Xu Jishe is from Wutai, Shanxi. In the sixth year of Daoguang, he was a scholar, selected Jishi Shu, edited and moved to the empire. Xinzhou Shilin sought promotion and went to the county magistrate's office to warn the disaster in English, while the martial arts of Ronghe County magistrate's office were tied by things. In addition, I asked the minister for help and mediation practice.

Moreover, the political system of Shu Chen dynasty should be concise and clear, which means: "The emperor speaks freely, and the words of his ministers are all desirable, but he never tires of playing for a long time, and he is brilliant, careless and dismissive." "I think ministers' speeches are generally irrelevant and not urgent, and I don't need to understand them clearly. If you are paying attention to something, compromising your sacred concern and waiting for the inevitable passers-by, that is, issuing a decree, then you have to re-examine. The difficulty of this matter limited the years to promote the revolution. If you play the same old game, you will be punished illegally outside this case. This sentence should be simple. Sixth, there are more and more cases, and the law is insufficient, seeking cases; Case: Xiangyin, Chen Chen, is as chaotic as silk. It is said that Liu Shu's rights belong to the bookkeeper. Non-clerical officials have rights, but the rules are annoying. I think, if I carefully examine and determine the current case, I will keep five and seven of the ten things and name them "Concise Case" to let the relevant officials know its outline so that they will not obey the bibliophiles. This case should be simple. Work, discuss work while working, so you'd better know the current punishment. The current articles are too complicated and dense to be summarized. When you see that all provinces and counties are people who have been employed for less than a year and have been fined for several years or even years, they are often accused. And the discussion is getting denser and denser, and the avoidance is getting weirder and weirder. Not because of the Qing Dynasty. I think all officials should be punished, and all officials should be punished more severely for the sake of the national economy and people's livelihood and the conduct of officials; Those who are involved in trivial matters, have nothing to do with health care, are too harsh on their husbands and are in a difficult situation, and should be dealt with according to the situation and greatly reduced. This punishment should be very simple. " Shuru, Shang Ghana. Be vividly portrayed, talking about current events is a runny nose.

16 years, served as the magistrate in Zhouxun, Guangxi, "Shaoyan Road, Fujian" and transferred to Tingchanglong Road. Since the Xinjiang Incident, enemy ships have gathered in Xiamen, just across the river from Zhangzhou, and residents have been suspicious for days. She is calm and people are safe. Twenty-two years, moved to Guangdong and Guangxi salt transport ambassador, ten days, named Guangdong provincial judge ambassador. Twenty-three years, moved to Fujian. In twenty-six years, he was awarded the governor of Guangxi, not to be an official, Fujian. Liu Yunke, governor of Fujian Province, took a leave of absence due to illness and temporarily served as governor of She. At the beginning of Fuzhou's trade, the British lived in Shenguang Temple in Wu Shishan, Huicheng, and the literati made a lot of noise. They told them the way to tell the truth and ordered the cloud to move with her. After a long time, they moved to Daoshan Temple. Scholars failed to refuse after the beginning of She nationality, but they were never afraid, and the speaker repeatedly talked about disintegration. After she first entered the Jin Dynasty, Xuanzong inquired about the customs of various countries and learned a lot. After she retired, she compiled a book called "A Brief Introduction to Ying Huan". Xuanzong collapsed without presenting it, and the speaker attacked her.

In the first year of Xianfeng, Wenzong called the She nationality back to Beijing, calling it Tianzi and Simplicity, and asked Shao Qing of Taibu Temple. After the promotion of the She nationality, the imperial edict said: "The state advocates simplicity, and the palace is located in Oita, and the first thing is to be old. However, Yuanmingyuan is the place where you listen to politics at three o'clock, and the summer resort is the place where Qiu Xian stays. These two places are about the same size, and they are both prepared between Gan Long and Qianlong. Tang Xuanzong suspended Qiu Xian and reported all Jehol projects, but he stayed in Yuanmingyuan from June 65438 to June 65438. But the rafters have never been added in the past 30 years, and the tour is not as good as other places, or it has been repaired or ordered to be demolished. So there were millions before and after the release of Neiku. In recent years, the garden pavilion has been open for a long time, but I still say not to sit and listen to sculptures. Today, the military affairs are unfinished and the river workers are unfinished. No time, as expected. If these two things are reported later, the internal library will make up a little, and there is no guarantee that there is no attempt. I hope the emperor insists that if it is a last resort project, everything will stop. As for the decoration, if it is rare and fun, it can be saved without extravagance and waste. Therefore, it is wise to prevent the gradual progress of civil engineering. Confucius deleted "poetry" and took "Guanju" as the head, which was different from others. Kuang Heng said:' The feeling of lust is nothing but beauty; The privacy of banquets is not shaped by sports. "It can be said that the difference between words is profound. The first thing involving the palace has never been heard of, and no courtiers dare to say it. Although you are loyal to the threshold, you can't argue with the court, let alone the court. Therefore, the inscription of the holy emperor is the most important place to repair the province. When the emperor has no desire, he will be just. You will give up the gift, prepare for the nine-product imperial system in Zhou Guan, and publicize the good fortune of men in Daya. I think, stealing morality is resurgent. Based on this, we should gradually prevent this kind of banquet. From ancient times to the present, the problem of occlusion is because people can't speak, but they also have ways of speaking, and they are reincarnated in people they don't know. At the beginning of the emperor's reign, it was his duty to clear the way. Because of the kindness of the Japanese, people who speak well of each other and praise each other have mushroomed. Seeking words because of drought, there are rewards and temptations. You use empty words to accuse, be ordered, and provoke the name of Zhigu as a warning. Most of them are what I am good at, but I think they are empty talk and stupid. I glanced at it, it doesn't matter. The name of Jusco Valley, because of its small scale, the emperor will be merciful enough to see the holy. If you are guided by others, you are involved in selfish goals. If you really rely on it, you must be clear about your crimes. In short, people's confusion and concern for saints are also weighed and considered by the emperor. Those who secretly plan to talk about things in Beijing can be roughly divided into three categories: those who beat Chen with a chapter, those who say Jiuqing, and those who can talk; Chen is the Minister of Education; Don't beat Chen, beat Chen. You are called the court maharaja. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. Qing, Ke Dao and Jue Zhi don't worship, and they are even less interested in Xiang. They listen more widely and have more audiences, and they are excellent in ethics and impeachment; The first three shortcomings are also included. Minister, who has been in the DPRK for a long time, is personable, loyal and honest, and understands current affairs, which is also the best; But this class is full of respect, dignity, scruples and self-confidence, and it is impossible to pour out its eleventh and be covered up by it. Imperial princes, from the heart, have no interest in foreign aid and no desire for rewards, so they are excellent. However, the rule of law is strict, the case is not handed over to outsiders, and the court comments on public opinion and listens to everything, which is covered by it. The emperor's eyesight is sharp, but when it's not bright, I'm the one who's worried about his cheeks. I'm afraid those who talk about things

In the second year of Xianfeng, the official department pursued the theory, followed by delaying the arrest of She, and sent the sinner as the governor, asking questions and returning. Looking for mother Ding's heart. Bandits in northern Guangdong attacked Huaiqing, and Houlle Xintai, commander of Shanxi Governor Hafenba Taiyuan, led the troops to defend Zezhou, but there was no delay. The thief crossed the river and was trapped in Yuanqu. Hafen was stationed in Yangcheng and asked Guo for help. Following her, she also has the opportunity to use political envoys to print plays. She was the governor of Hafen, and Wang Qingyun took over. Following the article of She nationality, we will tell you.

She followed her father to nourish the land and manage King Lu's study. She inherited her teaching, visited extensively and learned about current events. Long-term in Guangdong, Fujian, familiar with foreign affairs, cautious, kind and trusting. It's closed Back, the main Pingyao Academy is self-sufficient. Find a chess piece.

Public evaluation

Xu Jishe's "Washington Theory" explores our inner desires as human beings. Looking out the window of the White House where I live in Washington, D.C., the monument to our first president, George Washington, is towering into the sky. This is a very high obelisk, but there is a small stone tablet near this big monument, which reads: milliken has no title of prince, does not follow secular rules, and uses public tools to pay public opinion, creating an unprecedented situation in ancient and modern times. These words were not written by Americans, but by Fujian Governor Xu Jishe. 1853, the government of China carved it on a stone tablet as a gift to our country.

I am very grateful for this gift from China. It directly discusses our inner desires as human beings: the right to life, freedom and the right to pursue happiness, as well as the freedom of speech, dissent, association and belief without state interference. These are the core concepts established by our country 220 years ago. These are the ideas that lead us across the American continent to the world stage. These are ideas that Americans still cherish today.

Clinton: The 42nd President of the United States.

Xu Jishe's Washington Theory has a pioneering demonstration significance.

Xu Jishe's evaluation of Washington was made independently, without relying on, inheriting or drawing lessons from Washington, which reflected his foresight. Later, some intellectuals in China inherited, deduced, developed and deepened Xu's comments. Its overall framework is still merit and morality, and its main aspects are still the democratic system initiated by Xu Jishe and the establishment of personal noble character. In this sense, it can be said that Xu Jishe's Washington Theory is of pioneering and exemplary significance in the history of modern thought.

Xiong Yuezhi: Vice President of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Director and Researcher of Shanghai Institute of History.

Xu Jishe's contribution to breaking the ice and awakening the world in the history of modern thought in China.

The formation of Xu Jishe's open thought is closely related to his time, as well as his early practice of studying in Fujian and other coastal provinces and making extensive contact with westerners. He got rid of the traditional fetters and shackles, and his openness greatly exceeded that of honest officials and other contemporary thinkers. In the period of social transformation, different thinking and methods bring different political fates to people in power centers. Xu Jishe's open thought and practice left profound enlightenment and reference for China's modernization, that is, breaking the ice, awakening the people of China, developing advanced productive forces and their relations of production, and realizing the great goal of strengthening the country and enriching the people.

Guma: Vice President and researcher of Shaanxi Academy of Social Sciences.

Xu Jishe was a famous patriot in modern times.

During the Opium War, Xu Jishe advocated actively resisting foreign aggression. Starting point and final result

Shao Yong: Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, Department of History, China Modern Society Research Center, Shanghai Normal University.

Xu Jishe was the first person to put forward the theory of change.

After the Opium War broke out, Xu Jishe's words and deeds showed that he was a representative of the anti-smoking faction and the resistance faction in this period. Like Lin Zexu and others, he defended the sovereignty and dignity of the country. Xu Jishe was the first to put forward the "theory of change" and put forward the idea of paying equal attention to preparation for war and diplomacy. "Harmony" is the basic principle for Xu Jishe and others to deal with Sino-foreign relations after the war. Therefore, it is necessary to re-understand the "war" and "peace" in the Opium War. Rule the world with "war" and "harmony". History moves forward repeatedly, and historical figures show their true colors in historical activities.

Xu Songrong: Researcher, Institute of History, Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences.

In the passive opening to the outside world, Xu Jishe realized the academic turn.

Xu Jishe's geographical textual research has turned from northwest to southeast, and from land to sea, which is the connection point of his attempt to penetrate Chinese and foreign historical geography and introduce new overseas knowledge. Using China's marine books and David Abel's dictation, and using China's marine experience to verify western knowledge are important factors for the success of Ying Huan Zhi Lue. Rediscovering the history of China's oceans contains the deep meaning of hoping that China will break through the oceans again. Taking history as a mirror and reflecting on countermeasures reflect Xu Jishe's understanding and awakening of marine consciousness. In addition, after textual research and speculation, it can be preliminarily concluded that Ying Huan Zhi Lue was not written by Daoguang. Take this opportunity to clarify the facts.

Yang Guozhen: Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, Department of History, School of Humanities, Xiamen University.

Xu Jishe teaches people to know themselves by knowing the world.

For the first time, Xu Jishe described the whole world as "land surrounded by the sea". The naming of Ying Huan Zhi Lue marked the change of China people's understanding of the world geographical space from the traditional "auspicious theory" to modern geography, which greatly promoted the modernization of China's political thought and foreign policy.

Wang Shangyi: Dean, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of taiyuan normal University.

Xu Jishe's thought of "controlling foreigners by commerce" has influenced the modernization process of China.

Xu Jishe's foreign strategic thought of "controlling foreigners by commerce" originated from the Shanxi merchants' atmosphere in his hometown, the eclectic open style of study and his personal experience in working along the coast. Formed in the strategy of ying Huan, calmly inspect and judge the world pattern; Dealing with foreigners' entry into Fuzhou and a series of foreign representations have profoundly affected the modernization process of China.

Liu Xiaoli: Director and researcher, Institute of History, Shaanxi Academy of Social Sciences.

The traditional duality of Xu Jishe's opening to the outside world

As one of the pioneers who opened his eyes to think about the world, Xu Jishe has an open side, which is mainly manifested in his world outlook and his concern for the western democratic system. As a scholar deeply infiltrated by traditional culture, Xu Jishe is branded with indelible traditional brand. He is loyal to the monarch, and he respects stereotyped writing. Paradoxically, he gave Xu Jishe concubines, a combination of "openness" and "tradition", to his children. On the one hand, he accepted "information from outside" and "took a decisive step towards China's reform"; On the other hand, he succumbed to tradition and consciously or unconsciously catered to the mainstream consciousness of society.

Luo Chunpu: Director and researcher, Institute of History, Shanxi Academy of Social Sciences.

Xu Jishe is good at using compromise when dealing with diplomatic relations.

To a great extent, Xu Jishe abandoned the traditional Chinese and foreign ideas, introduced the outside world to the people of China with a realistic attitude through his own practice, and solved related affairs in a compromise way. Xu Jishe gave diplomacy a certain space and became the pioneer of China's modern enlightenment thought.

Feng Sumei: Director and Associate Research Fellow, Institute of History, Shanxi Academy of Social Sciences.

It breeds modern national ideas.

The leap from traditional national consciousness to modern national concept is a difficult and complicated historical process, and the transformation from "China" to "Chinese and Western" discourse is the basic premise of this historical leap. Ying Huan Zhi Lue is facing a complete discourse era of "Hua Yi", but Xu Jishe's Ying Huan Zhi Lue is unique, giving up referring to western countries with "Yi", and constructing a discourse mode with modern significance and a new cognitive system from "the world" in the traditional concept to "the world" in the modern sense. It provided the initial ideological cornerstone and historical resources for the transformation and consolidation of China's modern nationalism.

Wang Xianming: Professor and doctoral supervisor of China Social History Center, School of History, Nankai University.

Xu Jishe has become a weather vane for westerners to observe China.

/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, Xu Jishe and his works were the weather vane for westerners, especially missionaries, to observe China. Bilaimen commented on Ying Huan Zhi Lue, mainly translating the contents of a new geography book of China; Samuel Wells Williams's article focuses on the academic significance of Ying Huan Zhi Lue. In the eyes of China, Ying Huan Zhi Lue, as a window to observe the world, has become a way to explore China culture in the eyes of westerners. Missionaries also believe that the publication of Ying Huan Zhi Lue can help their career in China in knowledge and thought.

Wu: Dean of History Department of Sun Yat-sen University, professor and doctoral supervisor.

Ying Huan is slightly better at learning, and the ambition of the national sea is better than Excellence.

Ying Huan is slightly better at knowledge, and the ambition of the national sea is better than Excellence. In the years of "seeing the world with eyes open", the highest level of China's world history and geography books at that time was Ying Huan Zhi Lue. Ying Huan Zhi Lue advocates "learning from foreigners", that is, learning from the West. This is the historical development trend since the Opium War, so its historical position should be above Ying Huan Zhi Lue.

Zheng Dahua: Researcher and Doctoral Supervisor, Institute of Modern History, China Academy of Social Sciences.

Pioneering innovation of

It is a pioneering innovation in the frame structure of the book to break through the net of the Chinese empire, base itself on the whole world and look at the world; Pay attention to development and change, expose British wealth, praise American democracy, and represent pioneering and innovative content; The combination of local chronicles and history books is handy and comprehensive, which is a pioneering and innovative editing and research style.

Zhang: Researcher, Shaanxi Academy of Social Sciences

This is a textbook promoting modern progressive ideas.

Xu Jishe used modern geography theory and scientific methods to describe the geographical situation of five continents and four oceans, as well as the customs, historical evolution, mountains, rivers and cities of all countries in the world. This map is carefully and accurately drawn. There are also outstanding features in writing and style: China's traditional geographical concept, paying equal attention to writing and history, has initially formed the concept of modern urban functions. This reflects Xu Jishe's strong sense of hardship and an open mind to learn from foreigners in order to control them. It was once used as a textbook for Wentong Hall School in the capital.

Song Dachuan: Director and researcher of Beijing Institute of Cultural Relics.

Shows a real earth and the world.

Xu Jishe pursues scientific attitude, realistic spirit and courage to face reality, which is also the soul of Ying Huan Zhi Lue. He broke through the shackles of ideas and social customs, bravely acknowledged the advantages and disadvantages of other countries, and showed a series of real social pictures of countries around the world, as well as the author's values and open mind.

Guo Chunmei: Professor, Department of Social Sciences, taiyuan normal University.

Open a window for Xu Jishe people to understand the world.

Xu Jishe's Introduction to Yinghuan is a representative work of China's re-examination of the West under the confrontation between Chinese and Western cultures. It established the concept that China is a country in the world, revealed the truth that industry and commerce can enrich the country, and expressed concern and appreciation for the western capitalist democratic political system.

Yin: Professor, Department of Social Sciences, taiyuan normal University

Xu Jishe's view of multiculturalism.

Xu Jishe was the first to abandon the old ideas of China people and foreigners, accept the cosmology of modern geography, and acknowledge the pluralistic world and civilization. It is also recognized that there are various religions besides Confucianism.

From 65438 to 0865, Xu Jishe was employed by the Prime Minister's Office of the Qing Dynasty, and the Prime Minister's Office published A Brief Introduction to Welcome, which improved China people's understanding of the West. As a prime minister and minister of yamen, he was also the general manager of Wentong Museum, which provided strong support for Xu Jishe's series of innovations. However, as a China scholar with a deep understanding of the West, Xu Jishe carried many shadows of western civilization in his efforts to reform Wentong Museum, so he was attacked by die-hards represented by Wu Ren and finally failed.

Ji Manhong: Dean, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, History Department, College of Literature, Jinan University.

Xu Jishe was a staunch patriot and a wise diplomat.

Political mechanics and political behavior psychology provide scientific basic ideas for studying politics, politicians and political behavior. Xu Jishe's life story gives us important enlightenment: the rise and fall of a country is the responsibility of every man. We should face the world bravely and objectively and face ourselves. It is better to establish strict and efficient democracy and rule of law than to place hopes on monarchs and honest officials.

Fang Qiang: Professor northwest university of politics and law, former deputy director of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Justice.

Temple of Vai, a prophetic saint.

160 years ago, Mr. Song Kan published A Brief Introduction to Yinghuan, introducing the world situation and international political and economic relations, hoping that the Qing court would have a correct understanding of China's environment and save the crisis. Seeing the light and thinking, knowing the ice, has had a far-reaching impact on China's reform and revolution. It resisted the division of the great powers, was destroyed many times, and finally changed from weak to strong. He is a prophet.

Fu: Publisher of Ying Huan Zhi Lue in Taipei.

Xu Jishe is concerned about Taiwan Province affairs.

Xu Jishe served as the governor of Fujian for many years, during which he left more than 80 memorials about saving trouble in Taiwan Province Province, focusing on food prices in Taiwan Province Province, criminal cases, shipbuilding costs, salaries of officers and men stationed in Taiwan, promotion of officials, and preventing British ambitions in Taiwan Province Province.

Jing: President and editor-in-chief of The Strategy of Winning the Ring.

Very influential in the Japanese shogunate era.

The Japanese version of Ying Huan Zhi Lue revealed that at the end of the Japanese shogunate, people with lofty ideals bravely broke through the policy of the Edo shogunate to lock up the country and ban the import of Christian books for more than 200 years. They broke through Zhu's concept of national character, and China's national character thought turned to narrow nationalism.

Ren Fuxing: President of Xu Jishe Research Association, reporter of Xinzhou Daily.

Xu Jishe was a visionary prophet who promoted Westernization Reform and Meiji Restoration ideologically.

Xu Jishe was not only a Shanxi squire, but also a far-sighted prophet who promoted the Westernization Reform and Meiji Restoration ideologically. The Library of Congress of the United States has a large collection of manuscripts of Ying Huan Zhi Lue and Xu Jishe, all of which show that Xu Jishe is a diplomatic envoy of China and the United States from Shaanxi to Washington. His praise for the democratic system initiated by the first Washington in the United States will be engraved on the Washington Monument forever.

Zhu Mi: Ph.D., Director of Asian Academic Research Department of the Library of Congress.

Xu Jishe's Educational Theory and Practice

Xu Jishe's educational philosophy is embodied in school education, and the content of education can be said to be a copy and extension of family education. Xu Jishe pursued the principle of "putting the world into practice" all his life. His works from 0755 to 79000 embody the idea of attaching importance to science, technology and education, and the educational concept of "learning from foreigners and making foreign things serve China".

Gao Chunping: Deputy Director and Researcher, Institute of History, Shanxi Academy of Social Sciences

Xu Jishe is a pioneer of modern higher education in China.

The change of the times made Xu Jishe return to politics in his later years, becoming the prime minister's yamen minister and the first minister in charge of Wentong Museum. exist

Xu Jishe and Shanxi Merchants

Xu Jishe lived in an era when Shanxi merchants were active in business circles at home and abroad. Born in Shanxi, Xu Zu is familiar with Confucianism and diplomacy. At the same time, he paid close attention to the rise and fall of Shanxi merchants and their management methods. He has written the preface to life for Shanxi merchants for many times, and he also discussed that the opening of trade between Mongolia and the mainland is the reason for the rise of Shanxi merchants.

Little Cute: History researcher of Shanxi Academy of Social Sciences.

Xu Jishe has made outstanding contributions to his hometown.

Xu Jishe's life is closely related to his hometown. When he was an official, he was honest and clean, paid attention to local government affairs in Shanxi, and made a lot of efforts to rectify official management. After returning home, the supervisor should always maintain local public order; When giving lectures, the academy devoted itself to local education and paid attention to the development of local commerce. Xu Jishe made an immortal contribution to his hometown.

Zhao: Assistant Research Fellow, Institute of History, Shaanxi Academy of Social Sciences

Shanxi is not closed.

Teacher Yan once majored in the history of Chinese and Western traffic, and I am also a native of Shanxi who is going global. He has annotated Fa Xian Ying Huan Lue, Liu Qi Ying Huan Lue, Liu Yu Ying Huan Lue and Shou-Li Fan Ying Huan Lue, and tried to study Xu Jishe, but failed. Because of this, we come to the conclusion that although Shanxi is an inland province, it is not closed. The connection between Shanxi and the world is an important field in the study of Shanxi local history.

Yan Shoucheng: Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of History Department of Capital Normal University.

Academics should attach importance to the study of Xu Jishe and His Biography of Ying Huan.

Xu Jishe's modernization thought is the central issue of academic concern, and he is also very concerned about Xu Jishe's patriotic thought and Xu Jishe's foreign exchange. This is an important work in the process of modern China people exploring the outside world. Further deepen Ji Xu? This study is a new topic in the study of modern history of China and even the history of reform and opening up in China.

Yue Qianhou: Associate Dean, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of School of History and Culture, Shanxi University.

The National Xu Jishe Institute proposes to create

Shanxi and Guangdong provinces have profound historical and cultural connotations, and both provinces attach great importance to local history and culture. Famous historical and cultural figures in modern Guangdong, such as Qu Dajun, Hong Rong, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, have similarities or similarities with Xu Jishe. It is suggested that Xu Jishe Research Association should be established in Shanxi, and joint ventures should be established between Beijing, Shanxi, Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian, and branches should be established in various provinces to promote the deepening and continuous improvement of Xu Jishe studies.

Qiu: Deputy Editor-in-Chief and Editor-in-Chief of Southern Newspaper Media Group.

Study Xu Jishe with an open mind.

It is Xu Jishe's masterpiece of helping others and governing the country, introducing the general trend of the modern world to Chinese people, and a monument to the cultural exchange and integration between China and foreign countries. Looking at the general trend with an open mind, all-round opening can provide motivation, pressure and vitality for reform. We should re-examine and seriously study Xu Jishe and his works with a modern vision and the height of the times, and put Xu Jishe, an important historical figure, on the screen and stage as soon as possible to let the world know Shaanxi again.

Guo: Former Chairman of Shaanxi Province.