The pyramids are tombs built by the kings of ancient Egypt for themselves. The pyramids of Giza in Egypt are considered as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Most of the pyramids in Egypt were built in the third to sixth dynasties. These pyramids with a history of more than 4,000 years are mainly distributed in the capital Cairo and Giza on the west bank of the upper Nile. The left side of the Giza Pyramid belongs to King Kabra and the right side belongs to King Kuff, and there is a sphinx nearby. The main building material is limestone, and some are granite. Eighty pyramids have been discovered in Egypt, the most spectacular of which is the pyramids of Giza built around 2600 BC, all of which are artificially built. How did the ancient Egyptians carve stones and build tombs? The layout of the passages and rooms inside the tomb is like a maze. How did the ancient Egyptians design it? The ventilation pipes of the mausoleum incline to the deep underground, the stone walls are smooth, and exquisite and gorgeous reliefs are carved, but no one can understand why the ancient Egyptians mastered such exquisite excavation and carving skills and used what processing tools. You know, 4,500 years ago, at that time, people had not mastered iron. It is estimated that when the pyramids were built, there must be 50 million residents in Egypt at that time, otherwise it would be difficult to maintain the food and labor needed for the project. When experts open the pages of history, they find this problem even more difficult to understand. In 3000, the world population was only about 20 million. In addition, a large number of laborers must work in farmland to maintain lasting food. However, the farmland provided by the narrow Nile Valley seems to be insufficient to maintain the demand of the construction team. You know, the team has100000 people. Can the agricultural harvest of the Nile alone maintain the demand of the project? Furthermore, what is used to carry the huge stones needed by the temple? The ancient Egyptians used rolling logs for transportation. Although this primitive method can transport boulders to the construction site, rolling wood needs the trunk of a big tree to make it. We can know that there are few trees in the Nile Valley. Palm trees are widely distributed and grow on both sides of the Nile, but it is impossible for ancient Egyptians to cut down palm trees in large quantities, and palm trees with soft texture cannot be used as rolling logs. Because the fruit of palm trees is an indispensable food source for Egyptians, palm tree leaves are the only shade material in the hot desert. It is estimated that the Great Pyramid consists of 2.6 million stones, each weighing about 65,438+00 tons. There is no cement between the stones of the tower. After 4500 years of wind and rain, the gap is still quite tight, and it is difficult to insert a sharp knife. It is incredible that such exquisite craftsmanship was made by craftsmen or slaves in ancient Egypt 4,500 years ago. It's hard to believe that the pyramids are just the tombs of pharaohs. Not to mention how these 2.6 million boulders were excavated, it will take 2.6 million days (that is, 700 years) to complete this building alone. It will take 70 years to speed up the project progress. I believe Lao Wang can work out such a simple figure. Why did they build this grave that they couldn't enjoy? How mysterious is the pyramid? Has it ever occurred to you that the pyramids have a connection with astronomy and mathematics that modern people can't understand? The construction of pyramids can determine the system of weights and measures. The length unit of the Great Pyramid is determined according to half the length of the long axis of the earth's rotation, that is, the bottom of the Great Pyramid is10% of the length of the long axis of the earth's rotation; The weight unit of the Great Pyramid consists of the above-mentioned length unit and the density of the earth. The unit of heat of the Great Pyramid is the average temperature of the whole earth's surface. In addition, the size of the tombs in the Great Pyramid showing the Pharaoh's coffin is 2: 5: 8 and 3: 4: 5, which is exactly the formula of the coordinate triangle. The inventor of this formula is the ancient Greek philosopher Vadagoras. When Vadagoras was born, the pyramids had been built for 2000 years. The site of the Great Pyramid is also interesting, because the meridian passes right through the center of the Great Pyramid, that is, it is located in the middle of the meridian, which seems to reveal why the builders of the Great Pyramid chose this unique rock zone in the desert as the tower site. This rock has a V-shaped natural crack, which is just used to build a huge mausoleum. Moreover, it is impossible for people who know the structure, land and sea distribution of the place where the pyramids are located to choose this place as the tower site, but did the ancient Egyptian pharaohs have this ability? Recently, there was an amazing discovery in Egypt. Archaeologists say there are aliens or creatures in the pyramids. They found a frozen object in the secret room of the tower, and the detection instrument showed that there was a heartbeat frequency and blood pressure display in the object, which is believed to have existed for 5000 years. Experts believe that there is a creature under the ice. Scientists also learned from a scroll of hieroglyphs found in the tower that something called "flying carriage" crashed near Cairo about 5,000 years ago, and there was a survivor. According to the literature, the survivor is a designer, and archaeologists believe that this alien is the builder of the pyramid. The pyramid is used as a sign to inform similar people to rescue in outer space. But what puzzles scientists most is how astronauts hide themselves in the ice. The damage of the Sphinx connected with the pyramids of Giza has been very serious. Because it is made of limestone and was buried in the soil before, salt damage caused serious damage. Now, strong winds in the desert have become another problem. Weathering gradually made these monuments disappear, so the pyramids of Giza were listed as one of the world heritage sites in 1979. What is salt damage? The relic was excavated and exposed to the ground. Because there is little water in the desert air and the rainfall is low, the evaporation of water is very large. Because of capillary action, groundwater is led to the ground to evaporate, but the salt in the water remains on the ground or in the building to crystallize and smash the bricks of the building. This phenomenon is called salt damage. -Top-

Statue of Zeus

Zeus is the god of Greek gods. The statue of Zeus built for worship was the largest indoor statue in the world at that time. The Temple of Zeus, where the main statue is located, is the birthplace of the Olympic Games, and some Olympic events are held here. The site is located in the ancient city of Olympia on the west coast of Greece. The temple of Zeus was built in 470 BC and completed in 456 BC. It was designed by architect Lieben, and the statue of Zeus was in the charge of sculptor Pheidias. The temple is made of limestone with plaster on the surface and marble on the top. The temple is supported by Corinthian columns, with a height of 17m and an area of 4 1. 1m times107.75m. The temple of Zeus is Doric. The whole statue and the robe he wears are made of gold. He wore a ring woven with olives, a victory statue made of ivory and gold in his right hand, and a scepter inlaid with dazzling metal in his left hand, on which an eagle perched. His throne was decorated with the Sphinx, the goddess of victory and mythical figures. The base of the throne is 6.5 meters (20 feet) wide and 65,438+0.0 meters high. The statue of Zeus is about 13 meters (40 feet) high, which is equivalent to a four-story modern building. The temple of Olympia is located on the throne, with Zeus' head almost on it, which was destroyed by fire in 5 AD. Although the statue of Zeus survived because it was transported to Constantinople, it was doomed in the end and was destroyed by fire in 462 AD. -Top-

Alexander Lighthouse/Faroes Lighthouse.

The Fallot Lighthouse is different from the other six wonders, because it has no religious color, and it was built purely for people's real life. The light of the Fallot lighthouse shines all over Alexandria at night, protecting the ships at sea. In addition, it was the tallest building in the world at that time. Location: fallows Island near Alexandria. Shortly after the death of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy Soter, one of his subordinates, ruled Egypt and made Alexandria its capital. In view of the dangerous sea lanes near Alexandria, Ptolemy Soter ordered the architect Sostratus to cooperate with the Alexandria Library/Mousion to build the Fallot Lighthouse, which was completed in 290 BC. The Fallows Lighthouse is made of white marble. It is divided into three layers: the lowest layer is a quadrangular column with a height of 55.9 meters (65,438+083.4 feet), the second layer is an octagonal column with a height of 65,438+08.30 meters (60.0 feet), and the highest layer is a cylinder with a height of 7.30 meters (24.0 feet). Inside the lighthouse is a spiral staircase through which fuel is transported to the top of the tower. In a room at the top of the tower, workers rely on the light from burning oil, and then collect the light with a mirror at the back, and then reflect it. This is the way light shines on the sea at night and reflects sunlight during the day. It is said that this kind of light can shine as far as the sea route 56 kilometers away, and it has the function of defense and reconnaissance of the enemy. Later, the new ruler moved the capital to Cairo, and the lighthouse began to fall into disrepair. Three major earthquakes in 1956, 1303 and 1323 almost destroyed the entire lighthouse. In A.D. 1480, the marble blocks of the site were used to build a bunker, and the Fallows Lighthouse followed the footsteps of the other five destroyed sites and became the last spectacle to disappear except the existing pyramids. In recent years, scientists have done a lot of excavation work in Alexandria, which has made people have a deeper understanding of the Fallot lighthouse. -Top-

See Alexandria from Faros lighthouse.

In 332 BC, Alexander the Great of Macedonian Empire established an ancient city-Alexandria, west of the mouth of the Nile River in Egypt. After the death of Alexander the Great, the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt began to rise, and Alexandria became the capital of the Ptolemaic dynasty and prospered. In addition, Alexandra is located at the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe, and it can also lead to the ports of the Nile and the Mediterranean. You can imagine how prosperous Alexandra is and how developed world trade is. In addition, Faross Island in Alexandria has the Faroes lighthouse, one of the seven wonders of the world, shining on the harbor. There are also a large number of architectural relics such as temples and Egyptian royal palaces. Although Alexandra is so prosperous, today, Alexandra is beyond recognition. Scientists believe that most of these buildings collapsed in a big earthquake in the 4th century BC. Scientists have carried out many excavations in the port of Alexandra, including an excavation in 1996. French experts claimed that a large ancient relic was found at the bottom of the port of Alexandra, and traces of ancient roads and paving stones were also found. The investigators found the binaural bottle that sank to the bottom of the sea in ancient times. This is an ancient Greek jar with two handles, which was used to transport wine and other trade goods. The investigation team also found the head of the statue of Pharaoh. The staff first fixed the Pharaoh's head with metal utensils, and then sent the statue into the water with balloons. The survey was conducted at the possible location of the Fallows lighthouse. Just compare the head of the statue with the staff next to it, and you can imagine the huge statue. With these discoveries, many investigations have unearthed thousands of relics, most of which weigh several tons to dozens of tons. From these relics, we can gradually imagine the mysterious lighthouse of Fallows. Due to the prosperity of Alexandra and the backwardness of ancient directional navigation technology, it is conceivable that the Fallows lighthouse, which shines on the whole port, played an extremely important role in defending the lives of ancient crew members. Whether future generations can have a clearer understanding of Fallows Lighthouse depends on whether the government and experts will pay attention to the excavation of Alexandria. If the excavation of Alexandria can be further developed, more architectural features can be reproduced. -Top-

Hanging garden ().

Like the colossus of Rhodes, archaeologists have not found the remains of the hanging garden so far. In fact, many ancient people mentioned hanging gardens in their works, but they only heard of them from others and never really saw them. Is the hanging garden a pure legend? The Hanging Garden is located east of the Euphrates River, about 50 miles south of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, and in Babylon, one of the four ancient civilizations. Of course, the hanging gardens in Babylon have never hung in the air. The origin of this name is purely due to people's misinterpretation of the Greek word "kremastos" and the Latin word "pensilis", which originally meant "hanging" and "protruding". It is generally believed that the Hanging Garden was built by King Nebuchadnezzar (604-562 BC) to comfort the homesick princess Amyitis, imitating her hometown in the mountains. This hanging garden was built in 600 BC. It is a pyramid with four corners. The building made of asphalt and bricks is supported by arched columns. Green trees are planted on the steps all year round. The river looks like a hill from a distance under the artificial river next to the hanging garden. The most amazing thing about the hanging garden is the water supply system. Because there is not much rain in Babylon, and the ruins of the hanging garden are believed to be far away from the Euphrates River, researchers believe that there should be many water delivery facilities in the hanging garden. The slaves kept pushing the handle connected with the gear to transport the groundwater to the top storage tank and then return to the ground through the artificial river. Another problem is maintenance, because it is impossible for ordinary buildings to resist the erosion of the river for many years without falling down. Because there are not many stones in Mesopotamia, researchers think that the bricks used in hanging gardens are different. They added reeds, asphalt and tiles, and there are even documents that the stone was covered with lead to prevent the river from infiltrating into the foundation. -Top-

Temple of Al themis.

Themis is the Greek goddess of hunting. Arabs call her Rath, Egyptians call her Isis, and Romans call her Diana. Themis was deeply worshipped in ancient Greece, so he built the Temple of themis, one of the Seven Wonders. The ruins of Timmy Temple are estimated to be located in the ancient city of Free Soul, about 50 kilometers south of Izmir (Smyrna). The Temple of Al themis has been rebuilt seven times. The first temple of Al themis was designed by architects Samos, Chergihon and his son Metachinis in 550 BC, and was built in Ionian style. It was the first building built entirely of marble and the largest building at that time, covering an area of 6050 square meters. The whole building is supported by marble columns with a height of19-20m under the treaty of 127. It is decorated with copper, silver, gold and ivory reliefs by famous artists such as Pheidias, Polcletus, keresey Ras and Vladmont. The statue of Al themis is placed on the central U-shaped altar. Later, in 356 BC, the temple was destroyed by fire and invasion. After the transformation, the length of the marble column increased to 2 1.7 meters, and thirteen steps were added around it. Finally, because people who love free souls converted to Christianity, the temple was destroyed by St. John Christom in 40 1 A.D., and it failed to be rebuilt and disappeared from the earth. -Top-

The colossus of Rhodes.

The colossus of Rhodes is the most mysterious of the seven wonders, because it collapsed in just 56 years, and archaeologists have not even been able to determine its exact location and appearance. The colossus of Rhodes is located in the port of Rhodes, Greece, which leads to the Mediterranean Sea. In 305 BC, a war broke out between the Federation of Rhodes and antigone. The defeated Rhodes Federation won a lot of trophies. To commemorate this victory, they sold their trophies and built the colossus of Rhodes. For a long time, it is generally believed that the colossus of Rhodes is standing at the entrance of Mandraki Port on Rhodes with its legs crossed. However, the research shows that it is impossible to use the width of Mandalay Port and the height of the colossus, and the remains of the colossus will also hinder the port after the earthquake, so the real colossus should be located further inland to the east of the port. This colossus is actually the Greek sun god and their patron saint Helius. It was designed by architect Charles. After 12 years of construction, the colossus of Rhodes was completed in 282 BC. The entire colossus is 34 meters (65,438+065,438+00 feet) high, made of marble and wrapped in bronze, and later used as a lighthouse. However, the earthquake in 226 BC knocked down the colossus, and its fragile knee became the fatal wound of the colossus, and the colossus fell to the shore near the port of Mandraki. In 654 AD, Rhodes was invaded by Arabs, and the invaders even transported the remains to Syria, which made it more difficult to investigate this spectacle. -Top-

The mausoleum of Solas.

Mao Solas's Tomb Temple is located in Nassus, Halka, in the southwest of Turkey. Its bottom building is rectangular, with an area of 40m (120ft) by 30m (100ft) and a height of 45m (140ft), in which the pier wall is 20m high and the column is 12m high, and it is a pyramid. The statue at the top is four horses and an ancient two-wheeled chariot. In addition to its architecture, this mausoleum temple is also famous for its sculptures. The sculpture of Mausoleum Temple was made by four famous sculptors, Briasis, Leo Chales, Scopas and Timothy, each of whom was responsible for one side of the tomb temple. /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, Halicarnassus was occupied. In order to build a huge castle, the new ruler used some stones from Mao Solas's tomb temple as building materials in 1494. Today, many sculptures still survive and are kept in museums in London, England. Since19th century, Solas Mausoleum has been under archaeological excavation. These excavations provide a lot of information about Solas Mausoleum, which makes us know more about the shape and appearance of Solas Mausoleum. -Top-

note:

The above pictures of wonders of the world, except the pyramids of Giza and the Hanging Gardens, were all drawn by Mr. Mario Larinaga. The contact information is NM 8757 1 Taos 1358 P.O. Box Gallery A in the United States, and the telephone number is (1) 505-758-2343.

There are seven wonders of the ancient world and seven wonders of the new world. The seven wonders of the ancient world are written in this article (only the pyramids of Giza are left at present), while the seven wonders of the new world are the Egyptian pyramids, the Taj Mahal in India, the Great Wall of Wan Li in China, Angkor Wat in Cambodia, the Borobudur stupa in Indonesia, the Colosseum in Italy and the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy (but this is published in National Geographic magazine), which many people don't admit. At present, there are also the eighth wonder (Great Wall in Wan Li, Chinese mainland) and the ninth wonder (Longyou Grottoes in Chinese mainland), but they should only be used as reference. As for the phalanx of Buddha, Chinese mainland's national treasure, Saglia also called it the ninth wonder, but it should be groundless. Today's United Nations only recognizes the world cultural heritage, not the world miracle. The seven wonders of the ancient world were identified by Herodotus, a Greek scholar, in a way based on the fact that no amount of manpower in the Greek world could complete them.