Su Shi (103765438+1October 8th—1August 24th, 2008), whose real name is Zi Zhan, also known as He Zhong, was named Tieguan Taoist, Dongpo layman and Su Xian. [ 1-3]。
Han nationality, a native of Meishan, Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan), Luancheng, Hebei, a writer, calligrapher and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty? [4]。
In the second year of Jiayou (1057), Su Shi was a scholar.
Song Shenzong worked in Fengxiang, Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou.
In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), he was demoted to be the permanent assistant ambassador of Huangzhou because of Wutai poetry case.
After Song Zhezong acceded to the throne, he was known in Hangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou, Dingzhou and other places. In his later years, he was exiled to Huizhou and Danzhou because of the ruling of the New Party.
Song Huizong was granted amnesty and returned to the north, where he died.
Song Gaozong posthumously awarded a surname, posthumous title "Wen Zhong"? [4]。
Su Shi was a literary leader in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, and made great achievements in poetry, ci, writing, calligraphy and painting.
His writing is arbitrary; His poems are broad in subject matter, fresh and healthy, good at exaggeration and metaphor, and unique in style. He is also called "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian. His words are bold and unconstrained, and he is as bold and unconstrained as Xin Qiji, and he is also called "Su Xin"? [4]; His prose creation is rich and unrestrained, and he is also called "Ou Su" with Ouyang Xiu, and he is one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".
Su Shi is also good at books and is one of the "Song Sijia"; He is good at painting, especially at ink bamboo, strange stones and dead wood.
There are seven episodes of Dongpo, Yi Zhuan of Dongpo and Yuefu of Dongpo.
Second, Su Shi's fate can be summarized as three ups and downs:
1, "together": step into the official career.
In A.D. 1057, Su Dongpo took the imperial examination at the age of 22 and became famous all over the world.
This year, 388 scholars were admitted, Su Dongpo ranked second and his younger brother Su Zhe ranked fifth.
His strategic theory of "Rewarding Loyalty with Punishment" was later included in China's View of Ancient Literature, which made him famous in Beijing and stood out from the crowd.
Su Dongpo's first post as a scholar was as a judge in Fengxiang Prefecture, Shaanxi Province. His grade is not high, and he has worked in the eighth grade for nearly three years.
After being recalled to the imperial court, he worked in the History Museum (National Library) and read many books there.
In the fourth year of Zong Shenxi Ning (A.D. 107 1), he was sent to Hangzhou as a general for two years and nine months.
Then he went to Mizhou to be the prefect (AD 1074). At that time, he was 38 years old and belonged to a "young cadre".
Later, he was transferred to Xuzhou for 2 years and Huzhou for 3 months.
It can be seen that after Su Dongpo entered the official career, he was gradually promoted and reused.
2. "One Fall": A disaster is coming.
In A.D. 1079, Su Dongpo was detained in Jade Terrace for trial because of Wutai Poetry Case 130 days.
Wutai is a jade platform.
Why is it called five? In the Tang Dynasty, there were several cypress trees in the Jade Terrace, on which crows built their nests, so the Jade Terrace was called Wutai, which has been in use ever since.
The case started with words, so it was called "Wutai Poetry Case".
Song Shenzong's appointment of Wang Anshi led to the dispute between the new party and the old party.
Su Dongpo opposed political reform and stood on the side of the old party.
Li Ding, Shu Qi and others tried their best to force Song Shenzong to convict him.
The political opponents were bent on killing him, but Shenzong was indecisive for a moment, and Taizu had already sworn that he would not kill any etiquette or scholar-officials except treason and rebellion.
Song Shenzong also cherished talents, so he compromised.
Where are you going? Huangzhou.
Huangzhou was an inferior state at that time, poor and backward.
The Yangtze River bends from north to south and flows from the east of the city. Bahe River flows into the Yangtze River from north to south. Together with the Bahe River, Huangzhou is surrounded like a well. Su Dongpo said that "Huangzhou is really a frog in the well", and I believe it is emotional.
But Su Dongpo is a rare talent after all, and Song Shenzong doesn't want to be too rude to him.
Fortunately, Huangzhou is not far from Fengfeng, and the basic life is still guaranteed, so it was demoted here.
3. "Two": Make a comeback.
1085 In April, Song Shenzong died, and Zhezong succeeded to the throne at the age of 10. Empress Dowager Yingzong acceded to the throne as Regent, and Wang Anshi's new law was abolished, which was called "Yuan You Geng Hua" in history.
The appointment of Sima Guang as prime minister also brought Su Dongpo to the top.
He was the first governor of Dengzhou and was recalled to Beijing after five days in office. The official of Hanlin Bachelor knows this patent.
In a short period of 17 months, Su Dongpo rose from a guilty person from level 8 to level 3, and jumped to level 12.
4, "two falls": retreat after knowing difficulties.
Empress Dowager Cixi and Sima Guang totally denied Wang Anshi's new law, while Su Dongpo insisted on principles and opposed total negation.
Su Dongpo was unhappy because he was at odds with the Empress Dowager and Sima Guang, and resigned many times.
1089 July to 109 1 February, served as Hangzhou satrap 1 year and 7 months.
5, "three": back to the DPRK.
Su Dongpo returned to the DPRK in March of A.D. 109 1 year, and served as an official for seven months, then as a magistrate of Yingzhou and Yangzhou, then as a minister of war 1 month, and a minister of rites for nine months.
The frequent transfer from Su Dongpo to the top, bottom, left and right reflected the extremely contradictory mentality of the court at that time.
On the one hand, the queen mother appreciates Su Dongpo very much and hopes that he will become a political force to balance the new party. On the other hand, I hate iron and don't produce steel, but I love and hate Su Dongpo.
6. "three falls": one falls and then falls.
1093 September, the empress dowager died, 18-year-old Zhezong took charge of the state affairs.
Zhezong's mind has been somewhat distorted. When the Queen Mother was regent, he was basically an outsider, and major issues had nothing to do with him.
He was very depressed. As soon as he took office, he stepped up his political counterattack and dealt a merciless blow to the "Yuan You Party".
First, Su Dongpo was reduced to Dingzhou satrap and was driven out of the capital; He took office 1 month and was exiled to Huizhou, where he lived for 2 years and 6 months. Then he was demoted to Danzhou, farther away, which is the ends of the earth today.
Extended data:
First, Su Shi's literary achievements
1，Ci
Su Shi has made extraordinary achievements in the creation of ci. As far as the development of a style itself is concerned, the historical contribution of Su Ci has surpassed that of Su Wen and Su Shi.
After Liu Yong, Su Shi carried out a comprehensive reform of ci style, and finally broke through the traditional pattern of "Ke Yan", improved the literary status of ci, changed ci from an accessory of music to an independent lyric style, and fundamentally changed the development direction of ci history.
The transformation of Su Shi's ci is based on his concept of ci and his creative idea of "being unique".
Ci has been regarded as "Tao" since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties.
Liu Yong devoted his life to the creation of ci, which promoted the development of ci style, but failed to improve the literary status of ci.
Su Shi first broke the concept that poetry is superior to ci in theory.
He believes that poetry is homologous, and the word "is the seedling of poetry". Although there are external differences between poems and words, their artistic essence and expressive function should be the same.
So he often compares poetry with poetry. Because he raised the word to the same position as the poem from the stylistic concept, it provided a theoretical basis for the word to move closer to the poetic style and realize the mutual exchange and infiltration between the word and the poem.
In order to make the aesthetic taste of ci really keep pace with poetry, Su Shi also put forward the creative proposition that ci should be "one family".
The theory of "being a family" here is put forward according to the different "lasting appeal" of Liu Yong's ci, and its connotation includes: pursuing magnificent style and broad artistic conception, ci should conform to people's quality, and ci should express its true temperament and unique life feelings like writing poems.
Because only in this way can we "write like a man" in the creation of Ci (Answer to Zhang Wenqian's immortal book).
Su Shi always pays equal attention to integrity in his articles, but he opposes conformity in literature, so he is not satisfied with Qin Guan's "learning Liu Qi's words" and lacks "integrity".
Expanding the expressive function of ci and opening up the realm of poetry is the main direction of Su Shi's ci style reform.
He extended the traditional expression of women's gentleness to the expression of men's pride, and extended the traditional expression of love to the expression of temperament, so that words can fully express the author's temperament embrace and personality like poetry.
Su Shi let ambitious and energetic people into the world of Ci, changed the original feminine artistic conception of Ci, and set a precedent for the new poets in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Su Like's poems and Su Shi's poems often express his thoughts on life.
This rational thinking on the fate of life has enhanced the philosophical meaning of ci.
Although Su Shi deeply felt that life was like a dream, he did not deny life because of it, but tried to pursue self-detachment, and always maintained a tenacious optimistic belief and a detached attitude towards life.
Su Ci fully shows the author's mental journey from positive to contradictory depression, striving to get rid of self-adaptation and constant pursuit, and his wild, romantic, affectionate and thoughtful personality temperament.
After Liu Yong and Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi further made the lyric characters and creative subjects in his poems move from separation to unity.
Su Ci not only expanded the inner world, but also expanded the outer world.
Different from the narrow life scene expressed by literati ci in the late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties, Su Shi not only described the author's daily communication, leisure reading, farming and hunting, sightseeing, but also further showed the magnificent scenery of nature.
Su Shi used his own creative practice to show that there was nothing to write about and no intention to enter.
Ci, like poetry, has the function of fully expressing social life and real life.
Because Su Shi expanded the expressive function of Ci, enriched the emotional connotation of Ci, expanded the temporal and spatial scenes of Ci, improved the artistic taste of Ci, and introduced Ci into the literary hall in an upright manner, which made Ci rise from a "path" to a lyric style with the same status as poetry.
"Poetry as Ci" is Su Shi's main weapon to change the style of Ci.
The so-called "taking poetry as a word" is to transplant the expression of poetry into words.
The success of Su Ci lies in two aspects: preface and postscript and allusion.
With the title and word order, it is not only convenient to explain the writing time, place and source of words, but also enrich and deepen the aesthetic connotation of words.
The extensive use of allusions in Ci also began with Su Shi.
The use of allusions in ci is not only an alternative and centralized narrative way, but also a tortuous and profound lyric way.
Su Ci used a lot of prefaces, postscripts and allusions, which enriched and developed the expressive techniques of Ci, and had a great influence on the development of Ci in later generations.
Su Shi's "Poetry as Ci" is essentially to break through the restriction and bondage of music on Ci, and make Ci become an independent lyric style from the accessory of music.
Su Shi writes ci mainly for people to see, while Dont Ask For Help sings, so he pays attention to the freedom of expressing emotions, although he also abides by the rhythm of ci without being bound by it.
For this reason, Su Shi wrote his lyrics with great composure, even though he occasionally disagreed with the musical norms.
The same is true of Su Ci poetry, which shows rich imagination and flexible and colorful language style.
Among Su Shi's 362 existing poems, although most of them are still close to the traditional graceful and feminine style, a considerable number of works reflect the new style of being bold and unrestrained, rain or shine, such as When is the bright moon?
Su Shi was a key figure in the change of ci style in Song Dynasty.
Wang Zhuo's "Lan Feng Man Zhi" said: "Mr. Dongpo is not addicted to temperament, but occasionally writes songs, pointing out that all the way up, the world will be new and the eyes and ears will be new, which makes the author feel refreshed.
Strengthening the literariness of ci and weakening the dependence of ci on music are "all the way up" pointed out by Su Shi for later poets.
Later poets and Xin poets further developed along this road.
2. Poetry
Su Shi's views on society and thoughts on life are undisguised in his literary works, among which poetry is the most hearty.
In more than 2,700 Su poems, the theme of intervening in social reality and thinking about life is very prominent.
Su Shi's attitude towards various unreasonable phenomena in social reality is "out of date", and he always regards criticizing reality as an important theme of his poems.
What is more valuable is that Su Shi's criticism of society is not limited to the New Deal or the present. He criticized the long-standing abuses and bad habits in feudal society, and embodied a deeper critical consciousness.
Su Shi's life was ups and downs, and he traveled everywhere, and his life experience was extremely rich.
He is good at summing up experience from life experience and seeing laws from objective things.
In his eyes, ordinary life content and natural scenery contain profound truth, such as Xilin Wall Topic and Mianchi Nostalgia.
In these poems, natural phenomena rise to philosophy, and the perception of life is also transformed into rational thinking.
What is particularly commendable is that the philosophy in poetry is naturally expressed through vivid and distinctive artistic images, rather than through logical deduction or discussion and analysis.
This kind of poem is both beautiful and interesting, worthy of the name.
"I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain" and "Snow Mud Red Claw" became a popular idiom as soon as they came out, which shows that Su Shi's reasonable poems are widely loved.
There are many similar works in Su Shi's poems, such as the Sangha Pagoda in Sizhou, the rain on the lake after the Qing Dynasty, and the wind control in Cihu.
Su Shi is very insightful, so he can find wonderful ideas everywhere.
Deep life thinking makes Su Shi hold a calm and broad-minded attitude towards ups and downs, which is fully reflected in Su Shi's poems.
Su Shi's poems in adversity, of course, contain pain, resentment and depression, but Su Shi shows more contempt for suffering and transcendence of pain.
Su Shi has profound knowledge, mastered the artistic skills of poetry to the point of perfection, and has an amazing spirit of innovation in treating artistic norms.
Moreover, the expressive force of Su Shi's poems is amazing, and there is almost no theme that Su Shi's poems can't contain.
The late Northern Song Dynasty, represented by Yuan You's poetry circle, was the heyday of Song poetry, and the creation of Su Shi, Wang Anshi, Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao pushed the art of Song poetry to its peak.
The prominence and distinctiveness of Wang, Huang and Chen's poems in style and personality may be more striking than Su Shi's poems.
But in terms of creative achievements, Su Shi is undoubtedly the first poet in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Su Shi's poems are outstanding in the dimensions of wide subject matter, diverse forms and profound emotional connotation.
More importantly, Su Shi has a strong artistic compatibility, and he did not push a certain style to the status of a statue in theory and creation.
In this way, although Su Shi made great contributions in the process of creating a new look of Song poetry, he basically avoided the two main shortcomings of Song poetry, namely, sharp and blunt and boring.
Therefore, Su Shi surpassed his contemporaries in overall achievement and became the most popular poet in the Song Dynasty.
3. Articles
Su Shi's literary thought pays equal attention to literature and Taoism.
He praised Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu for their contributions to ancient Chinese prose from two aspects: literature and Taoism.
However, Su Shi's views on literature and Taoism were very unique in the Northern Song Dynasty.
First of all, Su Shi thinks that article art has independent value, such as "pure gold and beautiful jade". Article is not only a tool to carry Tao, but also an advanced form of human spiritual activities.
Secondly, the "Tao" in Su Shi's mind is not limited to Confucianism, but refers to the law of things in general.
Therefore, Su Shi advocates that articles should be as natural as the objective world, with a natural attitude.
He advocated the diversity and vividness of artistic style, and opposed the unification of literary style, believing that it would make the literary world as barren as "yellow hair and white reed".
It is under the guidance of this unique literary thought that Su Shi's prose presents rich and colorful artistic characteristics.
He absorbed artistic nutrition extensively from his previous works, the most important source of which was the heroic momentum of Mencius and strategists in the Warring States period, Zhuangzi's rich associations and natural and unrestrained writing.
Su Shi is really expressive, and there is almost nothing objective or inner feelings that his works can't express.
Su Wen's style changes freely with different objects and is as natural and smooth as running water.
Han Yu's ancient prose relies on eloquence, layout and momentum to achieve the same goal, while Su Wen relies on a contented and thoughtful way.
Su Wen is full of energy, but his language is simple and natural, which is one of the characteristics that Wen Song is different from Tang Wen.
Su Shi is good at writing argumentative essays.
His historical essays written in his early years have a strong habit of strategists, sometimes pretending to be amazing and unreasonable. For example, On Jia Yi accused Jia Yi of not knowing how to make friends with ministers in order to win the trust of the court, while On Fan Zeng suggested that Fan Zeng should be the righteous emperor who killed Xiang Yu.
But there are also many original opinions, such as "On Hou", which advocates that the old man was a hermit in Qin Dynasty, and humiliation is to cultivate his perseverance; On Wang Ping criticizes Zhou Pingwang's blunder in avoiding bandits and moving the capital, which is novel, profound and enlightening.
These historical theories are good at randomness, amazing in writing, showing a high degree of argumentation skills, and became the model essays for scholars at that time, so they spread widely.
Su Shi's political essays in his early years also had similar stylistic features, but with the deepening of his experience, the habits of strategists gradually weakened. For example, some memorials written by Yuan You are purposeful in content and calm in words, which are close to the styles of Jia Yi and Lu Zhi.
Although the historical and political theories show Su Shi's extraordinary talent, essays, letters, prefaces and postscripts can better reflect Su Shi's literary achievements.
These articles are also good at renovation, but the form is more lively and the discussion is more vivid, often mixed with narration and lyricism.
They strengthen logical persuasion with artistic appeal, so they are more beautiful than historical and political theories.
Su Shi's narrative notes, wandering prose, narrative, lyrical and argumentative functions are combined into one.
Because Su Shi's composition is based on the principle of "what he says must be done", he should do what he should do, stop when he should, and say few words and sentences, which is most prominent in his notes and essays.
For example, the full text of Night Travels in the Sky is only over 80 words, but its artistic conception is detached and its charm is meaningful. It is a wonderful work in the Song Dynasty.
Su Shi and Si Liu also made great achievements in their ci and fu.
His Ci and Fu inherited Ouyang Xiu's tradition, but it was more integrated with ancient prose and absorbed the lyrical meaning of poetry, which made Zhao You better than Lan, and created famous works such as Fu on the Red Wall and Fu on the Back Red Wall.
Red Cliff Fu follows the traditional question-and-answer mode of subject and object, restrains the object, extends the subject, expresses its own philosophy of life, and describes the beautiful scenery of the Yangtze River on a moonlit night.
It is a beautiful prose poem, which is full of prose and scenes.
Su Shi's flowing style is even reflected in forty-six. When he was in imperial academy, the composition of imperial edict was rich and magnificent, which was rare among Taige figures.
After he was demoted, the expression he wrote was even more real and touching, which was a rare temperament work in CET-4 and CET-6.
Su Shi's prose is as famous as Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi in the Song Dynasty, but from the literary point of view, Su Wen is undoubtedly the most accomplished one in Song Wenzhong.
Second, artistic achievements.
1, calligraphy
Su Shi is good at writing running script and regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang.
He studied with famous artists in Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and integrated the creative styles of Wang Sengqian, Xu Hao, Li Yong, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi into his family.
He once claimed: "I can't create ideas in books" and "I am innovative and don't practice the ancients".
Huang Tingjian called him: "In the early years, the pen was refined and not as natural as the boss.
It can be seen that Su Shi's life was bumpy, which led to the ups and downs of his calligraphy style.
The existing works include Red Cliff Fu, Huangzhou Cold Food Poetry and Yellow River Sacrifice.
Step 2 paint
Su Shi is good at painting ink bamboo, and his paintings are as heavy as spirit. He advocated that painting should have feelings beyond painting, painting should have sustenance, and opposed similarity and procedural constraints. He advocated "the unity of poetry and painting, ingenious and fresh" and clearly put forward the concept of "literati painting", which laid a certain theoretical foundation for the future development of "literati painting".
His works include Atlas of Ancient Trees and Strange Stones and Atlas of Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stones.