I. Animals in various environments
(1) Animals living in water
1. At present, there are about 65438+500,000 known animal species, and the classification of animals
2. Identify common fish and invertebrates.
Fish: Chinese sturgeon
Invertebrates: anemones, jellyfish, octopus and squid.
3. The main characteristics of fish
(1) swimming through the coordinated movements of fin and tail swinging.
(2) can breathe in water. Breathe through gills
(3) There are scales on the surface of fish, which are spindle-shaped and can reduce swimming resistance.
④ The fish body is divided into three parts: head, trunk and tail.
4. The gills are bright red and rich in capillaries; The gill filaments are many and thin, which enlarges the contact area with water. Water flows from the fish mouth into the gills, and then flows out from the rear edge of the gill cover. Compared with the water flowing in through the mouth, the water flowing out through the gills has lower oxygen content and higher carbon dioxide content.
(2) Animals that live on land
1. Characteristics of terrestrial animals adapting to the environment: (terrestrial environment is waterless, lifeless, gaseous oxygen, and difficult to hide)
(1) has a structure to prevent water loss. For example, reptiles have horny scales or nails, and insects have exoskeletons.
② Having organs that support the body and exercise. To eat and avoid the enemy.
Besides earthworms, they also have respiratory organs that can breathe air and are located in the body. Such as the lungs and trachea.
④ There are developed sensory organs and nervous system. Respond to the changing environment in time.
2. Earthworms live in humid soil rich in humus and wriggle through the cooperation of muscles and bristles.
3. The earthworm's body temperature will change with the change of the surrounding environment, and it belongs to a temperature-changing animal.
Earthworms rely on the body wall that can secrete mucus to keep it moist all the time. Therefore, in the experiment of observing earthworms, we should always wipe the body surface of earthworms with wet cotton balls soaked in water to keep the body surface moist.
After the heavy rain, the rain will squeeze away the air in the soil, and the earthworm will climb to the ground to breathe.
6. Mammals have skin fur, viviparous, breastfeeding and constant body temperature (so do birds).
7. Warm-blooded animals can keep their body temperature constant through self-regulation, including birds and mammals.
The significance of constant temperature: reducing dependence on the external environment and expanding the scope of life and distribution.
(3) Animals flying in the air
1, the characteristics of birds suitable for flight: so to speak? The whole body of a bird is designed for flying? .
① Streamlined fuselage (reducing flight resistance). ② The body surface is covered with feathers, and the forelimbs become wings. (Wings are the flying organs of birds) ③ The pectoral muscles are well developed. ④ The chest has keel-like protrusion and long bones are hollow.
⑤ Developed digestive system, large appetite, fast digestion (providing sufficient energy) and timely defecation. (lose weight)
⑥ The circulatory system is developed: the heart has four chambers and the heartbeat frequency is fast. There are systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation, and blood has a strong ability to transport nutrients and oxygen. So the bird's temperature is high and constant.
⑦ The respiratory system is developed: the airbag can assist breathing, form double breathing with the lungs, and provide sufficient oxygen.
2. Insects are the most diverse animals, widely distributed and the only invertebrate that can fly.
3. The insect body is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen, and the moving organs are 3 pairs of feet and 2 pairs of wings.
4. The exoskeleton of insects can protect and support the internal soft organs and prevent the evaporation of water in the body.
5. Insects breathe through trachea.
6, arthropods are characterized by:
The body consists of many parts,
② There is an exoskeleton on the body surface,
③ The foot and antenna are segmented.
Spiders, centipedes, shrimps and crabs are not insects. But they and insects belong to arthropods. (with feet)
7. Amphibians: larvae live in water, breathe through gills and develop into adults through metamorphosis. Adult amphibious life, breathing with lungs, breathing with skin. Representative animals: frog, toad and giant salamander.
Reptiles include crocodiles, turtles, soft-shelled turtles and snakes.
Second, the movement and behavior of animals.
1. Animal behavior: pride dances like peacock cranes, geese fly south, and bees gather honey.
Non-animal behaviors include: stomach peristalsis, heart beating and blood flow.
2. Animal behavior is manifested in various actions.
The movement of animals
1. The motor system of mammals consists of bones and muscles.
2. Both ends of each group of muscles are attached to different bones, and the muscles connected with bones are always coordinated by the two groups of muscles. For example, when the elbow joint flexes, the biceps brachii contracts, the triceps brachii relaxes, and when the elbow joint is straight, the opposite is true. (Figure V- 16- 17 in P30)
4. The joint head slipping out of the joint fossa is called dislocation.
5. Exercise depends not only on the exercise system, but also on the control and regulation of the nervous system, with energy provided by the digestive system, respiratory system and circulatory system.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) animal behavior
1. According to different behaviors, it can be divided into feeding behavior, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior and migration behavior. For example, skimming the water, gloating, and hibernating frogs are all animal behaviors; According to the different ways of acquisition, it can be divided into innate behavior and learning behavior.
2. Innate behavior refers to the innate behavior of animals, which is determined by the genetic material in their bodies, such as spiders weaving webs, bees collecting honey, young frogs preying on insects, and Pieris rapae always feeding on cruciferous plants.
3. Learning behavior refers to the behavior obtained from life experience and learning on the basis of genetic factors and through the role of environmental factors. For example, animals learn to detour for food.
The higher an animal is, the stronger its learning ability, the stronger its ability to adapt to the environment, and the greater its significance for survival.
5. Some social animals have social behaviors. Social behavior characteristics: a certain organization is formed within the group, and there is a clear division of labor among members, and some also form a hierarchy. Animal groups with social behaviors include ants, lions, baboons and bees.
6, animal movements, sounds and smells can play a role in transmitting information. For example, ants transmit information through smell, while bees transmit information through dancing.
7. Using extracted or synthetic sex pheromones as attractants can trap and kill agricultural pests.
8. In order to explore the feeding behavior of Pieris rapae, it should be noted that:
① After discovering the eggs of Pieris rapae, it is necessary to keep them in isolation.
② Choose leaves of plants containing special volatile oil, such as celery, lettuce and lettuce leaves. Don't choose hairy or prickly leaves, such as corn and sugarcane leaves.
Six, the role of animals in the biosphere
1, the role of animals in nature: animals in the ecosystem
① Maintain ecological balance.
(2) Promote the material circulation of the ecosystem.
③ Help plants pollinate and spread seeds.
2. In the ecosystem, the quantity and proportion of all kinds of organisms are always maintained in a relatively stable state, which is called ecological balance.
3. There are interdependent and restrictive relationships between the food chain and various organisms in the food web. If any link goes wrong, it will affect the whole ecosystem, so you can't kill an animal at will.
4. Bioreactor: Using Biology? Production workshop? Produce some substances that human beings need. Like what? Breast bioreactor, that is, humans can modify the genetic genes of some animals, so that the breasts of these animals can produce and secrete substances that some people need? . It can save the cost of building a factory building and buying equipment, and reduce complex production procedures and environmental pollution.
6. Bionics: Inventing and creating various instruments and equipment by imitating some structures and functions of living things.
For example, what are astronauts wearing? Anti-load suit? (imitating giraffes), electroluminescence (imitating fireflies), radar (imitating the echolocation of bats), thin-shell buildings (imitating the carapace of turtles), and intelligent robots.
Seven, bacteria and fungi (they can only use ready-made organic matter as nutrition-heterotrophy)
Colony: a visible aggregate formed by bacteria or fungi after reproduction, called colony.
Colony size, color and shape
The small white surface of bacteria is smooth, sticky or rough and dry.
The larger molds are red, green, yellow, brown, fluffy and flocculent cobwebs.
2. Methods of cultivating bacteria and fungi: (P56-57)
① Preparation of culture medium: organic matter containing nutrients ② Sterilization at high temperature ③ Inoculation ④ Constant temperature culture.
3. Conditions for the survival of bacteria and fungi: moisture, suitable temperature and organic matter.
7. Bacteria are unicellular organisms. Its cells include: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and DNA concentration area. An unformed nucleus; No chloroplasts; (Photosynthesis cannot be carried out. )
8. Bacteria reproduce by cell division. Spores are dormant bodies of bacteria (not germ cells) and have strong resistance to adverse environment. Bacteria are ubiquitous because of their rapid propagation and spore formation.
9. Fungi have both single cells (such as yeast); There are multicellular (such as mold, mushrooms, fungus, etc.). ), their thalli are composed of many hyphae. Fungi reproduce by producing spores.
10. Fungal cells have cell walls, cell membranes, cytoplasm and nuclei. No chloroplasts.
Cell structure, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals
Cell epidermis
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
chloroplast
Eight, the role of bacteria and fungi
1. Functions in nature: ① Participate in the material cycle as a decomposer.
Animal and plant remains are decomposed into carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts, which are reabsorbed by plants to generate organic matter. Therefore, it plays an important role in the circulation of carbon dioxide and other substances in nature.
② Causes diseases of animals, plants and people. Parasitic microorganisms absorb nutrients from living animals and plants, causing human and animal diseases. Such as tonsillitis caused by streptococcus, tinea pedis caused by fungi, wheat leaf rust and so on.
(3) with animals and plants. ◇ Fungi and algae grow to form lichens; ◇ Rhizobia and leguminous plants were born to help plants fix nitrogen and increase soil fertility; ◇ The birth of herbivores and bacteria that decompose plant fibers in the gastrointestinal tract;
◇ Some bacteria in human intestine can produce vitamin B 12 and vitamin K, which is beneficial to the body.
2, making fermented food:
Yeast (which can convert glucose into alcohol and produce carbon dioxide) can make wine and steamed bread.
Antibiotics are substances produced by some fungi, which can kill some pathogenic bacteria.
Penicillium can produce penicillin. (dragon? Green hair? This ointment can prevent the wound from becoming inflamed. )
Nine. Biodiversity and its protection
1, the basis of biological classification: the characteristics of biological morphology, structure and physiological function.
The purpose of classification is to find out the genetic relationship and evolutionary relationship between different groups.
2. Plant classification mainly observes morphological structure. The classification of angiosperms is based on flowers, fruits and seeds.
3. The classification of animals is based on external morphological structure, internal structure and physiological function.
4. Biological taxonomic units are arranged in descending order: phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
5. The basic unit of classification is species. There is only one species in a species, and the genetic relationship of the same species is the closest.
6. The larger the taxon, the more species it contains, the less the same characteristics and the farther the genetic relationship;
The smaller the taxon, the fewer species it contains, the more the same features, and the closer the genetic relationship. There are the most kinds of creatures in the world, and the least * * * has the same characteristics.
7. Connotation of biodiversity: biodiversity; Genetic diversity; Diversity of ecosystem.
8. The essence of species diversity is genetic diversity. Every living thing is a rich gene pool. )
9. Fundamental measures to protect biodiversity: protect the living environment of organisms and protect the diversity of ecosystems.
10, China is? Hometown of gymnosperms? . It is the country with the richest gymnosperms.
1 1. A typical example of using genetic diversity to improve crop varieties: hybrid rice cultivation in Yuan Longping.
12. The reasons why biodiversity is threatened are: deforestation, hunting and killing, environmental pollution and invasion of alien species. The main reason why many wild animals are endangered is that their habitats have been destroyed.
13. Rare reptiles in China? Living fossil? Chinese alligator; Rare mammals endemic to China include giant panda, baiji and golden monkey.
14. The most effective measure to protect biodiversity is to establish nature reserves.
15, China established a nature reserve to protect ecosystem types and rare animals and plants.
Review questions at the end of the eighth grade biology volume I (with answers)
Biology review questions at the end of the eighth grade (1)
1. In a relatively closed ecosystem composed of rice, locusts and frogs, if all the frogs are killed, the change in the number of locusts can be represented by the following figure ().
A B C D
2. China is rich in species resources. The following belong to China endemic rare plants is ().
A. Jasmine azalea Davidia involucrata rose
3. The most basic unit of biological classification is ().
Species of phylum A.b, class c and family d
4. The fundamental measure to protect animal diversity is ().
A. prevent the invasion of alien species B. protect the habitat of animals C. control the number of harmful animals D. publicize the importance of protecting animals
5. In the production process, the following foods do not need to be fermented ().
A. soy sauce B. vinegar C. sesame oil D. beer
6. In the process of making kimchi and bread, the microorganisms used are () respectively.
A. Lactic acid bacteria, Acetobacter yeast, Lactic acid bacteria yeast, Acetobacter mold, mold
7. As shown on the right, a large number of microorganisms were detected on the tableware of a snack bar, which belongs to ().
A. Penicillium B. Aspergillus C. Yeast D. Bacteria
8. Broth is easy to deteriorate after summer, and the most reasonable preservation method is ().
A. Boiling, uncovered and refrigerated
C, refrigerated, not boiled or covered; D. refrigerate, without boiling or covering.
9. Dolphins are often found along the coast of Jinjiang, which arouses students' interest. Life experience? Be interested in ... The closest relationship between the following animals and dolphins is ().
A. shark B. giant salamander C. crocodile D. whale
10. Among the following organisms, the morphological structure is single cell, and the cell without nucleus is ().
A. mold B. yeast C. bacteria D. Chlamydomonas
1 1. The most effective measure to protect biodiversity is ().
A. In situ conservation B. Ex situ conservation C. Gene protection D. Endangered species protection
12. Nowadays, food safety issues are increasingly prominent. In order to prevent food from spoilage, the preservation method should be ().
① High temperature ② Low temperature ③ Keep dry ④ Keep moist ⑤ Expose to air ⑤ Isolate air.
A.①③ B.①④⑤ C.②④⑥ D.②③⑥
13. In the following description of classification, the wrong one is ().
A. species is the most basic taxonomic unit.
B classification is mainly based on the morphological structure (traits) and other characteristics of organisms.
C. The taxonomic units are, from small to large, Boundaries, Taxa, Classes, Orders, Families, Genus and Species.
D. The smaller the taxon, the more biological features it contains.
14. Wheat and rice belong to the same family of seed plants. The main reason is that which of their following organs shows the same characteristics ().
A. Roots and stems B. Leaves and flowers C. Flowers, fruits and seeds D. Roots and leaves
15. Australian scientist Barry? Marshall and Robin? Warren found that Helicobacter pylori is the pathogen that causes gastritis and gastric ulcer, and won the 2005 Nobel Prize in Medicine. From the perspective of cell structure, the main difference between Helicobacter pylori and plant cells is ().
A. Is there a cell wall B. Is there a cell membrane C. Is there a cytoplasm D. Is there a formed nucleus?
16. The main purpose of biological classification does not include ().
A. Understanding biological diversity B. Understanding the genetic relationship between organisms
C. Understanding the evolutionary relationship between organisms D. Understanding the harmful and beneficial species in organisms
17. The following phenomena and activities have nothing to do with fungi ().
A. make tofu milk B. steam steamed bread with flour C. dirty clothes are damp and moldy D. children suffer from hand, foot and mouth disease
18. Academician Yuan Longping, a Chinese scientist, used wild rice to cross with common cultivated rice for many times to cultivate a new hybrid rice variety with high yield.
A. Diversity of biological species B. Diversity of genes C. Diversity of ecological environment D. Diversity of ecosystem
19. The following statement about the characteristics of fungi is incorrect ().
A. reproduce offspring through division and reproduction. B. there is a real nucleus in the cell. C. coexist with existing organic matter. D. individuals are big and small.
20. Can correctly represent animals and their gas exchange parts is ().
① Earthworms-body wall ② Carassius auratus-gills ③ Pigeons-lungs and airbags ④ Frogs-gills and skin ⑤ Rabbits-lungs.
A.①③⑤ B.①②④ C.①②⑤ D.②③⑤
2 1. The following rare animals are endemic to China ().
A. penguin B. golden monkey C. dolphin D. platypus
22. The following food in the production process without the application of fermentation technology is ().
A. bread B. yogurt C. rice wine D. soybean milk
23. In production practice, animals are divided into aquatic animals, poultry, livestock, agricultural beneficial insects, agricultural pests and so on. Based on animals ().
A. Economic value B. Living environment C. External morphology D. Physiological characteristics
24. In the following methods to control agricultural pests, biological control is ().
A. spraying low-toxic and low-residue pesticides B. using ladybugs to eliminate aphids in cotton fields
C. use? Dig a ditch and bury it Kill the adult corn borer with a trap lamp.
25. The following description about viruses, bacteria and fungi is correct ().
A. viruses are composed of cells. Fungi are unicellular organisms.
C. bacteria have a formed nucleus. Bacteria and fungi mainly live in saprophytic or parasitic organisms.
26. The following are the steps to make yogurt: ① Boil the milk and then cool it; (2) placed at room temperature 1 day; ③ Adding a small amount of yogurt containing lactic acid bacteria into milk; ④ Seal the bottle mouth. The correct operation sequence is ().
A.①②③④ B. ③①②④ C. ①③④② D. ③②①④
27. What is it? Detection of bacteria and fungi in different environments? In the inquiry experiment, the following statement is incorrect ().
A. Wipe the palm with a sterile cotton swab, and then gently smear it on the culture medium, that is, inoculate.
B. Petri dishes and culture media for culture must be sterilized at high temperature before inoculation.
C. This experiment needs to set up a control experiment.
D the inoculated culture medium should be sterilized at high temperature again.
28. Brazil takes advantage of its large-scale production of sugar cane to produce alcohol, and vigorously develops alcohol-powered vehicles. Excuse me, from a biological point of view, the main technology of making alcohol from sugarcane is ().
A. Cloning technology B. Transgenic technology C. Fermentation technology D. Tissue culture technology
29. The statement about bacteria and fungi is correct ().
A. Bacteria and fungi are generally harmful to human beings. Bacteria can reproduce by forming spores.
C. Both bacteria and fungi should grow in an aerobic environment. D. The main difference between yeast and lactic acid bacteria is whether there is a formed nucleus.
30. In order to explore the causes of food spoilage and the living conditions of bacteria, a biological team took three sterilized conical bottles of A, B and C and treated them according to the requirements in the table below.
Bottle numbers a, b and c
Add substances 50ml sterilized milk 50ml sterilized milk 50ml sterilized milk.
Do not handle the bottle mouth, and plug it with sterile cotton balls.
Temperature 25℃ 5℃ 25℃
Please analyze according to the table: how many groups of controlled experiments are involved in the treatment and what are the variables? ( )。
A.2 group, temperature and air B.2 group, temperature and disinfection cotton ball.
C.2 group, temperature and bacteria D.3 group, temperature, sterilized cotton balls and bacteria.
3 1. Which of the following examples does not reflect the role of animals in the biosphere ()?
The division of labor and cooperation among members of the ant colony * * maintains the life of the ant colony.
B A rare locust plague occurred in a certain place in Chongqing, and a large number of frogs, sparrows and snakes urgently asked for help.
C. In order to increase the yield of crops, bees or bumblebees are kept in greenhouses.
D. The hook on the surface of Xanthium sibiricum fruit hangs on the fur of passing animals.
32. Start from me and live a low-carbon life. The following behavior does not belong to the low-carbon lifestyle is ().
A. using disposable wooden chopsticks is convenient and hygienic. B. it is forbidden to burn straw and use straw to produce biogas.
C. using wind energy and solar energy to generate electricity D. walking, riding a bike or traveling by bus.
33. Brown-eared pheasants are distributed in the western part of our province, the northern part of Shanxi and the western mountainous area of Beijing. It is a national key protected animal. The main reason why brown eared pheasant is endangered is ().
A. natural selection B. rational development and utilization of animal and plant resources by human beings
C. human pollution and destruction of wildlife habitats
34. The following fungi are used to brew beer ().
A. Yeast B. Yeast and mold C. Aspergillus D. Aspergillus and Penicillium
35. The picture on the right is a schematic diagram of classification level, and the following understanding is correct ().
A. The largest classification unit in the diagram belongs to
B.wolves and dogs are the least alike.
C. cats and tigers belong to cats.
D. tigers have nothing to do with dogs.
36. The following statement about biodiversity is true ().
A. biodiversity only refers to the diversity of biological species. Every organism is a very rich gene pool.
C. The diversity of biological species is essentially the diversity of genes D. China is the country with the richest biodiversity in the world.
37. When you meet an injured flightless bird, you feel the best ().
A. grab it and sell it to the hotel for guests to eat. B. take it home.
C. put it back into nature immediately. D. treat it, raise it, and release it back to nature after injury.
38. Kimchi is delicious. Which of the following creatures is used to make kimchi? ( )
A. Lactic acid bacteria B. Acetobacter C. Yeast D. Mold
39. Establishing nature reserves is the most effective measure to protect biodiversity. Because the nature reserve is ().
A. natural gene bank B. natural laboratory C. living natural museum D. all three are right
40. The following judgment about biological groups is completely correct ().
A. Plasmodium, Schistosoma japonicum and ladybug are all insects. B. Squid, octopus and grass carp are all fish.
C. Orchids, chrysanthemums and lotus flowers are angiosperms. D. Lactic acid bacteria, rhizobia and yeasts are all bacteria.
42. The picture on the right is a simple food preservation method, and the following statement is unreasonable ().
A. adding clean water is mainly to prevent microorganisms from entering the air.
B. the purpose of heating food is to kill microorganisms in food.
C. the cause of food corruption is the reproduction of microorganisms.
D the principle of this preservation method is the same as that of food preservation in refrigerator.
43. If the following figure shows the relationship between the concepts in the table, the items in the table are consistent with the diagram ().
1 2 3 4
A Class, Order, Family and Species
B nuclear DNA chromosome
Ferns, a seed plant in the biosphere ecosystem
D. animals vertebrates invertebrates arthropods
44. Except for the following, they are all rare animals and plants unique to China ().
A. peony B. Chinese alligator C. silver fir D. golden monkey
45. After visiting a wildlife park, Sun Wu is going to use the following key words to describe the South China Tiger, which of the following is not accurate ().
A. Thermophiles B. Terrestrial C. Viviparous and Mammalian D. Vertebrates
46. According to some characteristics of microorganisms, they are simply classified (see the table below), and the following statement is true ().
Microbial influenza virus, Penicillium, Yeast, Lactic acid bacteria, Aspergillus and Acetobacter are to be classified.
Acetobacter and lactic acid bacteria
The second kind of yeast, Penicillium and Aspergillus
A. its classification standard is whether there is a nucleus or not. B. Its classification standard is single-celled organisms or multicellular organisms.
C. influenza virus should be classified as I D and influenza virus should be classified as II.
47.(5 points) The following are products or achievements of biotechnology. Fill in the answers of the selected corresponding technology on the answer sheet.
(1) Brewing sweet wine () (2) High-yield lodging-resistant rice () (3) Using one shoot tip of orchid to cultivate multiple blue seedlings () (4) Using Escherichia coli to produce human insulin ().
A. hybrid breeding technology B. fermentation technology C. transgenic technology D. plant tissue culture technology
48. Compared with fungi, there is no () in the structure of bacteria.
A. Cell wall B. Cell membrane C. Cytoplasm D. Forming nuclei
49.？ I quit my job and go home, just like a flower falling from a branch, but this is not a heartless thing. It can be turned into the soil of spring and can also play a role in nurturing the next generation. ? It is () that plays an important role in the process of transforming fallen flowers into spring mud.
A. absorption of plant roots B. decomposition of bacteria and fungi
C. respiration of petals themselves D. synthesis of bacteria and fungi
1.C 2。 C 3。 D 4。 B 5。 C 6。 A seven. D 8。 B 9。 D 10。 C 1 1。 A 12。 D 13。 C 14。 C 15。 D 16。 D 17。 D 18。 B 19。 A
20.c 2 1 . b22 . d23 . a24 . b25 . d26 . c27 . d28 . c29 . d30 . c 3 1 . a32 . a33 . d34 . a35 . c36 . c37 . d38。