Mr. Zhang said: "Most scholars attach great importance to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, so they strongly recommend Oracle Bone Inscriptions as the earliest writing in China, and think that the writing on bronze wares in Shang Dynasty is in the same strain as that of Oracle Bone Inscriptions (as far as the influence is concerned, there is the text of the seventh edition of history textbook" China Cultural History "edited by National Compilation and Compilation Museum 1992 as evidence), which is equivalent to saying that Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the main text and Jinwen is the secondary text. Later, it was said that Mr. Gao Ming of Peking University thought that Jin Wen inherited Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but he didn't know what the basis was. (I have specifically asked Professor Gao Ming about this question by telephone, and confirmed that there is no such thing. What Mr. Zhang means here is that most scholars think that Oracle Bone Inscriptions comes first and Jin Wenju comes last, which is wrong. Mr. Zhang suggested that Oracle Bone Inscriptions should come first, which was also put forward by Mr. Zhang in his speech at Quanzhou Teachers College in June 2008. This article says that Chinese characters have a history of seven or eight thousand years. This theory proves that Wen Tao is the oldest writing in China by discovering dozens of symbols on pottery and recognizing 43 characters.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen are in the same strain, which is not rigorous. In the field of ancient philology, we have never seen such an unqualified statement. There may be such mistakes in some primary reading materials and calligraphy introductions. Judging from the quantity of unearthed materials, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the earliest material with mature writing meaning, followed by the inscriptions on bronze in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen come down in one continuous line, both of which are different expressions of the same writing, but there is no simple discussion on the relationship of "inheritance" defined in time. If there is, it should also be the relationship between Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty and bronze inscriptions in Western Zhou Dynasty, plus the time limit. According to the unearthed data, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen and Wen Tao should exist at the same time. As far as the excavation time is concerned, Wen Tao appeared before Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen. From this point of view, perhaps the first two are "inherited" from Wen Tao at the same time (this is only an inference from the time sequence, perhaps there is no necessary connection between the two). Of course, this involves whether Wen Tao is a real writing problem. Mr. Zhang thinks that it belongs to the real writing in his "Text in the Early Shang Dynasty". Some scholars have also discussed this issue, such as Wen Tao's research on Yangshao culture pottery. Yu commented: Archaeologists think the simplified Chinese characters on this pottery are symbols, but I think they are some simplified Chinese characters produced in the original stage of writing. Yangshao culture has a history of 6000 years, so it has been more than 6000 years since Chinese characters began, which can be inferred. Here, Yu is not sure that it is a real work, but that it is a "simple work", and the word "inference" is used to indicate the time when the work came into being. I personally agree with Yu, but I think it should be more conservative. I think these "simple words" are still in the initial stage, and there is still a long way to go before the real words. In Wen Tao Pian, the symbols quoted by Mr. Zhang are basically single words, and the basis of inference is mainly the font. There is no evidence that these symbols have definite sound and meaning, and it is not certain that these symbols are real words. (See some symbols quoted in Figure 1. ) Mr. Zhang proved that Chinese characters have a history of seven or eight thousand years, which is inevitably too presumptuous. Another example is the Shang Dynasty ruins in Taixi, Gaocheng County, Hebei Province, where there are some words carved on pottery, which are very similar to Oracle Bone Inscriptions and later inscriptions on bronze. However, Qiu Xigui believes that this kind of Wen Tao can't reflect the level of Chinese characters at that time because of the lack of information and fragmentary information. Later students agreed with Mr. Qiu that it could not be used as a material to discuss the origin and inheritance of Chinese characters for the time being. The development of Chinese characters is a complicated process, especially in the stage of ancient Chinese characters with insufficient materials. The development and change of Chinese characters should not be explained by a single "inheritance" relationship. After all, the unearthed materials we have now are relatively limited. "History? "Todos" contains: "Only Yin ancestors have books." What are its books and volumes? Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jin Wen and Wen Tao, are these materials the same as those used in daily writing at that time? No one can draw a conclusion until there are new archaeological materials. We can only infer from the analysis of existing materials. On the whole, by analyzing the "dot" and "roll" shapes similar to hand-held bamboo slips in the past, and the archaeological data that can prove that there was a brush writing in Shang Dynasty, it can be seen that the above three materials and characters were not written on wooden slips with a brush, which is convenient to pass and easy to obtain. It's just that bamboo slips don't survive underground as easily as Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronzes. On this basis, we can also infer that Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen "inherited" from the bamboo slips of Shang Dynasty that have not yet been seen (note that this is only an inference). Therefore, in the absence of sufficient evidence, it is best not to simply define the time sequence of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen for the time being. The relationship between them should cross and influence each other, if not in the same strain, it should also be the relationship between Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty and bronze inscriptions in Western Zhou Dynasty.
2. Generally speaking, the inscriptions on bronze in Shang and Zhou Dynasties are the only written materials in the Western Zhou Dynasty in the history of Chinese characters development, thus becoming the second important development stage of Chinese characters after Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze in Shang Dynasty. Compared with the characters of the Shang Dynasty with Oracle Bone Inscriptions as the main body, the inscriptions on bronze in the Western Zhou Dynasty have more room for development. First of all, the scope of application of the two-week inscription is much wider than that of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Geographically, Oracle Bone Inscriptions was mainly unearthed in the Yin Ruins, that is, the site in the late Shang Dynasty, and its scope of use was mainly in the royal family, with a smaller scope. The Zhou dynasty has been committed to two wars of crusade to expand its territory. So the world of Zhou people is the world, not the big city. Therefore, the distribution of bronze inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty is also centered on Shaanxi and the Central Plains, covering the vast areas of Hebei and Liaoning in the north, Guangdong and Guangxi in the south, Gansu in the west and Zhejiang and Jiangsu in the east. In addition, there are a large number of bronzes of Emperor Zhou and his ministers in the DPRK, such as Tussah, Zhu, Ya, Zeng, Yong, Ying, Yi, Yan, Xu, Xing, Guo, Wei, Teng, Su, San, Rui, Qin, Qi, Qi, Maid, Lu, Lu and Lu. Secondly, from the content point of view, the bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty are also more abundant. Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty mainly recorded the divination of the royal family, and the inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty mainly recorded the family emblem of the master or the title of the ancestor who sacrificed his hand, which was complicated. The contents of inscriptions on bronze in the Western Zhou Dynasty expanded a lot, including enfeoffment, rewards, wars, sacrifices, books, land relations, legal affairs and so on. Many historical events recorded in inscriptions make up for the shortcomings of handed down documents and have the nature of "book history" Thirdly, in terms of quantity, bronze inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty also have advantages. As far as space is concerned, there are many inscriptions in the long bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
3. The font of Chinese characters is constantly evolving for a long time. The evolution of China fonts can be divided into three stages, one is from Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Shang and Zhou inscriptions to Xiao Zhuan, the other is from Xiao Zhuan to official script, and the third is from official script to regular script. Among them, the change from seal script to official script is the biggest change, which marks the entry from the ancient writing stage to the present writing stage. This chapter is divided into six sections: Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Qin, Six Kingdoms, Lishu, cursive script and regular script, which describe the characteristics and evolution of various fonts respectively, and require students to master the characteristics and evolution of various fonts.
Main points of study ※
1, Qin Shu Ba-ti, its classification method and the meaning of each name.
2. The significance or use of six books and each book in the new era.
3, big seal and small seal
4. The evolution stages and characteristics of China fonts.
Study content ※
* Qin Shu Eight-body.
Xu Shen in the Han Dynasty said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi Xu: "Shu Qin has eight styles, one is Da Zhuan, the other is Xiao Zhuan, the third is seal cutting, the fourth is insect book, the fifth is copying, the sixth is official book, the seventh is dead book, and the eighth is official book." These eight fonts are classified from two different angles:
1. Fonts in different periods of Chinese character development: Dazhuan, Xiaozhuan and Lishu.
2. Special fonts with different uses (based on Xiao Zhuan): seal cutting, insect calligraphy, copying, calligraphy, and calligraphy.
* Three stages in the evolution of Chinese fonts
1. The inscriptions on bronzes in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Shang and Zhou Dynasties evolved into Xiao Zhuan: from realistic hieroglyphics with random shapes close to pictures to neat shapes close to abstract symbols.
2. The evolution of Xiao Zhuan into official script: also known as "official script change", is the biggest and most important change in the history of Chinese character development. The transition from ancient Chinese characters to modern Chinese characters makes Chinese characters enter the present writing stage from ancient Chinese characters, which is the transition of ancient and modern Chinese characters.
Lishu broke the pictographic structure and formed the basic pattern of modern characters and strokes, with the pictographic meaning weakened and the symbolic meaning further strengthened.
3. The official script evolved into regular script: the font structure remained basically unchanged, and the pen used changed slightly.
Section 1 Oracle Bone Inscriptions
1, Oracle Bone Inscriptions: It is a character carved on tortoise shell bones, and it is the earliest known Chinese character system. 1899 found it by accident by the epigraph master Wang. It mainly appears in Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province. Its content is mostly the divination of Oracle Bone Inscriptions at that time, also known as "Oracle Bone Inscriptions".
2. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a mature and systematic writing:
The basic glyph is hieroglyphics.
There are quite a few loanwords, which use pictographs to represent a homonym, and the relationship with words is loanwords.
Nearly one-fifth of pictophonetic characters are ideographic and phonological.
3. From the physical point of view, the main features of Oracle Bone Inscriptions are:
1) is highly pictographic and close to pictographs.
2) the font is not standardized: some words can be written backwards; A word can have several different forms; These groups may be different.
4, Oracle Bone Inscriptions research:
1) The first book about Oracle Bone Inscriptions: Liu E's The Iron Cloud Hides the Tortoise.
2) The earliest textual research on Oracle Bone Inscriptions's book: Sun Yirang's Wen Qi Case.
3) Comprehensive textual research: Yu's forest of steles in Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
4) The most informative: The Collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions edited by Guo Moruo.
Related links: Oracle Bone Inscriptions culture ※
Section 2 Jinwen
1, inscriptions on bronze: refers to the characters carved on bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which belong to the same system as Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Because it was originally found in Zhong Ding and other cultural relics, it is also called Zhong Dingwen. As shown in the figure:
2. Inscriptions on bronzes and Oracle Bone Inscriptions's * * *: irregular shape.
Difference:
1) The pictographic degree of bronze inscriptions in Shang Dynasty is higher than that of Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
2) Jinwen Zhu Fan, with thick brushwork; Oracle Bone Inscriptions knife carving, strokes changed to square.
3) The style of bronze inscriptions is more regular than that of Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
3. The early and late forms of bronze inscriptions are not consistent.
4. After the late Spring and Autumn Period, some fine arts fonts appeared in inscriptions on bronze:
1) deliberately elongated strokes or twists and turns.
2) In addition to the glyph, add decorations such as birds and insects.
The third section Qin script
1, Shu Shu (Da Zhuan): At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Xuanwang wrote The Book of Songs as a book for teaching students, which unified the writing of the Zhou Dynasty. According to Ban Gu's Han Shu Literature and Art Annals and Xu Shen's Shuo, the font used is Da Zhuan.
2. The font used by Qin State in the early Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was "Master Playing Big Seal".
3. Qin characters have been discovered so far:
1) Shi Guwen: It was discovered in Fengxiang, Shaanxi in the early Tang Dynasty. It is a stone carving carved on Shijie at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and its brushwork and shape are obviously inherited from the inscriptions on bronze in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
2) Curse Chu Wen: An inscription written by the King of Qin who cursed the King of Chu and prayed for the blessing of the gods.
4. The most important Qin script is Xiao Zhuan.
Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in Han Dynasty: The most abundant materials for preserving and understanding Biography; An indispensable bridge for understanding Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the bronze inscriptions.
Small seal script: used to distinguish it from big seal script, it refers to a font written by Qin Shihuang in the same script and introduced to the whole country. It is the standard font of the Qin Dynasty.
Xiao Zhuan is a font inherited from bronze inscriptions by Qin characters in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. The similarities between them are: the shape is regular and symmetrical, the strokes are smooth, and the pictographic degree is decreasing.
Biography is also the result of sorting out the characters of Qin in Cang Xie by Li Si and others.
5. Qin Shihuang's policy of "the same language is not named": unify the national characters with Qin Shu Xiao Zhuan, and delete the grotesque characters in the six languages.
Section 4 Six Languages
1. Six-country script: refers to the scripts of the six eastern countries except Qin during the Warring States Period. Also known as ancient prose, it comes from the ancient prose classics on the cave wall.
2. Characteristics of Six-character: 1) cursive or vulgar style is popular; 2) The character is abnormal.
Section 5 Lishu
1, official script: a font formed on the basis of the cursive script of Qin seal script at the end of the Warring States Period. In addition to the cursive script of seal script, it has gradually become a regular font. It is the standard font of Han Dynasty.
2. Pear trees are divided into Guli and Han Li.
Guli: Also known as Qin Li, there are still traces of seal script, which is an immature early official script.
Han Li: a mature official script in Han Dynasty. The brushwork is almost completely separated from the seal script, and gradually forms the wave-picking brushwork. The glyph changes from a slightly rectangular shape to a slightly oblate shape.
3. The main changes from seal script to official script:
The transformation of glyph structure: (the division and combination of inside and inside)
1) decomposes the strokes connected by the turn of seal script into several straight strokes.
2) Convert the same radical of seal script into different writing methods in different positions.
3) Merge one or more different parts of seal script into the same radical.
4) Save the complex strokes of seal script as simple strokes.
5) Omit some complicated seal script glyphs.
Li Bian: It refers to the evolution from seal script to official script. This is the biggest and most important change in the development history of Chinese characters, and it is a turning point of ancient and modern characters. The change of official script makes Chinese characters end the ancient writing stage marked by pictographic lines and enter the modern writing stage marked by strokes. This stage has continued until now.
(Lishu broke the pictographic structure, formed the basic pattern of modern characters and strokes, and further strengthened its symbolic significance. )
Li Ding: refers to the ancients who wrote ancient Chinese characters in regular script.
Section 6 cursive and regular script
1, cursive:
1) in a broad sense: scribbling in various fonts, commonly known as "cursive script" (for "normal").
2) Narrow sense: a specific font formed on ancient Chinese characters.
Cao Zhang: refers to the cursive script that was born out of grass and bones and still has the rules of official script. It was basically formed in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty.
Near-body cursive script: refers to the cursive script that Cao Zhang developed to the Jin Dynasty and abandoned the wave picking method and adopted some regular script strokes. Among them, the strokes within and between words are often from Lian Bi, and the strokes are more economical. Representative: modern Wang Xizhi.
Crazy Grass: refers to the cursive scripts of Zhang Xu, Huai Su and others in the Tang Dynasty. On the basis of this grass, links are randomly added or deleted, making the boundaries between words difficult to distinguish, losing the communicative function and becoming works of art for appreciation only.
2. Regular script
Regular script, also known as official script or original script, was formed on the basis of Han Li cursive script in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and influenced by cursive script. Wei and Jin Dynasties were a period of integration of regular script and modern official script. After the Northern and Southern Dynasties, regular script replaced regular script as the prevailing standard font.
The difference between regular script and modern script is that the physical structure has not changed much. In terms of brushwork, regular script abandoned the modern wave-picking method. The strokes are horizontal and vertical, and once the pen is collected, the pen is no longer lifted. The left hand is thick and thin, the right hand picks it up and the foot leaves. As far as the overall character potential is concerned, Jin Li is more flat and flat, and the regular script is more concentrated and vertical.
3. Running script
It is a font between regular script and modern grass. Those close to regular script are called running script, and those close to cursive script are called running script. It is a common font in people's daily writing.
The legend of the shape evolution of Chinese characters ※
Pre-exam counseling ※
Short Answer Questions
1. What is the name of Qin Shu's eight-body, and what is the meaning of each body?
Xu Shen said in the Preface to Explaining Characters: "Shu Qin has eight styles, one is Da Zhuan, the other is Xiao Zhuan, the third is seal cutting, the fourth is insect calligraphy, the fifth is copying, the sixth is official calligraphy, the seventh is dead calligraphy, and the eighth is official calligraphy."
(Please refer to the textbook to summarize the meaning by yourself.)
2. How is Qin Shu Eight-body Style classified?
Qin Shu's eight styles are classified from two different angles. Big seal, small seal and official script are the fonts of Chinese characters in different development periods, while seal cutting, worm script, copying, official script and official script are special fonts with different uses. Engraving is the words engraved on the deed; Insect book, also known as bird book, is used for characters on flags and banners, and the strokes are as slender as birds and insects; Copying is the words on the seal; An official document is a signature for stamping; Obituaries are words written on weapons. These fonts are all based on seal script, but they add some artistic color in form.
3. Where did the name Da Zhuan first appear?
The name of Da Zhuan first appeared in Han Shu's Literature and Art Annals. Ban Gu said, "Fifteen historical books, and fifteen great histories of Zhou Xuanwang are great seals."
4. What is thesis writing? What is the relationship between Wen Shu and Da Zhuan?
The so-called seal script in later generations also refers to the big seal script. Wen Shu and Da Zhuan are homonyms with different meanings.
5. What stages have China fonts gone through? What are the characteristics of each stage?
There are about three stages in the evolution of China fonts. First, it changed from Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty and bronze inscriptions in Shang and Zhou Dynasties to Xiao Zhuan; Second, it changed from seal script to official script; Third, from official script to regular script.
6. Why is the change from Xiao Zhuan to Li Shu the biggest change in font, and the turning point of ancient Chinese characters into modern Chinese characters?
From seal script to official script, it is the biggest change of font and the turning point of ancient Chinese characters becoming modern Chinese characters. The reason is that the glyph structure of Xiao Zhuan is broken, the pictographic meaning is weak, and the symbolism is strengthened. The turning point of the brushwork of Xiao Zhuan to Li Shu is generally square folding and horizontal, left and right brushwork. Seal script has become official script, and the basic pattern of modern characters and strokes has been formed.
7. What is regular script? What is cursive script? What is a running script?
Names of three fonts: regular script, cursive script and running script. Regular script, neat strokes and rigorous structure; Cursive script with wild lines and more strokes; Between Kay and Cao is a running script.
8. What is Oracle Bone Inscriptions? What is Oracle Bone Inscriptions? What is the relationship between Wang and Oracle bones?
Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the earliest known Chinese character system. Nail refers to tortoise shell, and bone refers to animal bone. Oracle Bone Inscriptions refers to Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions has two meanings: first, it refers to the divination records of Shang kings and others in the past 270 years. Yin people are superstitious, and they have to predict everything, whether it's conquest, harvest, hunting, weather, diseases in daily life, or even traveling and dreaming. The main divination methods are tortoise shell (abdominal shell, dorsal shell) and animal bone (mainly bovine scapula). In divination, small holes are drilled in the bones of tortoise shells and then baked, and the cracks burned out are a sign of judging good luck. The person in charge of divination recorded these prophecies and their subsequent realization on the Oracle bones. The second refers to the characters and fonts on the tortoise shell bones. Note: Strictly speaking, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's category is larger than Oracle bones.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions was accidentally discovered by the epigraphist Wang in 1899. He found scratches on the keel of traditional Chinese medicine. He bought back all the keels in the drugstore and found more than one with scratches. After careful study, he thought it should be an ancient writing. He also found that the Oracle bone was engraved with the name of Shang Wang, and decided that it was Jia Bu of Shang Dynasty, and the words should be before the seal. Since then, Oracle Bone Inscriptions has been widely concerned, collecting and interpreting the atmosphere formed by Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and opening up a new field of historiography through Oracle Bone Inscriptions's study of ancient social history. A new discipline-Oracle Bone Inscriptions appeared.
9. What are the contents recorded in each complete Oracle Bone Inscriptions and what are their names?
Each piece of complete Oracle Bone Inscriptions probably records four aspects: first, the date of divination and the soothsayer, which is called "chanting"; The second thing is divination, called "life words"; The third is to examine the omen and make a good or bad judgment, which is called "accounting"; The fourth is the situation that comes true afterwards, which is called "sounding words".
10. What are the main lines recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions?
The lines recorded by Oracle Bone Inscriptions mainly include: 1, vertical line and left line, 2, vertical line and right line, 3, left-right alignment, starting from the middle, left-half left line and right-half right line. There are also individual staggered situations, which are not the main ones.
1 1. What are the main characteristics of Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the form of words?
Oracle Bone Inscriptions has the following characteristics:
(1) is highly pictographic and close to pictographic characters.
(2) The font is not standardized.
(1) Some words can be said in reverse.
(2) A word can have several different forms.
③ The roots can be different.
12. How many periods did Oracle Bone Inscriptions have?
Dong Zuobin, a Oracle Bone Inscriptions scholar, divided Oracle Bone Inscriptions into five periods according to ten criteria, such as lineage, appellation, grammar, font and style. The first period was Pan Geng, Xiao Xin, Xiao Ye and Wuding, the second period was Zu Geng and Zujia, the third period was Yan Xin and Kangding, the fourth period was Wuyi and Wending, and the fourth period was Diyi and Dixin. Modern scholars generally agree with this division. In this way, it is more convenient to study the dating of Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
13. What are the important works in Oracle Bone Inscriptions?
The study of Oracle bone inscriptions began in the late Qing Dynasty. Liu E's "Tieyun Zanggui" was the first book to record Oracle bone inscriptions, and Sun Yirang's "Wen Qi Example" was the first book to interpret Oracle bone inscriptions. Since then, many famous artists have made great contributions to the study of ancient history. Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Guo Moruo's Collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Xu Zhongshu's Oracle Dictionary, and Chen's Summary of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins are well researched. These works provide convenience for studying and studying Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
14. What is a bronze inscription? What is Zhong Dingwen?
Bronze inscriptions refer to the words on bronzes. In ancient times, copper was called gold, so it was called bronze. Bronze inscriptions were originally found on Zhong Ding and other cultural relics, so they are also called Zhong Dingwen.
15. What is the earliest work to collect and study bronze inscriptions?
Xue Shanggong's Notes on Ding Yi Instruments in Past Dynasties in Song Dynasty.
16. What's the difference between Jinwen and Oracle Bone Inscriptions?
There are many differences between Jin Wen and Oracle Bone Inscriptions. First of all, the bronze inscriptions of Shang Dynasty are highly pictographic. Secondly, judging from the gesture of using a pen, because the bronze inscription is from Zhu Fan, it preserves a thick brushwork and even a full lump, while Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a knife carving, which generally changes the circle into a square, and the lump is just an outline.
Third, bronze inscriptions, like Oracle Bone Inscriptions, are irregular in shape. The same word often has many forms.
Fourthly, compared with Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen's writing style is more regular, and the situation of straight or reverse, oblique or inverted is much less than that of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. The same is true of the position of radicals, although bronze inscriptions have also changed the position of radicals.
17. What are the characteristics of fine arts fonts that appeared on inscriptions after the late Spring and Autumn Period? Where are these fonts popular?
After the late Spring and Autumn Period, some artistic fonts appeared in bronze inscriptions. First, the strokes are deliberately elongated and even tortuous. This kind of twists and turns is not to "follow the shape" according to the shape of the object, to enhance the image, but to pose. Second, in addition to glyphs, add decorations such as birds and insects.
What is the Qin script?
Qin script is a Qin script composed of stone inscriptions such as Zuchu and Zuchu.
The most important script in Qin Dynasty was Xiao Zhuan. Xiao Zhuan is a continuation of the bronze inscriptions in the late Western Zhou Dynasty.
What is Shi Guwen?
Shi Guwen refers to the words on ten stone tablets discovered in Fengxiang, Shaanxi. In the early Tang Dynasty, ten stone tablets were found in Tianxing County, Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province, which were also called stone drums because they were shaped like drums. Each stone drum is engraved with an inscription of 60 or 70 words, mainly a four-character poem praising the hunting palace. According to scholars' research, these stone drums were carved in the Gong Li world of Qin Daogong at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
20. What is the relationship between Shi Guwen, Xiao Zhuan and the inscriptions on bronze in the Western Zhou Dynasty?
Shi Guwen and Xiao Zhuan obviously inherited the bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty in brushwork and form.
2 1. What is the curse of Chu Wen?
Curse Chu Wen is a word that the king of Qin cursed the king of Chu and prayed for the blessing of the gods. There are still words engraved on the stone. Three stone carvings were found in Song Dynasty, all named after the carved gods, namely Camel, Wuxian and Jueling in Shen Da, with basically the same characters. The original stones and rubbings have long been lost, and only later copies are available. These stone carvings were carved around the end of Huiwen Yuan to King Wu.
22. Why didn't Li Si create Biography? What are the main types of words made by Reese?
The biography of Qin Xiao was formed on the basis of attacking the tradition of bronze inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Li Si and others just sorted out the characters of Qin State. Li Si's arrangement of characters mainly includes: 1. Draw all kinds of radicals to fix them. Second, determine the position of the root in the word, generally do not change it at will. Third, the shape of the word is determined. Generally, the same word cannot use different shapes. So the shape of Chinese characters tends to be stereotyped.
23. What are the characteristics of the six languages?
There are two characteristics of the six-nation script: one is the popularity of cursive script or vulgar style. The second characteristic: abnormal personality.
24. What is official script? How did the official script come into being?
Official script is one of the fonts of Chinese characters. Generally divided into Guli and Han Li. The ancient official script refers to the early official script, while Han Li refers to the official script that gradually matured in the Han Dynasty. Lishu came into being at the end of the Warring States period, based on the seal script of Qin State.
25. What's the difference between Gu Li and Jin Li?
Guli was formed on the basis of the cursive script of Qin seal script at the end of the Warring States period. Han Li was established on the basis of Coulee. The former has more structural features of seal script, while the latter has more integrity. The brushwork is almost completely separated from the seal script, and gradually formed the wave-picking brushwork. The so-called "wave potential" and "picking method" refer to the long horizontal direction, which first protrudes slightly to the left, then swings slightly to the right, and picks slightly when closing the pen. Pick it up slightly when drawing a pen. The whole glyph gradually changed from slightly rectangular to slightly oblate. The appearance of this writing shows that the official script has developed from ancient times to Han Li, and it has matured. This development was completed in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
26. What are the main aspects of the transformation of the font structure of official script to seal script?
From seal script to official script, besides the change of brushwork and gesture, the most important thing is the change of font structure, mainly simplification.
(1) breaks down the strokes of seal script into several straight strokes.
(2) Convert the same radical of seal script into different writing methods in different positions.
(3) Combine different parts of seal script into the same radical.
① All parts of seal script are merged into the same radical.
② Multiple parts of seal script are merged into the same radical.
(4) Save the complex strokes of seal script as simple strokes.
(5) Omitting some complicated seal script glyphs.
27. What is the difference between "Li Ding" and "Li Bian"?
At the end of the Han Dynasty, people used the brushwork of official script to write the fonts of ancient Chinese characters, which was called "official script". Later, some people called writing regular script "Li Ding". "Li Ding" and "Libian" are two different concepts, and their glyphs are also different.
28. What is a cursive script? What's the difference between wide cursive script and narrow cursive script?
The so-called cursive script can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Broadly speaking, scribbling in various fonts can be called cursive writing; In a narrow sense, it refers to a specific font produced during the evolution of Chinese characters.
In a broad sense, cursive script refers to cursive script, and in a narrow sense, cursive script refers to font.
29. Explain the similarities and differences between regular script and official script.
Regular script, also known as official script or original script, is an important font in the stage of copying Chinese characters. This font was formed on the basis of Han Li's cursive script and was influenced by cursive script.
Regular script and modern writing have not changed much in physical structure, but only in brushwork. Regular script abandons the modern Li's wave potential picking method, and the strokes are horizontal and vertical, and there is no wave potential and no longer a pen. Generally, it is collected with a pen. Left-handed people no longer have thick pens, but use fine tips of cursive scripts. The right stroke also removes the brushwork selected by the current official, but still retains the foot stroke. as soon as...
As far as the whole character trend is concerned, today's official script is relatively stretched and regular script is relatively concentrated. Today's official script is slightly flat and regular script is slightly vertical. Regular script overcomes the shortcoming that official script is difficult to write, absorbs the advantages of cursive script, and is neat and easy to distinguish. Therefore, from the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it has always been the standard font for formal occasions. Although there are some simplified characters, there is no big change on the whole.
30. How did the running script come into being? What are the characteristics of running script?
Running script is formed on the basis of inheriting modern cursive script or part of cursive script and absorbing regular script, and gradually becomes a font between regular script and modern cursive script. The characteristics are: it has no fixed rules, and what is written close to regular script is called running script; The writing close to cursive script is called cursive script. In a word, running script is more regular and easier to identify than cursive script, and writing is more flexible and convenient than regular script. It is a common writing font in people's daily life.