The word Germania comes from the Latin Germania, and Julius Caesar called the tribe on the right bank of the Rhine Germania. The Germanic period is recorded in the Germanic Yearbook of 100. In German, deutschland (German land, formerly known as Dioutschland) comes from Deutsch and from the word Dioutsc (popular, referring to diot or diota) in ancient highland German. This word was originally used to distinguish Latin from Roman. The word diutisc comes from _iudiskaz (a catchword) in the original Germanic language, _iudiskaz comes from _ eud \u, and _ eud \u inherits from tewtéh (human) in the original Indo-European language.

Germans lived in Germany a long time ago and gradually formed tribes in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Overthrow the Roman Empire (Western Rome) in 476 AD.

2. Roman Empire.

Germany broke away from the Frankish Empire in 843 and established the Holy Roman Empire in 962. Through long-term foreign conquest, the Holy Roman Empire occupied the Czech Republic, northern Italy and western Poland, and made expeditions to Russia and Hungary. /kloc-in the middle of 0/3rd century, it moved towards feudal regime.

1 157, this empire was awarded the title of "Holy Empire". 1254, the empire began to use the title of "Holy Roman Empire" for the first time. 15 12 After the Cologne Imperial Conference, the imperial edict was issued to use the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation", which was used as an official name until 1806.

In July 1806, 12, 16, the southern and central German countries on both sides of the Rhine, including Liechtenstein, Bavaria, Wü rttemberg and Baden, broke away from the Holy Roman Empire and established a new political alliance "Rhine Federation". The Confederacy established a bicameral parliament in Frankfurt, and elected Napoleon as its protector. Napoleon dominated the diplomatic and military affairs of the Confederacy. At the same time, the agreement stipulates that in the event of war, the Confederacy is obliged to provide a certain number of troops to its protector Napoleon.

On August 6th, Franz I, who claimed to be the Austrian emperor (Franz Ii of the Holy Roman Empire), was forced to give up the title of Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Holy Roman Empire perished. In the next few years, 23 more states joined the Rhine Federation. The Habsburg dynasty of Franz I could only rule the rest of the empire-the Austrian Empire (1867 Hungary gained autonomy and Austria was renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire). Only Austria, Prussia, Holstein controlled by Denmark and Pomerania of Sweden did not join the Rhine Confederacy, excluding the west bank of the Rhine and erfurt.

3. The German Empire.

Prussia rose at the beginning of18th century. According to 18 15 Vienna Conference, the German Confederation was founded. 1848, revolutions broke out in various parts of Germany, and Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck led arduous internal, military and diplomatic struggles.

Prussia defeated Denmark with Austria in 1864 and recovered the land occupied by Denmark in the north; 1866 defeated Austria in the "Seven Weeks War" and established the North German Confederation the following year; 1870, the Franco-Prussian War broke out, and many southern German states broke away from French rule. 187 1 year, Germany was unified and the German Empire was established.

4. Two world wars.

The German Empire provoked the First World War in 19 14 and collapsed in 19 18 due to defeat. 1919 In February, Germany established the Weimar Republic.

1933 Hitler came to power to implement dictatorship and establish Nazi Germany. 1939 Germany launched World War II. Under the attack of allied forces, Germany was defeated and surrendered on May 8, 1945.

The Germans invaded Poland on September 1939, and then cooperated with the Soviets to quickly occupy the whole territory of Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany and World War II began. With the progress of the war, Germany and its allies quickly took control of the European continent and North Africa, but the plan to force Britain to surrender or cease fire failed. From 1939 to 1940, they quickly occupied Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France by launching blitzkrieg, and launched air strikes against Britain.

1941On June 22nd, Germany violated the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty and invaded the Soviet Union. Germany1June 28, 942 to1February 9, 943 suffered a failure, retreated from the eastern front and fell into the battle of Stalingrad. Germany's ally Italy surrendered in September 1943, forcing Germany to defend the Italian front. After the battle of Normandy, the western front battlefield was added, and the allies further entered Germany.

1945 In the Battle of Berlin on April 25, the Soviet Union invaded Berlin, and on April 30, the Soviet Union completely occupied Berlin. In the afternoon, Hitler committed suicide, and the commander of the Berlin defense zone attempted to make a conditional surrender to the Soviet commander, which was rejected by the Soviet side. On May 2, the Berlin Guards surrendered after many unsuccessful negotiations. On May 8, Germany officially announced its unconditional surrender.

5. East Germany and West Germany.

After the war, according to the Yalta Agreement and the Potsdam Agreement, Germany was occupied by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union respectively, and the Allied Control Committee of the four countries took over the supreme power of Germany. Berlin is also divided into four occupied areas. 196 1 year, the GDR built the Berlin Wall to prevent East German residents from moving westward.

1June, 948, the occupied areas of the United States, Britain and France merged. On May 23rd of the following year, the Federal Republic of Germany was established in the merged western occupied area. In the same year, 10 10 7, the German Democratic Republic was established in the eastern Soviet area. Since then, Germany has officially split into two sovereign States.

1989 Great changes have taken place in the situation of the GDR. In May of the same year, a large number of citizens left the Federal Republic of Germany. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/0, demonstrations of different scales broke out in several cities, demanding to relax restrictions on overseas travel and news media. 10 10 18, East German President honecker announced his resignation. 165438+1On October 9th, the Berlin Wall was opened. 165438+1On October 28th, German Chancellor Kohl put forward a ten-point plan for the reunification of Germany and Germany.

6. The reunification of Germany.

1989 drastic changes in eastern Europe, including East Germany, the * * * production party regimes in various countries have collapsed one after another; With the consent of the top four, East Germany and West Germany finally achieved reunification in 1990.

14 From February 13 to 14, East German Chancellor Moderow visited the Federal Republic of Germany for the first time. On March 6, 2008, the East German People's Assembly held free elections. After Demezieres Reiss became Prime Minister, the pace of reunification between Germany and Germany was greatly accelerated.

1990 in may 18, Germany and Germany signed a national treaty on establishing monetary, economic and social union in Bonn. 3 1 In August 1990, the two sides signed the German unification treaty in Berlin.

1On September 24th, 990, the East German National People's Army officially withdrew from the Warsaw Pact.

1990 10 3 The German Democratic Republic officially joined the Federal Republic of Germany. The constitution, Wolesi Jirga and government of GDR were automatically abolished, and the original 14 regions were changed to five states to adapt to the organizational system of the Federal Republic of Germany, and then merged into the Federal Republic of Germany, thus reuniting the two Germans that had been divided for more than 40 years.

20 15, 10, 10 was elected as the 70th member of the UN Human Rights Council on October 28th, with a term of 20 16 to 20 18.