable liquid: These drugs are mainly organic reagents, which are volatile into gas and will burn when exposed to open fire. Such as gasoline, benzene, toluene, xylene, methanol, ethanol, ether, acetone, ethyl acetate, turpentine, etc. , should be stored separately in a cool and ventilated place, and pay special attention to stay away from fire.

(2) Flammable solids: inorganic substances such as red phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium powder, magnesium bars, aluminum powder, etc. Organic substances such as nitrocellulose and camphor have low ignition point and are easy to catch fire, so they should be stored separately.

(3) Spontaneous combustion products: white phosphorus is oxidized and heated in the air. When the temperature rises gradually, it will ignite by itself. It should be put in water, in a cool and dark place. Two-thirds of the bottles for storing white phosphorus should be buried in yellow sand to prevent the water in the bottles from freezing and bursting in winter, exposing white phosphorus and causing danger.

(4) Articles that burn easily in contact with water: metal potassium, sodium, calcium carbide, zinc powder, etc. Flammable gas is produced when it meets water. If the heat generated during the reaction is not easy to dissipate or contact with an open flame, these gases will burn and sometimes even cause an explosion. Special attention should be paid when storing. Metal potassium and sodium should be stored in kerosene. Bottles containing calcium carbide and zinc powder must be tightly sealed to prevent moisture.

In order to prevent glass bottles from breaking due to temperature changes or other reasons, two-thirds of bottles containing such reagents should also be buried in yellow sand for safekeeping.