There are many different classification methods of argument, which is very complicated to study carefully. College Chinese teaching adopts the most basic and practical classification. That is to sum up all the argumentation methods into three categories: one is deductive argumentation, the other is inductive argumentation, and the third is comparative argumentation. Among them, induction can be called example method, and comparison method can be divided into analogy method and contrast method. To master these argumentation methods, there is a simple and effective basic idea, that is, first recognize the arguments, and then determine the argumentation methods according to the relationship between arguments. There are three main arguments: one is theoretical, the other is factual, and the third is figurative. From theoretical argument to argument, it must be deductive argument; From factual arguments to arguments, it must be summarized or exemplified; From metaphor to argument, it must be analogy. Then add one more thing: all arguments that constitute a comparative relationship are comparative methods.
1. About deductive argumentation, college Chinese is not very demanding. Just pay attention to the places where famous sayings are quoted and the places where a general principle is used to prove the argument first. For example:
In "The Debate of Ji", Confucius quoted the famous saying of Zhou Dynasty, "Chen Lizhe is in the column, and Fukashi is also in the column", to refute Ran's viewpoint of shirking responsibility. This argument method is ()
A. deductive method
B. Example methods
C. simulation methods
D. comparative law
The correct answer is A. This is based on the famous sayings of celebrities, telling the general truth and drawing individual conclusions, so it is deductive.
Another example is:
In the following arguments, it is proved by deduction that "the past, the present and the future are always linked" is ()
A. Time has a past and a future, but there is no present.
B Qu Yuan's Li Sao always makes everyone cry.
C. The universe is magnified, carved, circulated and never stops.
D. Ring the bell now, and the past and the future will echo each other.
The correct answer is that C.C. is talking about the general laws of the universe. The consistency of the past, the present and the future is a certain aspect of the laws of the universe, so we can only deduce it from it. B is an example that the past, the present and the future are always linked together in the real society, and it can only be an example method. D is a metaphor, only analogy. A is not an argument, but an argument, which is the opposite of the consistent connection between the past, the present and the future, so it is not considered at all.
2. As for induction, in the college Chinese test, just remember the sentence "All examples are inductive arguments". The term example method is often used in test questions, and other non-explanatory and complicated induction methods are generally not tested. For example:
In "Zhao Wen Qi Shi", Chair Zhao criticized the political misconduct of various countries, taking "two scholars have jobs and one woman does not go to court" as an example. This argument method is ().
A. deductive method
B. induction
C. simulation methods
D. comparative law
The correct answer is B. Because all the facts and examples must be summarized before an argument can be drawn.
3. With regard to analogy, in college Chinese, it is enough to remember that "all analogies are analogies", because all analogies are analogies of different levels and in different ways. For example:
The following argument in Answer to Li Yishu belongs to the analogy argument method ().
A. Explain it by "cultivating its roots and doing chivalrous deeds" as the foundation of writing.
B emphasize the importance of ideological cultivation with "a benevolent person, his words are like words"
C. It is commendable to use "people who are interested in the hopes of the past" to prove that Yi Li is commendable.
D demonstrate the correct learning attitude with "being indifferent and snobbish".
The correct answer is A. Because only this option is used to illustrate the argument, planting fruit trees and writing articles are two different things and can only be compared. There is no metaphorical relationship between "benevolence" in B and ideological cultivation, while Li Shuo's "ambition in the past" in C is a causal relationship, not a metaphor, and "not confused by power" in D is the content of correct attitude, not a metaphor, so they are not analogical arguments.
Pay special attention to the difference between induction and analogy. In the choice of test questions, these two arguments are often mixed together. Check whether you can distinguish them clearly. This is actually very simple, just look at "example" or "example". For example:
The following examples in On Learning demonstrate the existence of "mental defects can be made up by corresponding learning" by analogy ()
A. Walking slowly is good for the stomach, and riding a horse is good for the brain.
B. Physical patients have proper exercise to treat them.
C. If a person is not an expert in thought, he is better at learning mathematics.
D. Ethics makes people solemn and logical rhetoric makes people eloquent.
E. human talents, such as wild flowers and weeds, need to be pruned by learning.
The correct answer is Abe. Argument is the relationship between knowledge and spirit. C and d Take mathematics, ethics and rhetoric as examples. They all belong to knowledge and are conducive to some kind of spiritual cultivation, so they are all examples, not analogies. Walking, riding, exercising and pruning flowers and plants in A, B and E are not learning, but metaphors, so they are all analogies, not examples. Don't take "concrete things" as an example. Illustration is the concrete material within the scope of argumentation ontology, and metaphor is the similar connection between ontology and other things, which cannot be confused.
4. The contrast method in the comparative method is easy to identify, because everyone is too familiar with what contrast is. However, there are some hidden materials in literary language that are difficult to identify and need careful consideration. For example:
Use the following arguments in "Scribbling under the Light" to prove the existence of the era when people "want slaves but can't" ()
A. It's worse to leave people around than to stay in peace.
B. although it is not a person, it is equivalent to cattle and horses.
C. the era of the birth, development and revival of the Han nationality
D. There are bare rice under the eaves of the thatched cottage, leftovers on the roadside and hunger in the wild.
E. There are rich people who can't afford barbecues, and there are starving children.
The correct answer is AE. The difference between a and b is "less than" and "equal to". The former has contrast, while the latter has no contrast. "Not as good as Taiping dog" is not even a slave, but "equal to cattle and horses" is a slave, so you should consider it carefully. The difference between d and e is obvious: the first three sentences all say that people are poor, although they are not as good as slaves, but there is no comparison. The latter has a contrast between "rich people" and poor children, so the former can only be an example method, while the latter is a comparative method.