Precautions:
(1) multiplication principle: if the dependent variable f is in direct proportion to the independent variable X 1, X2, X3...Xn, and each independent variable is qualitatively different, if any independent variable f is missing, it will lose its meaning, then it is multiplication.
(2) addition principle: If the dependent variable F and the independent variable (z 1, z2, z3…,? Zn) is directly proportional to each other, and each independent variable has the same mass. If the dependent variable f still makes sense without any independent variables, it is addition.