Then there is the well-known practice of not cutting land, not paying compensation, not surrendering, not getting married, not paying tribute, the son of heaven protecting the country and the king dying.
In addition, handicraft industry and commodity economy flourished, commercial market towns and capitalism sprouted, and culture and art showed a secular trend.
There are Zheng He's voyages to the West, Daming Law, novels, operas, calligraphy, poetry, painting and technology.
Literature in Ming Dynasty achieved the highest artistic achievement with novels, and created a large number of novels, short stories and parodies with history, ghosts, legal cases, romance and citizens' daily life as their themes. Some scholars have rewritten the scripts of Song and Yuan Dynasties, and also created fake books. Sanyan and Erpai are representative works of this kind of script and parody. In the history of China's novels, Four Great Classical Novels and The Journey to the West, Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Jin Ping Mei were all written in the Ming Dynasty.
In the early Ming Dynasty, the brilliant zaju once declined since the Yuan Dynasty. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, with the prosperity of urban economy, the popular operas have made new progress and produced many progressive works. Peony Pavilion is the most famous drama in Ming Dynasty.
The Ming court highly praised calligraphy, mainly running script and cursive script. In the early Ming Dynasty, calligraphy was mired in the quagmire of the cabinet, and the Shen brothers helped push the stable lower case to the extreme. "Every gold edition jade book is used by the imperial court, hidden in the secret room and presented to the country." Er Shen's calligraphy was promoted to the imperial examination rules, so the trend of Tiger prevailed. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, four schools of Wuzhong emerged, and calligraphy began to develop in the direction of business. Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhiming, Wang Chong and Tang Yin are the representatives of this period, and calligraphy began to enter a new realm of advocating individuality. There was a critical trend of thought in calligraphy in the late Ming Dynasty. Huang Daozhou, Wang Duo and Ni were famous for their pursuit of large-scale calligraphy and shocking visual effects.
There are a great number of poems and essays in the Ming Dynasty, not only many writers, but also many schools. During the period from Yongle to Orthodox, the "Taige Style" poetry school headed by Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong and Yang Pu, great cabinet scholars, appeared in the literary world. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, the "first seven sons" led by Li Mengyang and He Jingming rose first, followed by the "last seven sons" led by Li Panlong and Wang Shizhen in Jiajing and Wanli. Under the call of restoring ancient ways, they advocated that "literature must be in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty". At present, when the post-Seven School's retro movement rose, the "Tang and Song School" and "Public Security School" appeared in the literary world one after another.
In the early Ming Dynasty, palace painting was the mainstream of home painting. /kloc-In the middle of the 5th century, the "Four Great Masters of Wumen" rose in China, Wen Zhiming, Tang Yin and Chou Ying south of the Yangtze River. They widely absorbed the strengths of Tang, Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, and formed their own unique painting art, which was also called "Ming Sijia" by later generations. During Jiajing period, Xu Wei, an outstanding painter, created splash-ink flowers in a unique way. During the Wanli period, Wumen painters developed the real life of landscape painting and made some innovations on the basis of inheriting the characteristics of Wu Pai's painting style. The picture is fresh and elegant, and the artistic conception is ethereal and broad (as recorded in the Ming Painting Annals). In the late Ming Dynasty, there were figure painters, Ding, Chen Hongshou, Cui Zizhong, Zeng Whale, and flower and bird painter Chen Chun.
Astronomy and Meteorology:/kloc-The White Ape Sacrifices Three Lights (the author is unknown) in the middle of the 4th century contains 132 Zhang Yun pictures, which are related to weather changes, and most of them conform to the principles of modern meteorology. It was not until 1879 that Europe published 16 Zhang Yuntu. 1383, Shi Jing Observatory was established in Nanjing. 1439, the armillary sphere was located in Beijing (1900 was taken away by Eight-Nation Alliance and German, and 192 1 was located at Nanjing Purple Mountain Observatory).
Mathematical Physics: Jason Wu wrote Nine Chapters of Arithmetic Analogy at 1450.
1637 Song scientifically explained the generation and propagation of sound in On Qi and Chorus, and thought that sound was generated by the vibration or rapid movement of an object hitting the air and propagated through the air, similar to water waves.
Fang Yizhi put forward in the second volume of Physics Tips: "When the universe (time) is in space, there is a universe in the universe and a universe in the universe." The time-space view that time and space cannot exist independently of each other is put forward. Physical Tips 1 gives a correct explanation of atmospheric refraction.
Sun, a folk manufacturer of optical instruments, made dozens of optical instruments such as magnifying glasses and microscopes, and wrote The History of Mirrors (Lost).
In medicine, Li Shizhen wrote Compendium of Materia Medica, Judy presided over the collection and compilation of Puji Fang (including 6 1 739 prescriptions, which is the largest existing medical prescription book in China), Yang Jizhou wrote Masterpiece of Acupuncture, and Chen Shigong wrote Authentic Surgery. 1567, Taiping county, ningguo prefecture tried out China human pox inoculation method to prevent smallpox. Vaccination against smallpox is the beginning of artificial immunization and a great achievement in the history of medicine. /kloc-In the 7th century, the vaccination technology in China has been quite perfect, and has been extended to the whole country. Vaccination in China was introduced to Europe in1early 7th century).
It has also developed in agriculture, geography, chemistry, smelting and chemical industry.