Madame Curie, whose original name was Marie, was Polish and was born in Warsaw. Her father is the headmaster of a middle school.

. I like studying very much, so although I am poor, I have been with Mary since I was a child.

Live in a book. At that time, women were not allowed to enter universities in Poland, and the only way was to go to Paris.

However, the financial situation could not afford her to study abroad, so she had to be a tutor for three years.

I saved some money and went to the Faculty of Science of Paris University for further study. At that time, she was 24.

Years old.

In Paris University, Mary is a diligent student. She and the famous physicist at that time

At home, pierre curie met and got married, which decided her life as a scientist. curie

Fu and French physicist Bekkerel are both engaged in radioactive research, and they all come from experiments.

Solution, radioactive elements, will be transformed into another element, which is the decline of elements.

Change.

Madame Curie found that uranium is more intense than uranium in asphalt ore containing uranium.

Ray. Therefore, she believes that there must be an unknown and very radioactive element.

Yes, the Curies treated several tons of asphalt ore together and finally found two kinds.

New elements. In memory of Mary's native Poland, one of them was named polonium.

Polonium is another radioactive element because it glows in the dark.

So it was named radium. For these discoveries, the Curies and Bekkerel won the same prize.

Nobel prize in physics for three years.

Mr. Curie, who had no status at that time, was also hired as a professor at the University of Paris.

Books. The university also set up a radium research institute for them. Ecstatic, ready to meet.

When the future was bright, Mr. Curie died in a car accident.

Despite the incurable blow, Madame Curie bravely continued her research.

Finally, she successfully extracted pure metal radium. In 19 1 1 year,

Won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry again. It is worth mentioning that her eldest daughter Elaine and her son-in-law

They are also a pair of outstanding scientists, who first discovered artificial radioactive elements, and in

He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935. The Curie family studied radioactive energy,

Winning three Nobel Prizes is an unprecedented achievement.

Brief introduction of Madame Curie

Marie Curie (1867- 1934), a Polish scientist of French nationality, studied radioactive phenomena and discovered radium and polonium. She won the Nobel Prize twice in her life.

Madame Curie, whose original name was Marie Sklodowska,/kloc-0 was born in a teacher's family in Warsaw, Poland on October 7th.

As an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie has social influence that ordinary scientists do not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her model has inspired many people. Many people heard her story when they were young, but they got a simplified and incomplete impression.

The world's understanding of Madame Curie. It was greatly influenced by the biography Madame Curie published by her second daughter 1937. This book beautifies Madame Curie's life and deals with all the twists and turns she encountered in her life.

American biographer susan quinn spent seven years collecting unpublished diaries and biographical materials, including Madame Curie's family members and friends. Last year, a new book, Maria Curie: A Life, was published, which described her hard, bitter and struggling life in more detail.

Marie Curie is an immortal name in the history of world science. This great female scientist, with her diligence and talent, has made outstanding contributions in the fields of physics and chemistry, so she became the only famous scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice in two different disciplines. Einstein said in evaluating Madame Curie's life:

"The greatest achievement in her life-the existence and separation of radioactive elements-is not only based on bold intuition, but also on the enthusiasm and tenacity of working under unimaginable and extremely difficult circumstances. Such difficulties are rare in the history of experimental science. Even if only a small part of Madame Curie's moral strength and enthusiasm exists among European intellectuals, Europe will face a brighter future. "

First, I entered the University of Paris through self-study.

Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland. She is the youngest of five children. Her father is a middle school math and science teacher with limited income, and her mother is also a middle school teacher. Mary's childhood was unhappy. Her mother has a serious infectious disease and is taken care of by her sister. Later, my mother and elder sister died when she was less than 10 years old. Her life is full of difficulties. Such a living environment not only cultivated her ability to live independently, but also tempered her very strong character since she was a child.

Mary has been studying very hard since she was a child. She has a strong interest in learning and special hobbies. She never misses any learning opportunities easily, and shows tenacious enterprising spirit everywhere. Since primary school, she has been the first in every subject. 15 years old, graduated from high school with a gold medal. Her father studied physics at St. Petersburg University earlier, and his thirst for scientific knowledge and strong enterprising spirit also deeply nurtured little Mary. She likes all kinds of instruments in her father's laboratory since she was a child. When she grew up, she read many books on natural science, which filled her with fantasies. She is eager to explore the scientific world. But her family at that time did not allow her to go to college. /kloc-started to be a tutor for a long time at the age of 0/9, and at the same time taught himself various courses to prepare for future study. In this way, until the age of 24, she finally came to study at the Faculty of Science of Paris University. With a strong thirst for knowledge, she listened carefully to every class. Hard work has made her worse and worse, but her academic performance has always been among the best, which not only envied her classmates, but also surprised her professors. Two years after entering school, she confidently took the Bachelor of Physics exam, ranking first among 30 candidates. The next year, she won a bachelor's degree in mathematics with the second place.

At the beginning of 1894, Mary accepted the magnetic research project of various steels proposed by the French National Association for the Promotion of Industry. In the process of completing this scientific research project, she met pierre curie, a teacher of Physical Chemistry School, who is a very successful young scientist. The agreement to use science for the benefit of mankind is willing to combine them. After Mary got married, people addressed her as Madame Curie. 1896, Madame Curie finished the post examination for college graduates with the first place. In the second year, she completed the research on the magnetism of various steels. However, she is not satisfied with her achievements, and she is determined to take the PhD exam and determine her own research direction. Stand at a new starting line.

Second, the light of radium.

1896, French physicist becquerel published a work report, which introduced in detail the uranium element he discovered through many experiments. Uranium and its compounds have a special ability, which can automatically and continuously emit an invisible ray, which is different from ordinary light and can make photographic negatives sensitive through black paper. It is also different from Roentgen rays found by Roentgen. Uranium and its compounds constantly emit rays and radiate energy outward. This aroused the great interest of Madame Curie. Where does this energy come from? What is the nature of this unusual ray? Madame Curie was determined to uncover its secret. From 65438 to 0897, Madame Curie chose her own research topic-the study of radioactive substances. This research project has brought her into a new scientific world. She worked hard to open up a virgin land, and finally completed the discovery of radioactive element radium, one of the most important discoveries in the history of modern science, which laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry and made great contributions to mankind.

In the experimental research, Madame Curie designed a measuring instrument, which can not only measure whether a substance has radiation, but also measure the intensity of radiation. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is directly proportional to the uranium content in the material, but has nothing to do with the existing state of uranium and external conditions.

Madame Curie made a comprehensive investigation of known chemical elements and all compounds, and made an important discovery: an element called thorium can automatically emit invisible rays, which shows that the phenomenon that an element can emit rays is not only the characteristics of uranium, but also the same characteristics of some elements. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and called elements with this property radioactive elements. The radiation they emit is called "radiation". According to the experimental results, she also predicted that minerals containing uranium and thorium must be radioactive; Minerals that do not contain uranium and thorium must not be radioactive. The instrument inspection completely verified her prediction. She excluded those minerals that did not contain radioactive elements, concentrated on those that were radioactive, and accurately measured the radioactive intensity of elements. In the experiment, she found that the radioactive intensity of a pitchblende is much higher than expected, which shows that the mineral in the experiment contains a new unknown radioactive element, and the content of this element must be very small, because this mineral has already been accurately analyzed by many chemists. She resolutely published her findings in the experimental report and tried to prove it through experiments. At this critical moment, her husband, pierre curie, also realized the importance of his wife's discovery, and stopped studying crystals to study this new element with her. After several months' efforts, they separated a substance mixed with bismuth from the ore, which was far more radioactive than uranium, and was later listed as polonium No.84 in the periodic table of elements. A few months later, they discovered another new element and named it radium. However, the Curies did not immediately get the joy of success. When they got a little compound of new elements, they found that the initial estimate was too optimistic. In fact, the content of radium in ore is less than one millionth. Because this mixture is extremely radioactive, substances containing trace radium salts are hundreds of times more radioactive than uranium.

The road to science has never been smooth. For centuries, the discovery of polonium and radium and the characteristics of these new radioactive elements have shaken some basic theories and concepts. Scientists have always believed that atoms of various elements are the smallest unit of matter, and atoms are inseparable and unchangeable. According to the traditional view, the radiation emitted by radioactive elements such as polonium and radium cannot be explained. Therefore, both physicists and chemists are interested in Madame Curie's research work, but they all have doubts in their hearts. Chemists in particular are more rigorous. In order to finally confirm this scientific discovery and further study the properties of radium, the Curies must separate more and purer radium salts from asphalt ore.

All the unknown worlds are mysterious. At the beginning of the study of separating new elements, they didn't know any chemical properties of the new elements. The only clue to find a new element is that it is highly radioactive. Based on this, they created a new chemical analysis method. But they have no money, no real laboratory, only some simple instruments they bought or designed themselves. In order to work efficiently, they conducted research separately. The characteristics of radium are determined by Mr. Curie's experiments; Madame Curie continued to refine pure radium salt.

Where there is a will, there is a way! Any mystery of nature will be revealed by those who stubbornly solve it. At the end of 1902, Madame Curie extracted one tenth of extremely pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. Since then, the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a natural radioactive substance, which is extremely difficult to obtain. Its shape is white crystal shining like fine salt. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral line of any known element. Radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by human beings, but it is the most radioactive element. Using its powerful radioactivity, we can further discover many new properties of radiation. Therefore, many elements can be further applied to practice. Medical research has found that laser rays have different effects on different cells and tissues, and those rapidly multiplying cells are quickly destroyed once they are irradiated by radium. This discovery makes radium a powerful means to treat cancer. Cancer is made up of cells that reproduce very quickly, and the damage caused by laser rays is far greater than that caused by surrounding healthy tissues. This new treatment method was quickly developed all over the world. In France and France, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium has fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, which is of great significance for promoting the development of scientific theory and its application in practice.

Third, a heart of gold.

Due to their amazing discovery, the Curies and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics in February 1903. Their scientific achievements are unparalleled, but they are extremely contemptuous of fame and fortune and most tired of those boring social parties. They devoted everything they had to the cause of science, without any selfish interests. After the successful extraction of radium, they were suggested to apply for a patent right from the government to monopolize the manufacture of radium in order to make a fortune. Madame Curie said, "That is against the scientific spirit. Scientists' research results should be published publicly, and others should develop them without any restrictions. "Besides, radium is good for patients, so we should not use it for profit. The Curies also donated their Nobel Prizes to others.

1906, Mr. Curie died in a car accident, and Madame Curie suffered great pain. She is determined to redouble her efforts to realize her scientific ambition. The University of Paris decided that Madame Curie would take over from Mr. Curie to teach physics. Madame Curie became the first female professor in the history of the famous Paris University. When the couple separated the first batch of radium salts, they began to study the various properties of radiation. From 1889 to 1904, they published 32 academic reports and recorded their exploration footprints in the field of radiation science. 19 10, Madame Curie finished the book Radioactivity Monograph. She also cooperated with others to successfully prepare metal radium. 19 1 1 Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. A female scientist, in less than 10 years, won the highest prize in world science twice in two different scientific fields, which is unique in the history of world science!

19 14, the institute of radium science was established in Paris, and Madame Curie served as the research director of the institute. After that, she continued to teach at the university and engaged in the research of radioactive elements. She spread scientific knowledge to all who want to learn without stint. She has been studying and working for 50 years since 16. But she still doesn't change that strict lifestyle. She has a high spirit of self-sacrifice since she was a child. In her early years, in order to provide for her sister's schooling, she was willing to work as a servant in someone else's house. During her study in Paris, she studied in the library every night in order to save fuel and heating costs, until the library closed. The pitchblende needed to extract pure radium was very valuable at that time. They saved money bit by bit from their living expenses and bought 8 or 9 tons successively. After Mr. Curie's death, Madame Curie donated radium, which was painstakingly extracted and valued at more than 654.38+100,000 gold francs, to the laboratory for cancer research and treatment.

1932, 65-year-old Madame Curie returned to China to attend the opening ceremony of Warsaw Radium Institute. Madame Curie has been away from the motherland since her youth and went to study in France. But she never forgot her motherland. When she was a child, her motherland Poland was occupied by Russia, and she hated the invaders. When the couple separated a new element from the mineral, she named it polonium. This is because the roots of polonium are the same as those of Poland. She expressed her deep nostalgia for the motherland enslaved by Russia.

On July 1937, Madame Curie died of illness. She eventually died of pernicious anemia. She created and developed radiation science all her life, studied strongly radioactive materials fearlessly for a long time, and finally contributed her life to this science. In her life, * * * won 10 famous awards including the Nobel Prize, and won 16 medals issued by international advanced academic institutions; Governments and scientific research institutions around the world have awarded more than 100 titles. But she is as modest and prudent as ever. Albert Einstein, a great scientist, commented: "Of all the celebrities I know, Madame Curie is the only one who has not been carried away by fame."

Appendix: Chronology of the Curie Couples (1867— 1934)

1867165438+1October 7th

Born in a middle school teacher's family in Shashi, Wang Guohua. Father Uradislav Skolodowska is a middle school math teacher, and mother Brogny Slova Boguska Skolodowska is the principal of a boarding school for girls. The baby's name is Mabya Sklodowska. Maria, who traveled for the fifth time, has three sisters and one brother, namely Sophie, Broger Shirava, Helena and her brother Joseph.

At that time, Poland was ruled by Russian czar Alexander II (1818-1881).

1868 One year old

His father Scolo Dovski is the assistant principal of Novolipki public middle school. My mother was weak and suffered from lung disease, so she had to resign as the headmaster of a girls' school.

The whole family moved out of the house on Frida Road where they had lived for eight years.

1873 Six years old

Father was demoted and his salary was reduced by the Russian authorities. In order to subsidize their families, boarding students are admitted to study at home. There were only two or three people at first, and then it increased to ten people.

Maria went to a private boarding school, and the principal was Ms. Lucy Kolska.

1879 ——1878 Nine and eleven years old.

Elder sister (1876) suffered from typhus, and mother (1878) died of lung disease for a long time.

188 1 year 14 years old

Leave boarding school and transfer to a public middle school managed by Russia.

Russian Tsar Alexander II was assassinated and Alexander III (1844- 1894) ascended the throne.

1882 Fifteen years old

Pierre curie, a young French scholar (1born on May 5, 859, aged 23), was employed by the Paris Institute of Physics and Chemistry as the director of the physics laboratory.

He and his brother Jacques Curie invented the Curie electrometer.

1883 Sixteen years old

June: Graduation from middle school. Public middle schools, especially German teacher Bast Martin and supervisor Ms. Meyer, stubbornly carry out the national oppression policy of the Russian authorities.

After graduation, I went to the countryside in southern Poland to spend my holiday with my relatives. Sometimes I will cross the border with my friends to play in the mountains of Galicia, so that I can speak Polish loudly and sing Polish songs loudly.

1884 seventeen years old

September: Back to Warsaw. Tutoring in the city.

Participate in the "mobile university" where Polish patriotic youth meet in secret regularly, attend lectures, do scientific experiments and serve as literacy workers.

1886 Nineteen years old

June 65438+ 10: Worked as a tutor in Proch, Stochuki and Sobote. In order to help my second sister Broni Shirava go to Paris for further study (Warsaw university does not accept girls), I saved money for her further study.

189 1 24 years old

September: Go to Paris to study.

165438+1October: entered the physics department of Sorbonne University (Paris University).

1893 Twenty-six years old

July: Passed the bachelor's degree examination in physics.

She won the "Alexander Scholarship" of 600 rubles in Warsaw, which solved her financial difficulties and enabled her to continue studying in France.

Pierre curie invented the accurate weightless balance-Curie balance.

June+10/October, 65438: British physicist Thomson (Lord Kelvin,1824-1907) visited Curie across the ocean.

1894 Twenty-seven years old

Accept the paid task of the State Council Industry Promotion Association to study the magnetism of steel to supplement the research fee.

April: With the introduction of Joseph kowalski, a Polish scholar and professor of physics at the University of Voorburg, I met pierre curie in order to make use of the well-equipped laboratory led by Curie.

July: Pass the bachelor's degree examination in mathematics.

Received pierre curie's paper "On Symmetry Principle in Physical Phenomena: Symmetry Principle of Electric Field and Magnetic Field".

Pierre curie found that the magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic material is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature (T), which was originally called Curie's Law. 1907 French physicist Weiss refined it after further research and named it Curie-Weiss law. Equation: x = c/(t-q) The transition temperature of ferromagnetic materials is called Curie point (q). When it reaches this temperature, it loses its ferromagnetism and is paramagnetic.

Russian Tsar Nicholas II (1868- 19 18) acceded to the throne.

1895 Twenty-eight years old

March: pierre curie (36 years old) passed the doctor's degree examination, and his thesis was entitled Magnetism of Matter at Various Temperatures. Professor of physical chemistry.

April: Leapman read Mary Skoro Dovska's paper "Radioactivity of Uranium and Thorium Compounds" at the Academy of Sciences.

July 26th: Marie Curie and pierre curie get married in the Paris suburb of Sotheby's.

Marie Curie is a teacher in a girls' middle school.

65438+February: Roentgen (1845— 1923), president of the University of Wü rzburg and a German physicist, discovered X-rays and submitted three research reports, including the Preliminary Report on a New Ray. This kind of ray is customarily called "Roentgen ray", but later it is usually called X-ray.

1896 Twenty-nine years old

March: French physicist Beaucreux (1852— 1908) studied uranium salts and discovered the radioactivity of uranium, which is called Beaucreux ray.

August: Mary passed the teacher title examination for college graduates.

With the support of Schuzenberg (1827—1897), Dean of the School of Physics and Chemistry, Mary got a job in the school physics laboratory, working with Buel (the director of the room).

Swedish chemist Nobel (1833— 1896) died.

1897 Thirty years old

Paper: magnetization of tempered steel.

September 12: Irene Curie was born in Chang 'an.

Curie's mother died.

1898 thirty-one years old

Discovery of thorium radioactivity: German chemist Schmidt (1865- 1949) also made his own discovery at the end of last year or early this year.

July: The Curies proposed to the Academy of Sciences that there was a new radioactive substance in pitchblende, claiming that a new radioactive element No.84 was found, which was 400 times stronger than uranium and similar to bismuth. Madame Curie suggested that polonium should be named after her native Poland.

Since then, the Curies have worked closely together to establish the earliest radiochemistry working method.

65438+February: The Curies and their colleague Belmont proposed to the Academy of Sciences that there is a new radioactive substance in pitchblende, indicating the discovery of a new element, element 88, which is one million times more radioactive than uranium and named radium.

Marie Curie's report on the discovery of the new element polonium was published in the Polish monthly Svay Artero in Warsaw.

1899 32 years old

At the suggestion of Xu Si (1831-1914), a communication academician of the French Academy of Sciences and a professor of geology at the University of Vienna, the Vienna Academy of Sciences accepted a gift from the Austrian government after negotiation, and received a ton of pitchblende residue from the St. Joachimstol mine in the Czech Republic for refining pure radium.

Three papers: research on induced radioactivity (collaborator: De Billner), laser chemical action, and charge caused by radioactivity at the same time.

When studying radium, Madame Curie found that air produced ozone under the action of radiation, and noticed that radiation colored glass and porcelain, which led to the establishment of radiation chemistry and the study of chemical reactions caused by radiation.

Distribute radium to Rutherford, Bockeler, Willard (1860- 1934), Paulson and other scientific and medical people for use.

65438+1October: Boer student and chemist De Beer Na (1874- 1949) used ammonium hydroxide and rare earth elements * * * to separate the third new radioactive element actinide contained in pitchblende. He later took part in the work of refining pure radium.

Atomic physicist Rutherford (1871-1937) discovered what he called laser gas and thorium emanation, that is, radioactive inert gas radon. Soon Dunn of Germany (1848-? ) Laser gas was also found in 1900. Rutherford distinguished alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays according to the penetrating power of radioactive rays.

German physicists elster (1854- 1920) and Geitel (1855- 1923) discovered the decay law of emitted particles.

French Jewish officer Dreyfus (1859- 1935) was wronged, and writer Zola (1840- 1902) published "I accuse" and demanded acquittal. Pierre curie took part in the above struggle, defended justice and protested against the government's misjudgment.

0900 65438+33 years old

March: Buel got the position of tutor in comprehensive technical school.

Mary teaches physics at Seville Girls' Normal School in southwest Paris.

Mary's paper on atomic weight of radioactive barium compounds.

The Curies read a paper on new radioactive substances and their emission lines at the International Physics Society in Paris.

10: On the recommendation of Peng (1854— 19 12), Boer gave a lecture on physics, chemistry and natural history to medical students at Sorbonne University.

Two German scholars, Valkov and Gizer, claimed that radium had a peculiar effect on biological tissues. Later, it was confirmed by the Curies that laser rays would burn the skin.

190 1 34 years old

The Curie couple's paper "On Radioactive Elements".

Pierre curie and De Beer Na's paper "On Induced Radioactivity Caused by Radium Salt". Pierre curie and Becquerel's paper "The Physiological Function of Laser Ray".

The Swedish Academy Science Nobel Prize Committee began to award prizes according to the Nobel will. German physicist wilhelm rontgen won the 190 1 year physics prize for the first time for his discovery of x-rays.

1902 Thirty-five years old

After three years and nine months of refining, the Curies separated a trace (one gram) of radium chloride RaCl2 from several tons of residue, and the atomic weight of radium was determined to be 225. The exact number was 226.

Mary's paper on the atomic weight of radium.

Boolean's paper "On the Absolute Calculation of Time".

Boer's student (1888) Lang Zhiwan (1872-1946) worked under his teacher and studied magnetism until 1904 transferred to the French Academy of Sciences.

German chemist mcwhorter independently discovered telluride, which was later identified as polonium.

Russian chemist Deyev (1834— 1907) visited the laboratory to discuss radioactive infighting.

1903 Thirty-six years old

June: Mary submitted her doctoral thesis "Research on Radioactive Substances" to Sorbonne University, and obtained a doctor of science degree.

Bull's paper "On Induced Radioactivity and Laser Gas". In their paper "On the Heat Released by Radium Salts", Buel and Laborde noticed that radium compounds were heating up continuously, with 100 calories per gram of radium per hour.

10 June10: China writer Lu Xun published an article on radium for the first time under his pseudonym in the eighth issue of Zhejiang Tide published in Tokyo. In this paper, Madame Curie is translated as "Madame Coulee". This is an old translation of radium.

65438+February: The Nobel Prize Committee of Swedish Academy announced that this year's Nobel Prize in Physics would be awarded to Henri Becquerel and Curie, in order to reward the former for his discovery of natural radioactivity and the latter for his research on natural radium radiation.

1904 37 years old

65438+1October: Radium magazine was founded, with Danne as its editor (1872—1935). Dana conducted research in 190 1 under the guidance of Buel.

Buel and biologist Bouchard (1837-1915) (Baltashar) wrote the paper "Physiological Function of Laser Gas". This research later led to the invention of Curie therapy, which is radium therapy.

Buel and Labold's paper "On the Radioactivity of Gases Emitted from Hot Springs".

Summer: Boer suffers from rheumatism and can't go to Sweden to receive the prize. Later, the Swedish side handed the Nobel Prize, medals and bonuses (equivalent to 70,000 francs) to the French minister.

10: Li Yaer, president of Monsolben University (Buel), recommended him as the newly established official professor of physics lectures in the Faculty of Science.

165438+1October: Mary is the director of the physics laboratory of the Faculty of Science, Sorbonne University.

65438+February: The second daughter Eve Curie was born.

1905 38 years old

June: The Curies went to the Swedish Academy in Stockholm to meet the requirement that Nobel Prize winners must accept the prize and give academic speeches in person.

July: Boolean was elected as an academician of French Academy of Sciences.

1906 Thirty-nine years old

April 19: 47-year-old Buel was run over by a truck.

Mary refused to accept the national pension offered by the Ministry of Education as the widow of the professor in her former residence.

May: I am employed by the Faculty of Science of Sorbonne University to replace Professor Boer in the physics course, with an annual salary of 10000 francs. 165438+ 10 started the lecture on modern theory of the relationship between electricity and conductive materials.

July 10: Langevin's brief introduction to Mr. Curie's works is published in Monthly Review.

1907 Forty years old

Madame Curie managed to accept five or six graduate students. Accept three Carnegie Scholarships within two years.

Purified radium chloride was obtained, and the atomic weight was 226.

And friends Lang Zhiwan, Peihan (1870- 1942) and other children's classes, guiding about eight or nine children of scientists such as Irina Curie and Frances Peihan to study for two years. Langevin teaches mathematics, Mary teaches physics, Peihan teaches chemistry, Henry Mudun teaches natural history, and Mrs Peihan teaches literature and history.

1908 4 1 year

Preface the Collected Works of pierre curie and trace the author's achievements. This book was commissioned by the French Physical Society by Langevin (and Chenneveau? ) edited and published in Paris.

Be promoted to professor.

1909 42 years old

The German paper "Atomic Weight of Radium" was published in Volume 38 of Journal of Radioenergy and Electronics.

Irina Curie entered an ordinary school.

19 10 years old 43 years old

February: Bull's father, Dr. Eugene Curie, died.

The paper "On Polonium" co-authored with De Beer Na was published in Radium magazine.

On radioactivity is published in two volumes.

Pure radium was extracted and its physical and chemical properties were determined. The half-lives of radon and other elements were also measured, and the systematic relationship of radioactive element transformation was sorted out.

September: Attended the radiology conference in Brussels, Belgium. Planck, Einstein, Rutherford and Langevin all participated.

Publish the radioactive coefficient table.

He was ordered to prepare 2 1 mg of metal radium, sealed in a small test tube and stored in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris.

19 1 1 44 years old

June 5438+10: I accepted my friend's suggestion and ran for the French Academy of Sciences. Many decent scientists and just social people warmly support them. On June 9, 65438, on the day of the college qualification examination, the Paris newspaper Refine published a photo and handwriting of Marie Curie on the front page, expressing the public's earnest desire. In the end, due to the opposition of die-hards and some people in the hospital, they lost by one vote.

June 5438+ 10: Attend the 2nd Solvay Quantum Conference in Brewer.

65438+February: The Swedish Academy Science Prize Committee announced that this year's chemistry prize would be awarded to Marie Curie for her discovery of the chemical properties of radium and polonium, which promoted chemical research.

Go to Stockholm to receive the prize and give an academic speech. Widowed sister and brother